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The Antonescu Regime and Its Anti-Jewish Policies

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The Antonescu Regime and Its Anti-Jewish Policies Andrew Handler, Susan V. Meschel, eds.. Red Star, Blue Star: The Lives and Times of Jewish Students in Communist Hungary, 1948-1956. Boulder and New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. x + 224 pp. $31.50, cloth, ISBN 978-0-88033-384-9. Reviewed by Nicolae Harsanyi Published on HABSBURG (November, 1998) The fall of communism in Eastern Europe characterize any Romanian government, and the brought about, as a natural consequence, the revi‐ Jews were protected during World War II. sion of each country's historical narratives. With Since the end of 1989, Romania's newly con‐ the ideological control gone, historians have en‐ stituted political arena contains a rather vocal ex‐ gaged in a painful or proud process of rewriting treme right-wing segment interested in maintain‐ history, aspiring to fll in the blanks created by ing and heightening xenophobic nationalism. former taboos. The most sensitive periods in this Freedom of speech has permitted historians with respect were those which had been rewritten by chauvinistic and anti-semitic tendencies to treat communist historiographers to closely suit the the Antonescu era as a government worthy of em‐ momentary and successive interpretations of his‐ ulation. They are attracted to it for two reasons: tory by the party leadership. One such episode is first it was staunchly anti-communist and second Romania's role in the Holocaust. it promoted political mobilization that would fur‐ The destruction of more than 270,000 Roma‐ ther the greatness of the Romanian nation, while nian Jews is a lesser known chapter of the Holo‐ shielding it from the dangers of Western liberal‐ caust. The regime of Marshal Antonescu ism, Eastern communism, Jewish international‐ (1940-1944) has an ambivalent record of slaughter ism, etc. At this juncture, history, instead of re‐ of Jews and reluctance to participate in the depor‐ gaining its status of independent enterprise, re‐ tations to the death camps operated by the Nazis. mains the work of a political clientele. This was very convenient for the historiographers Historians and political scientists from three of the Ceausescu era: to ignore the former and up‐ continents addressed this complex phenomenon hold the latter, supporting in this way the multi‐ within the "International Scholars' Conference on lateral official revival of Romanian nationalism. the Fate of Romanian and Ukrainian Jews Under According to their version, anti-Semitism did not the Antonescu Regime" held in Washington, D.C. on June 25-26, 1996. This volume, edited by Ran‐ H-Net Reviews dolph L. Braham, is the outgrowth of this scholar‐ period ranging from June 1941 to September 1942 ly gathering organized under the auspices of the Romania's policy toward Jews set out on more United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and radical paths, emigration was never eliminated as the Rosenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies of an option. The case of the steamship Struma illus‐ the City University of New York. trates this point and also underlines the Romani‐ Randolph Braham organized the material of an government's refusal to comply with German the book (13 chapters, each of them a study by a requests that the Jews be deported to the death different author), into four parts, reflecting the camps in Poland. While pointing out that Jewish common focus of the studies: "Setting the Stage," emigration was a growing source of profit for Ro‐ "The Drive Against the Jews," "The Foreign Fac‐ manian transport companies and bureaucrats, tor," and "Notes and History Cleansing." Dalia Ofer views Romania's delay and subsequent cancellation of deportations of Jews to Belzec as Lya Benjamin's study, "Anti-Semitism as Re‐ "a manifestation of Romania's quest for autonomy flected in the Records of the Council of Ministers, in policymaking," and "a sign of sovereignty (p. 1940-1944: An Analytical Overview," is based on 36)." research in more than 100 records covering the meetings of the Council of Ministers and the Cabi‐ To conclude the frst part of the book, Ran‐ net Council. She focuses on four issues: the dolph L. Braham makes a jump from the years of regime's project for restructuring society along World War II to the 1990s by writing a study with ethnocratic lines through Romanianization, the a quite self-explanatory title: "The Exculpatory racist terms in which Jewishness was formulated History of Romanian Nationalists: the Exploita‐ in political discourse, ethnic cleansing as a local tion of the Holocaust for Political Ends." After re‐ variant of the Final Solution, and the rise of a new viewing the features of post-1989 revisionist inter‐ type of anti-Semitism. Although there was a pretations of Romania's role in the Second World change in Antonescu's approach to the Jewish War and the Holocaust, the study underlines how question (from destruction to support of emigra‐ this revisionist trend of Romanian nationalist his‐ tion) determined by the fortunes of the war, Ben‐ torians has relied on the accounts, largely un‐ jamin is keen to point out that this turn in the founded, of Dr. Moses Carmilly-Weinberger, the Marshal's and the state's policy was not intended wartime rabbi of the Neolog Jewish community in to save the Jews, but "rather an attempt by promi‐ Cluj, and of Dr. Raoul Sorban, a professor of art nent fgures of the Antonescu regime to save history at the University of Bucharest. Randolph themselves by supposedly protecting the Jews (p. Braham succeeds very well in underscoring that 14)." the rehabilitation campaign of Marshal Antones‐ cu and his regime, besides belittling or ignoring In her chapter on "Emigration and Immigra‐ the sufferings inflicted on the Jews, also has a tion: The Changing Role of Romanian Jewry," strong anti-Hungarian dimension, a familiar Dalia Ofer examines "the roots and evolution of theme of mainstream Romanian nationalism. Romania's emigration policy in the larger context of the ideologies, policies, and predicaments of The second part of the book deals with the Ro‐ the Holocaust period (pp. 19-20)." She points out manian authorities' destructive drives against the that it was only in the late 1930s that the Romani‐ Jewry of Romania, Bessarabia, and Transnistria in an government considered emigration as an alter‐ 1941-1942. Through his study "The Jassy Massacre native for solving the "Jewish" problem, echoing of June 29-30, 1941: An Early Act of Genocide international plans for the mass settlement of Against the Jews," Radu Florian pays tribute to his Jews in areas outside of Europe. Although in the own father and brother who perished in this 2 H-Net Reviews event. In addition to the killings of Jews in the ing solely on official documents issued by military streets and the courtyard of police headquarters commanders, prefects, Governor Alexianu, and on June 28-29, Radu Florian links the episode of the Prime Minister's Office, Ancel presents the the two "death trains" to the massacre [1], thus ex‐ plight of the convoys of Jews gathered from north‐ tending the latter's temporal scope to July 6. The ern Moldavia, Bukovina, Bessarabia, Transnistria, author also attempts to establish responsibility and Odessa as they were driven to the crossing for the massacre by correlating the few available points on the Bug and into the hands of the Ger‐ documentary sources with subsequent statements mans. by some organizers of the carnage. Based on as‐ Special attention is given to the camps of Bog‐ sumptions of chain-of-command structures danovka and Domanevka where Jews were mur‐ through which information was circulated, Flori‐ dered by the thousands or died in the hundreds an assigns the principal guilt to Ion Antonescu, as decimated by typhus. With a sort of grisly irony, the one who "sanctioned the massacre and ab‐ the Romanian forces proved their inability to han‐ solved not only the Romanian but also the Ger‐ dle so many Jews, the latter becoming a "night‐ man army units of all responsibility for the mare" for the local authorities: in November 1941 crimes committed (p. 78)." Regrettably, Florian's prefect Isopescu of Golta district (where Bog‐ study is the result of scholarly research only; this danovka was located) was terrified at the chapter could have been enriched by the author's prospect of "the imminent arrival of tens of thou‐ personal recollections as a direct witness and sur‐ sands more Jews, even before he had managed to vivor of the events. Thus he might have contrib‐ bury the thousands of corpses of Jews who had al‐ uted his own evidence concerning the controver‐ ready been murdered (p. 112)." sial question of the extent to which the massacre An equally disturbing study, with many was the work of the Romanian army or German methodological similarities, is that of Paul A. troops, as claimed by the nationalist revisionist Shapiro on "The Jews of Chisinau (Kishinev): Ro‐ historiographers. When Florian mentions that manian Reoccupation, Ghettoization, Deporta‐ some Romanian army officers (Richard Filipescu, tion." It draws on new documents from the State Petru Serban, and Alexandru Manole) opposed Archives and the Ministry of National Security of the massacre, he neglects to say how this opposi‐ Moldova in Chisinau, presenting a detailed look at tion materialized. Unfortunately, there is no refer‐ the creation, administration, and liquidation of ence that may send an inquisitive reader to a the Chisinau ghetto between the summer of 1941 source containing this information. and the spring of 1942. Shapiro presents the fate Jean Ancel's chapter on "The Romanian Cam‐ of the some 10,000 Jews remaining in Chisinau af‐ paigns of Mass Murder in Transnistria, 1941-1942" ter the city's reoccupation by the Romanian army deals not only with what its title suggests, being in July 1941.
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