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Analisys of Long-Term Gravity Records in Europe: Consequences for The UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS MATEMÁTICAS SECCIÓN DEPARTAMENTAL DE ASTRONOMÍA Y GEODESÍA TESIS DOCTORAL Analisys of long-term gravity records in Europe: consequences for the retrieval of the small amplitude and low frecuency signals including the earth's core resonance effects Análisis de serie de datos de gravedad de larga duración en Europa: consecuencias para el estudio de señales de pequeña amplitud y baja frecuencia incluyendo los efectos de resonancia del núcleo terrestre MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTORA PRESENTADA POR Marta Calvo García-Maroto Directores José Arnoso Sampedro Jacques Hinderer Madrid, 2015 ©Marta Calvo García-Maroto, 2015 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS MATEMÁTICAS SECCIÓN DEPARTAMENTAL DE ASTRONOMÍA Y GEODESIA UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG ECOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES DE LA TERRE, DE L’UNIVERS ET DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT INSTITUT DE PHYSIQUE DU GLOBE DE STRASBOURG ANALYSIS OF LONG ---TERM GRAVITY RECORDS IN EUROPE; CONSEQUENCES FOR THE RETRIEVAL OF SMALL AMPLITUDE AND LOW FREQUENCY SIGNALS INCLUDING THE EARTH’S CORE RESONANCE EFFECTS ANÁLISIS DE SERIES DE DATOS DE GRAVEDAD DE LARGA DURACIÓN EN EUROPA; CONSECUENCIAS PARA EL ESTUDIO DE SEÑALES DE PEQUEÑA AMPLITUD Y BAJA FRECUENCIA, INCLUYENDO LOS EFECTOS DE RESONANCIA DEL NÚCLEO TERRESTRE MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Marta Calvo GarcíaGarcía----MarotoMarotoMarotoMaroto Bajo la dirección de los Doctores: José Arnoso SampedroSampedroSampedro Científico Titular - Instituto de Geociencias (CSIC-UCM) Jacques Hinderer Directeur de Recherches, EOST-IPGS-Université de Strasbourg Madrid, 2015 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS MATEMÁTICAS SECCIÓN DEPARTAMENTAL DE ASTRONOMÍA Y GEODESIA UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG ECOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES DE LA TERRE, DE L’UNIVERS ET DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT INSTITUT DE PHYSIQUE DU GLOBE DE STRASBOURG Thèse de doctorat présentée par : Marta Calvo García-Maroto ANALYSIS OF LONGLONG----TERMTERM GRAVITY RECORDS IN EUROPE; CONSEQUENCES FOR THE RETRIEVAL OF SMALL AMPLITUDE AND LOW FREQUENCY SIGNALS INCLUDING THE CORE RESONANCE EFFECTS en vue de l’obtention du titre de Docteur de l’Université de Strasbourg Spécialité : Sciences de la Terre Thèse dirigée par : Jacques Hinderer, Directeur de recherches, Université de Strasbourg José Arnoso Sampedro, Científico Titular Instituto de Geociencias (CSIC-UCM) Soutenue publiquement, à l’Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Espagne, devant le jury composé de: Mme. Mª Pilar Romero Pérez Rapporteur externe M. Nicolas Florsch Rapporteur externe M. Yves Rogister Rapporteur interne M. Jose Arnoso Sanpedro Directeur de thèse M. Jacques Hinderer Directeur de thèse M. Machiel Simon Bos Examinateur Madrid, 2015 Table of contents ..................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... vii Abstract ................................................................................................................................ ix List of figures ............................................................................................................................. xvii List of Tables ......................................................................................................... xix List of used abbreviations ............................................................................................................... 1 1. General Introduction ................................................................ 2 2. Earth tides: theory, instrumentation and analysis ......................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Earth Tides ................................................................................................................ 5 2.1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 7 2.1.2 The tidal force ............................................................................................... 8 2.1.3 The tidal accelerations ............................................................................................................. 9 2.1.4 Tidal potential ....................................................................................... 13 2.1.5 Tidal Potential Catalogues ...................................................................................................... 15 2.1.6 Tidal Parameters ......................................................................................................... 17 2.1.7 Earth Response ..................................................................................................... 20 2.1.8 Long-Period tides ............................................................................................................... 25 2.2 Instrumentation ........................................................................ 26 2.2.1 Historical Instruments: Pendulums ................................................................................................ 30 2.2.2 Relative gravimeters ............................................................................................... 38 2.2.3 Absolute gravimeters 2.2.4 Instruments used in this study ................................................................................... 42 ............................................................................................... 43 2.3 Gravimetric data analyses ....................................................... 43 2.3.1 Pre-processing of both spring and SG records .................................................................................................. 54 2.3.2 Earth tides analysis ............................................................................... 56 2.3.3 Modern tidal analysis software ................................................................ 61 2.3.4 Comparative analysis ETERNA 3.4/VAV ........................................................ 67 3. Gravimetric Observation in Strasbourg (1954-2014) ....................................................................................... 71 3.0 Gravimetric tides before 1954 ............................................. 73 3.1. Seismological Observatory of Strasbourg (1950-1970) ................................................................ 74 3.1.1. Observation of Long Period tidal waves ........ 75 3.1.2. First observation of Free Core Nutation resonance with gravimetric data ........................................ 77 3.2. Gravimetric Observatory of Strasbourg J9 (1970s - today) i .................................................................................................. 78 3.2.1. Spring gravimeters ................................................................................ 80 3.2.2. Superconducting gravimeters .............................................................................................. 82 3.2.3. Absolute gravimeters ....................................................................... 85 4. Time stability of tidal parameters in Europe .................................................................................................................... 87 4.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 88 4.1.1 Stations ........................................................................................................... 89 4.1.2. Time stability .................................. 90 4.2 Time variation of tidal parameters in spring gravimeter series ................................. 100 4.3 Comparison of spring and superconducting gravimeters at J9 ..................................................................... 109 4.4 Superconducting gravimeters in Europe ................................................... 117 4.5. Time stability of SG instrumental scale factor at J9 .................................................................................................. 125 4.6. Summary of chapter 4 ........................................................ 128 5. Contribution of long data series to tidal gravimetry .................................................................................................................. 130 5.1. Introduction ........................................................... 132 5.2 Analysis of small-amplitude tidal constituents ............................................................. 139 5.3 Analysis of near frequency tidal components ............................................ 145 5.4 Observation and search for very low frequency signals ................................................................... 148 5.4.1. Search of the 18.6 year period signal ..................................................................... 152 5.4.2. Search of the 9.3 year period signal .................................................................................................. 153 5.5. Summary of Chapter 5 .................................. 154 6. Contribution of the gravimetry to rotational modes (FCN&FICN) ................................................................................................................... 156 6.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 165 6.2. Theoretical approach to
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