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Forced Migration from the Balkans to Anatolia: 1878-1900

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Forced Migration from the Balkans to Anatolia: 1878-1900 Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Sayı: 20 2008 FORCED MIGRATION FROM THE BALKANS TO ANATOLIA: 1878-1900 Prof. Dr. Faruk KOCACIK Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, TÜRKİYE [email protected] Doç. Dr. Cemal YALÇIN Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, TÜRKİYE [email protected] Abstract Migration can be dependent on many factors including economic, individual, political, natural disasters, ethnic and other social violence and wars. However, in this paper we mainly examined return migration from the Balkans to Anatolia in the form of escaping from violence and wars which we term forced migration. Towards the end of the Ottoman Empire, there were great conflicts between the central power of the Ottoman Empire and different nations. There were also wars between the Empire and some other countries. These wars and conflicts no doubt created migration of Turkish people and other minority groups who lived in the Balkans and other places. It should be stated that nations in the Balkans were trying to create more homogeneous populations in order to build nation states by forcing minority groups to leave their territories. With the weakening power of Ottoman Empire in the Balkans, it should be said that non-muslim groups were indeed in a life threatening situation created by the gangs of the Balkan nations. In order to provide Muslims with the means of migration, it can be seen that from the beginning of the conflicts, Ottoman Empire tried its best by sending ships and paying the cost of migration to individuals. A similar task was also undertaken by the authorities following the arrivals of migrants in Anatolia. They were settled in different towns and villages under the strict control of authorities. This procedure, no doubt, significantly increased Muslim population in Anatolia. We can say that today’s Anatolian population is a result of these resettlements. In order to find out where the migrants were settled, the Ottoman notebooks called “Şura”, “Dahiliye”, and “Meclis” in the Turkish Prime Ministry Archive were examined. The aim of this paper is to examine the forced migration of Turkish Muslims from the Balkans to Anatolia in the period of 1878-1900 and its effects on the economic and social structure of the Ottoman Empire. Key Words: Forced Migration, the Balkans, Ottoman Empire. 252 Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi BALKANLAR’DAN ANADOLUYA ZORUNLU GÖÇ: 1878-1900 Özet Göç, ekonomik, bireysel, politik, doğal afetler, etnik ve diğer sosyal çatışmaları içeren bir çok faktöre bağlı olabilir. Bu makalede, Balkanlardan Anadoluya 1878-1900 tarihleri arasında şiddetten ve savaştan kurtulmak için kaçanların oluşturduğu ve zorlama göçler dediğimiz dönüş göçleri incelenmiştir. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun sonlarına doğru, Osmanlı'nın merkezi otoritesi ile egemenliğindeki farklı milletler arasında büyük çatışmalar ve ayrıca Osmanlı ile diğer ülkeler arasında savaşlar vardı. Bu savaşlar hiç şüphesiz, Balkanlarda yaşayan müslüman Türklerin ve diğer bazı azınlık grupların yaşadıkları yerleri terketmesine yol açmıştır. Belirtilmesi gereken önemli bir nokta, Balkanlardaki milletlerin daha homojen bir nüfus yaratma çabası içerisinde kendilerinden olmayan grupları göçe zorladıkları- dır. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Balkanlarda gücünün azalması ve kontrolü kaybetmesiyle, Müslüman olmayan gruplar kendilerini diğer milletlerin çeteleri tarafından yaratılan büyük bir tehlike içinde bulmuşlardır. Bu süreçte Osmanlı’nın anayurda dönmek isteyen Müslümanlara yardım için elinden geleni yapmaya çalıştığı görülmüştür. Aynı yardım göçmenlerin Anadoluda yerleştirilmesinde de yapılmış ve göçmenler yöneticilerin kontrolünde farklı kasaba ve köylerde yerleşime tabii tutulmuştur. Bu durum ise, Anadoludaki müslüman nüfusun belirgin bir şekilde artmasına yol açmıştır. Bu nedenle, günümüz Anadolu nüfusunun bu yerleşimlerden etkilendiğini ve bu göç hareketleriyle şekillendiğini söyleyebiliriz. Bu makalede, Balkanlardan gelen Müslüman nüfusun Anadoluda nerelere yerleştirildiğine dair bilgilere ulaşmada, İstanbuldaki Başbakanlık Arşivinde bulunan “Şura”, “Dahiliye” ve “Meclis” defterleri incelenmiştir. Bu makalenin amacı, Balkanlardan Anadoluya 1878-1900 yılları arasında yapılan zorunlu göçleri ve bu göçlerin Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun ekonomik ve sosyal yapılanmasına olan etkilerini incelemektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Zorunlu göç, Balkanlar, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu. A brief historical overview of migration in the Balkans As Lee (1996: 16) defines, migration is simply a permanent or semi-permanent change of residence. It can be from one street to another street, from a city to another city within the same country, and from one country to another. Migration can also be defined broadly as geographic, social and cultural change of residence permanently or semi-permanently depending on economic, political, ecologic and individual factors (Yalçın, 2004: 13). Migration is indeed from one geographic place to another. However, it consists mainly of moving from one social group, community or society to another social group, community or society. Because of this, we should see it as a means of cultural change as it gives migrants new opportunities to interact with new social groups, communities or societies. Cultural interaction can happen even in the same country as a result of internal migration - rural-urban differences, ethnic differences etc; as migrating to another place provides migrants with new unfamiliar surroundings. The new place, whether within or outside the country will force migrants to interact with different people. There is no doubt that migrants in the Forced Migration from the Balkans to Anatolia: 1878-1900 253 same culture or in a different culture are seen or treated as new comers or strangers and causes some form of disturbance. As is well documented in the literature, migration can occur in different ways. However, two main types of migration are economic and forced migration (George, 1970: 39). As Ravenstein (1889: 286) pointed out, migration for economic benefit is the most common cause of moving to another place. Many of the migrants, indeed, move to a new place because of the expectation of a better way of life. The latter can be the result of wars, any kind of threat, etc. As Petersen (1996: 8) stated, with forced migration, migrants do not have any power to decide whether or not to leave. Even if they resist moving to a secure place, the alternative of staying can be terminal. To some extent, being Turk is not far from being a migrant. Early historical data confirm that the earliest Turkish societies were even organized as nomadic. Then, we can see that, as a result of wars and invaded territories, the Turks migrated a great distance (from the central Asia to Europe) forming different empires (Khun, Gokturk, Selcuks, and Ottoman). As it is known, invasion of new territories requires population shifts. In other words, to be successful after an invasion, a king or emperor has to direct some of his subjects to these lands in order to get support in these territories. The Ottoman strategy was also similar: they either had taxation from new territories by force of the military or they simply sent Turkish people to the newly invaded territories. Therefore, it is not wrong to say that the Balkans had the same experience. The Balkans has a number of ethnically different peoples according to religion, language and historical roots. As Hupchick (2002: 7) puts it, harsh and divisive geography of the Balkans is an important factor in shaping the lives of its inhabitants. Mountains generally fragmented human settlements contributing to the rise of strong ethnic group identities. In order to understand the ethnic structure of the Balkans before the Ottoman conquest we should have a quick look at the historical development of ethnic groups in the Balkans. As Forbes and the others (1915: 12-31) pointed out, in the earlier times around 400 BC, the whole Balkans was known as Thracia. The very first invaders of the region were the Celts. Up until the 7th century AD the city of Belgrade was known by its Celtic name of Singidunum. The Serbian population was started to appear after the half of Bulgaria added to Serbian Kingdom in 6 AD. Then in 107 AD, the Balkans saw a Roman invasion and as Forbes and the others put it, enjoyed the benefits of Roman civilization for three centuries. Germanic peoples appeared in the third century taking place of the Celts. In the fifth century the region has also witnessed the arrival of the Huns in the region from Asia. They devastated the Balkans and after Attila died retreated to Asia again. The Goths once again were supreme in the peninsula. In the sixth century the Slavs were first seen in the region lacked leadership, cohesion and organization. Therefore they could not invade the Balkans alone and they accompanied the Avars. After the Avars were defeated in 799, interestingly the Slavs continued to remain in the region. The Bulgarian arrival in the region is not clearly established. They were estimated to be seen in the region between 600 and 700 AD. From 893 AD to 927 AD Bulgaria reached a high level of power and prosperity. Forbes et al. also clearly pointed out that Christianity was introduced to the Balkans between 700 AD and 893 AD. Until coming into contact with the Ottoman Empire, therefore, we can assume that the main religion 253 254 Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi was Christianity. They also state after 963 AD that Greek supremacy was notable following the defeat of Bulgaria by the Greeks. Between 1186 and 1258 the second Bulgarian Empire had temporarily come into
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