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VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS Gintar SKYRIEN Svetimkrašżio ŽINDUOLIO ONDATROS (ONDATRA ZIBETHICUS) PAPLITIMAS, GENETIN

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VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS Gintar SKYRIEN Svetimkrašżio ŽINDUOLIO ONDATROS (ONDATRA ZIBETHICUS) PAPLITIMAS, GENETIN VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS Gintar SKYRIEN SVETIMKRAŠIO ŽINDUOLIO ONDATROS (ONDATRA ZIBETHICUS) PAPLITIMAS, GENETIN VAIROV IR HELMINTAI Daktaro disertacija Biomedicinos mokslai, Ekologija ir aplinkotyra (03 B) Kaunas, 2014 UDK 599.74 Sk-32 Disertacija rengta 2010 – 2014 m. Vytauto Didžiojo universitete. Mokslinis vadovas prof. (hp) dr. Algimantas Paulauskas (Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, biomedicinos mokslai, ekologija ir aplinkotyra (03 B). ISBN 978-609-467-068-8 2 TURINYS VADAS ................................................................................................................................... 5 1. LITERATROS APŽVALGA ............................................................................................ 9 1.1. Ondatra ir kiti svetimžemiai žinduoliai .................................................................... 9 1.1.1. Ondatros biologinis ir ekologinis aprašymas ................................................. 9 1.1.2. Ondatr plšrnai ........................................................................................... 14 1.1.3. Ondatr konkurentai ....................................................................................... 16 1.2. Ondatr paplitimas ................................................................................................... 17 1.2.1. Ondatr poršiai ............................................................................................. 17 1.2.2. Ondatr introdukcija ir išplitimas .................................................................. 18 1.2.3. Ondatros introdukcija Kaliningrado srit ir Lietuv ..................................... 21 1.2.4. Skmingos introdukcijos priežastys ............................................................... 24 1.3. Ondatr genetiniai tyrimai ........................................................................................ 24 1.4. Ondatros helmint apžvalga ...................................................................................... 27 1.4.1. Trematodai – Trematoda (Rudolphi, 1808) .................................................... 28 1.4.1.1. Trematod identifikavimo problemos ................................................ 28 1.4.2. Cestodai – Cestoda (Rudolphi, 1808) ............................................................. 29 1.4.3. Nematodai – Nematoda (Rudolphi, 1808) ...................................................... 31 1.4.4. Ondatros helmintologin situacija ................................................................... 32 2. MEDŽIAGA IR METODAI ................................................................................................ 36 2.1. Ondatr gausumo, aptikimo dažnio ir paplitimo vertinimas .................................... 36 2.2. Ondatr medžiokl morfometriniams, helmintologiniams ir genetiniams tyrimams .................................................................................................................. 38 2.3. Morfometriniai matavimai ....................................................................................... 41 2.4. Ondatros genetins vairovs tyrimas ...................................................................... 42 2.4.1. DNR išskyrimas iš raumens ........................................................................... 42 2.4.2. Ondatros mikrosatelit analizei naudoti žymenys .......................................... 43 2.4.2.1. Polimerazs grandinin reakcija (PGR) ............................................. 43 2.4.2.2. DNR elektroforez agarozs gelyje ................................................... 44 2.4.2.3. Kapiliarin elektroforez .................................................................... 46 2.5. Helmintologins medžiagos rinkimas ir apibdinimas ........................................... 46 2.6. Ondatr daromo poveikio Lietuvos ekosistemai vertinimas .................................. 47 2.7. Duomen analiz ..................................................................................................... 49 3. REZULTATAI ..................................................................................................................... 52 3 3.1. Ondatros ir kit pusiau vandens žinduoli aptikimo dažnis ir gausumas ............... 52 3.1.1. Ondatros paplitimas Lietuvoje ....................................................................... 60 3.1.2. Ondatros populiacijos struktra ..................................................................... 62 3.1.3. Ondatros kaukoli morfometriniai rodikliai .................................................. 65 3.2. Ondatr genetin vairov Lietuvos ir Karelijos (Rusijos) populiacijose ............... 69 3.3. Ondatr helmint .................................................................................................... 74 3.3.1. Ondatr helmint bendrij ršin sudtis ir užsikrtimo rodikliai 1973-1975 m. ir 2001-2014 m. ...................................................................... 74 3.3.2. Helmint bendrij struktra ir užsikrtimo rodikliai 2011-2014 m. .............. 77 3.3.2. Helmint pasiskirstymo pobdis šeiminink populiacijose 2011-2014 m. ... 78 3.4. Ondatr daromas poveikis ekosistemoms ............................................................... 79 4. REZULTAT APTARIMAS .............................................................................................. 82 IŠVADOS ................................................................................................................................ 102 AUTORS PUBLIKACIJ SRAŠAS (2010-2014 m.) ....................................................... 103 PADKA .................................................................................................................................. 105 LITERATROS SRAŠAS ................................................................................................... 106 4 VADAS Ondatra (Ondatra zibethicus) yra viena iš pusiau-vandens žinduoli, kuri buvo introdukuota iš Šiaurs Amerikos vairius regionus visame pasaulyje (Danell, 1996; Feldhamer ir kt., 2003; Musser ir Carleton, 2005). Pirmosios ondatros Europ pradtos introdukuoti nuo 1905 m. (Danell, 1978) ir šiandien užima didel dal Europos ir Azijos. Nei viena kita introdukuota žinduoli ršis neišplito taip plaiai ir greitai (Lever, 1985). Todl, šis pusiau- vandens graužikas yra laikomas, kaip vienas skmingiausi introdukant visame pasaulyje (Danell, 1996). Skming ondatros išplitim lm aukštas reprodukcinis lygis, ršies gebjimas išgyventi ir daugintis vairiose gyvenimo slygose, prisitaikyti prie klimatini slyg, mitybos proi ir kt. (Artimo, 1960; Doude van Troostwijk, 1976; Danell, 1996; Bobrov ir kt., 2008, Danilov, 2009). Literatros apie ondatros introdukcij Lietuv yra labai nedaug. Žinoma, kad jos buvo aklimatizuotos iš tuometins Taryb Sjungos: Archangelsko 1954 m. ir Kazachstano 1956 m. (Lavrov, 1957; Prsait ir kt., 1988). Šiandien šie pusiau vandens žinduoliai yra ne tik priskiriami prie invazini rši, bet taip pat pripažinti ršimi kenkja ne tik Lietuvoje, bet ir daugelyje Europos valstybi (Zachos ir kt., 2007; Genovesi ir Scalera, 2008; Ruys ir kt., 2011). Ondatros populiacijos gausumo ir biotopinio pasiskirstymo tyrimai Lietuvoje yra nepilnai ištirti, duomen labai trksta (Prsait ir kt., 1988; Baliauskas ir kt., 1999; Uleviius ir Baliauskas, 1999; Uleviius, 2001; Uleviius ir Baliauskas, 2002). vertinant šio žinduolio gausum, reikia tirti ir kit pusiau vandens žinduoli paplitim ir gausum. Nes ondatra, bebras (Castor fiber), dra (Lutra lutra), kanadin audin (Neovison vison) ir vandeninis pelnas (Arvicola terrestris) – gyvena santykinai siauroje pakrani atkarpoje su specifiniu aplinkos slyg kompleksu ir gali bti laikomi tam tikra ekologine grupe (Uleviius ir Baliauskas, 1999). Šioms ršims bdingos glaudžios tarpršins sveikos tarp atskir rši (Artimo, 1960; Dyakov, 1975; Prsait ir kt., 1988; Sokolov ir Lavrov, 1993; McKinstry ir kt., 1997; Schröpfer, 2005; Holmengen ir kt., 2009). Todl ši rši buvimas ar nebuvimas gali takoti viena kitos gausum. Ondatra yra svarbus komponentas daugelio pelki aplinkoje, skaitant upes, tvenkinius. Ondatros daromas poveikis aplinkai pasireiškia per vartojim= besiformuojanios ir susiformavusios augalijos maistui ir trobeli statymui, urv kasimu pakrantse ir grobuoniškumu kai kuri takson, bei pai buvimu grobiu kitiems gyvnams (Errington, 1963; Connors ir kt., 2000). Todl šis šlapi biotop žinduolis, gali turti stipr ekologin poveik ne tik kitoms ršims, bet ir visai ekosistemai. 5 Pastaruosius 20 m. stebimas ondatros gausumo mažjimas Lietuvoje (Uleviius, 2001; Uleviius ir Baliauskas, 2002). Ondatros populiacijai sumažjus gali sumažti genetin vairov, kuri gali turti svarbi pasekmi ilgalaikiam populiacijos gyvybingumui, nes sumažja individ tinkamumas, atsparumas ligoms ir parazitams, bei populiacijos gebjimas reaguoti aplinkos pokyius (Lacy, 1997). Populiacijos, kurias sudaro mažas individ skaiius yra tiktina, kad turs sumažjusi genetin vairov, kuri gali bti priežastimi populiacijos mažjimo (Berry, 1986). Be to, introdukuotos žinduoli populiacijos gali turti ženklius genetinius skirtumus nuo gyvenani natraliuose biotopuose. Daugeliu atveju, didel aleli dalis prarandama per kelet generacij po introdukcijos (Sjöberg, 1996). Todl yra labai svarbus ondatros genetins vairovs vertinimas, nes genetin populiacij vairov palaiko kartu veikiantys ekologiniai ir genetiniai mechanizmai. Ondatros genetins vairovs tyrimus atliko tik keletas mokslinink pasaulyje (Willner ir kt., 1980; Marinelli ir kt., 1992; Marinelli ir kt., 1997; Zachos ir kt., 2007; Zhigileva ir Yurchenko, 2009; Laurence ir
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