8Th Grades Your Child Should Spend up to 90 Minutes Over the Course of Each Day on This Packet

Home , Nikola Tesla, Sobriquet, Thomas Edison

TH 8 GRADE

Weeks of: MAY 11TH & MAY 18TH

WICHITA PUBLIC SCHOOLS

5th, 6th, 7th and 8th Grades Your child should spend up to 90 minutes over the course of each day on this packet. Consider other family-friendly activities during the day such as:

Read standing up. Make some music by Make paper airplanes Create an indoor searching Groove Pizza with your family and obstacle course see which plane (get permission fro goes the furthest. an adult).

Mindful Minute: Write Design a board Turn on your Make a collage down what a typical game and play it with favorite song of things you enjoy. day was like pre- your family. and dance. quarantine and during quarantine. How have things changed? *All activities are optional. Parents/Guardians please practice responsibility, safety, and supervision.

For students with an Individualized Education Program (IEP) who need additional support, Parents/Guardians can refer to the Specialized Instruction and Supports webpage, contact their child’s IEP manager, and/or speak to the special education provider when you are contacted by them. Contact the IEP manager by emailing them directly or by contacting the school. The Specialized Instruction and Supports webpage can be accessed by clicking HERE or by navigating in a web browser to https://www.usd259.org/Page/17540

WICHITA PUBLIC SCHOOLS CONTINUOUS LEARNING HOTLINE AVAILABLE 316-973-4443 MARCH 30 – MAY 21, 2020 MONDAY – FRIDAY 11:00 AM – 1:00 PM ONLY

For Multilingual Education Services (MES) support, please call (316) 866-8000 (Spanish and Proprio) or (316) 866-8003 (Vietnamese).

The Wichita Public Schools does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, disability, age, veteran status or other legally protected classifications in its programs and activities.

ELA

Week 7 and Week 8 MS ELA Grade 8 Week 7: May 11-15, 2020

Dear Parent(s)/Guardian(s) and Students, We are really rocking Unit 5! There’s only one more week after this learning opportunity! The focus of Week 7 is to continue reading to collect evidence to support your claim concerning inventions are the result of inspiration or perspiration. There are interesting stories to choose from and facts you probably didn’t already know. Share with your family – they might not know this information either! Enjoy learning!

Grade 8 Unit 5 Invention: Are inventions realized through inspiration or perspiration? Week 7: May 11-15 pp. 489 - 518 ● Select two stories to read for evidence in your final writing: “Nikola Tesla: The Greatest Inventor of All”, from “The Invention of Everything Else”, or “25 Years Later, Hubble Sees Beyond Troubled Start”. Complete the activities at the end of the two stories.

8th Grade Unit 5 Invention Week 7: May 11 – May 15 Daily Planning Guide/Checklist/Additional Support (pp. 489 – 514)

Essential Question: Are inventions realized through inspiration or perspiration?

Monday, May 11 _____ Select two (2) readings from the list of three (3) below. Your two selections will provide evidence for your final writing. “Nikola Tesla: The Greatest Inventor of All” (pp. 488 – 490) Vocabulary Engineer – designer, planner builder, architect Generators – machine that converts mechanical energy into electricity Current – the flow of electric charge

“The Invention of Everything Else” (pp. 494 – 504) Vocabulary Deficiencies – fault, flaw, imperfection, weakness Triumph – victory, win success Revolutionized – to change something greatly or transform

“25 Years Later, Hubble Sees Beyond Troubled Start” (pp. 510 – 514) Vocabulary Dismay – shock or surprise Controversy – disagreement or argument Outcry – protest, complaint, object _____ Make meaning of the vocabulary words in the first reading you have selected by reading the words in text. _____ Read (or have read aloud) your first selection.

Tuesday, May 12 _____ Complete the following items for the story you have read.

“Nikola Tesla” _____ Comprehension Check questions 1-4 p. 490 _____ Analyze Craft and Structure – work through the organization chart, paragraphs 2-8 p. 492 _____ Complete your Evidence Log and write what you learned from “Nikola Tesla.”

Wednesday, May 13 _____ Pick your second reading. _____ Make meaning of the vocabulary words in the second reading you have selected by reading the words in text. _____ Read (or have read aloud) your second selection.

Thursday, May 14 _____ Complete the following items for the story you have read.

“The Invention of Everything Else” _____ Answer questions 1-4 on p. 490 Comprehension Check _____ Analyze Craft and Structure Figurative Language find examples in the text of personification, simile, and metaphor. Jot down your examples of each _____ Complete your Evidence Log and write what you learned from “The Invention of Everything Else.”

“25 Years Later, Hubble Sees Beyond Troubled Start” _____ Answer questions 1-4 on p 515 - Comprehension Check _____ Analyze Craft and Structure Author’s Purpose. Complete the analysis at the bottom of p. 517 for paragraphs 8, 19, 20, and 31. _____ Complete your Evidence Log and write what you learned from “25 Years Later, Hubble Sees Beyond Troubled Start.”

Friday, May 15 _____ Next week you get to complete your Performance-Based Assessment. Begin thinking about, “Which invention described in this unit had the biggest impact on humanity?” Jot down some notes. _____ Use this time to catch-up on any uncompleted work from the previous days. _____ Congratulations - you’ve completed Week 7, you’re one week more awesome, and have 1 more to go!!!

BIOGRAPHY

Nikola Tesla: The Greatest Inventor of All? Vicky Baez

BACKGROUND At the end of the nineteenth century, electricity was a new technology. SCAN FOR MULTIMEDIA At this time, very few people had access to electric lighting, and most people used coal, gas, and steam power for energy. Today, electricity has become a common utility because of inventors like Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison.

1 ikola Tesla was born in 1856 to a Serbian family in the NOTES N country that is now called Croatia. When Tesla was young, he was able to do such complex math problems in his head that his teachers thought he was cheating. He finished high school in 3 years instead of 4. 2 He started college, but didn’t finish. However, he learned enough to go to work. He moved several times over the next few years, each time getting a job as an electrician. At each place where he worked, he designed and made improvements to the equipment. 3 In 1884, he moved to New York City. He came with a letter of recommendation to Thomas Edison from one of his bosses. Mark base words or indicate The letter is claimed to have said, “I know two great men and another strategy that helped you you are one of them; the other is this young man.” Edison hired determine meaning. Tesla, who began as an electrical engineer. He quickly became engineer (ehn jih NEER) n. very important to the company, solving some of its most difficult MEANING: problems. Tesla was able to use his mind to imagine how different methods worked. Edison always made a lot of models and tried them out, which took a lot longer. 4 In 1885, Tesla and Edison had a falling out. Tesla told Edison he could improve some of Edison’s motors and generators. Edison generators (JEHN uhr ray told him he would pay him $50,000 if he did. This was quite a lot tuhrz) n. of money at that time. Tesla worked hard and spent months on MEANING: the task. When he succeeded, he asked Edison for the reward, but Edison told him he had been joking. He said, “Tesla, you don’t © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. or its affiliates. Inc., Education, © Pearson understand our American humor.” He offered Tesla a $10 raise on his $18 weekly pay. Tesla quit the job. 5 Tesla started his own company in 1887, Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing. There he worked on making a system called

Nikola Tesla: The Greatest Inventor of All? 489 490 details withyourgroup. Complete thefollowingitemsafteryoufinishyourfirstread.Reviewandclarify Check Comprehension MEANING: current determine meaning. another strategythathelpedyou Mark basewordsorindicate NOTES aspect of the biography?aspect research that detail. what In way the information does you learned shed light on an to Clarify Research RESEARCH 4. 3. 2. 1.

UNIT 5•INVENTION summary. Why doesTesla MotorsuseTesla’s name? Why didTesla leaveEdison’s company? Why didTesla’s teacherssometimesthinkhewascheating?

(KUR uhnt)

Notebook n.

Confirm yourunderstandingofthebiographybywriting ashort

Choose at least one unfamiliar detail from the biography. Briefly 7 6 electric car. electric cars.TheirfirstcarusedTesla’s designfrom 1882foran of anewcarcompanynameditTesla Motorsbecausetheymake Tesla, and nowheisbecomingbetterknownagain.Theowner powers New York City. Inthe1990s,people startedtowriteabout his name,likeConsolidatedEdison,theelectriccompanythat and remembered Edison,whosecompaniesstillexistandhave from universitiesallover the world. New York City. Hewasgivenmanyawards andhonorarydegrees power plantinNiagaraFallsthatprovided powerallthewayto electricity thatisstillusedtodayinourcities.Hehelped create a radio, wireless remotes, fluorescent lights,andthesystemof helped developalonglistofdevices,includingX-raymachines, still seeaTesla coilatsomemuseumstoday. Tesla inventedor the Tesla coil,whichcarriedelectricitywithoutwires. You can spent allhismoneyonnewinventionsandideas.Heinvented inventions andpaidhim$2,000amonthtoconsultwithhim.Tesla trying tocreate anelectricalsystem.HeboughtsomeofTesla’s to asthe“War oftheCurrents.” show peoplehowtheycreated electricity. Thisrivalrywasreferred particular methodwasbetter. Theyhadpublicdemonstrationsto The twobecamerivals.Theyeachgavetalksaboutwhyhis thought hissystem,called“direct current,” wasbetter andsafer. “alternating current”toproduce electricity. ThomasEdison Another rivalofEdison’s,George Westinghouse, hadalsobeen Sadly, Tesla diedwithoutacent.Peopleforgot abouthim,

❧

Close Read the Text With your group, revisit sections of the text you marked during your first read. Annotate what you notice. What questions do you have? What can you conclude?

NIKOLA TESLA: THE GREATEST INVENTOR OF ALL? Cite textual evidence Analyze the Text to support your answers. Notebook Complete the activities.

1. Review and Clarify With your group, reread paragraph 3. Discuss the differences between Edison’s and Tesla’s approaches to invention. GROUP DISCUSSION Whose approach, Edison’s or Tesla’s, do you think is better? Why? If you do not understand a group member’s 2. Present and Discuss Discuss what you noticed in the selection, what contribution, ask for questions you asked, and what conclusions you reached. clarification. Respond politely when others ask you 3. Essential Question: Are inventions realized through inspiration for clarification, and try to or perspiration? What has this selection taught you about invention? state your point more simply Discuss with your group. and clearly.

language development  WORD NETWORK Identify words from the selection that relate to the Concept Vocabulary concept of invention. Add these words to your Word engineer generators current Network.

Why These Words? The three concept vocabulary words are related. With your group, discuss the words, and determine what they have in common. Write another word related to this concept. Practice Notebook Confirm your understanding of these words by using them in sentences. Include context clues that hint at meaning.  Standards Reading Informational Text Analyze how a text makes Word Study connections among and distinctions between individuals, Multiple-Meaning Words Many English words have more than one ideas, or events. meaning. In “Nikola Tesla: The Greatest Inventor of All?,” the word Language • Determine or clarify the meaning current refers to an electrical current, which is the flow of electricity of unknown and multiple-meaning through a wire. In this context, current is a technical word with a words or phrases based on grade 8 reading and content, definition specific to the fields of science, electricity, and physics. Use a choosing flexibly from a range of dictionary to look up other definitions of the word current, and record strategies. © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. or its affiliates. Inc., Education, © Pearson the meaning and the part of speech for each. c. Consult general and specialized reference materials, both print and digital, to find the pronunciation of a word or determine or clarify its precise meaning or its part of speech.

Nikola Tesla: The Greatest Inventor of All? 491 492 refining sentences including of • Analyze ideas, distinctions connections • Analyze Informational TextReading  INVENTOR OF ALL? OF INVENTOR GREATEST THE TESLA: NIKOLA

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Text Structure: BiographicalWriting Analyze CraftandStructure are somecommonparagraphstructures: differently, inorder toprovide informationthatsupportsakeyidea.Here in thesubject’s life. Individualparagraphs,however, maybeorganized Most biographiesare writteninchronological order, describingkeyevents subject, anddetailsdescriptionsrelated totheperson’s life. of anotherperson.Biographiesprovide factualinformationaboutthe of nonfictioninwhichtheauthortellsaboutimportanteventslife Then, answerthequestionsthatfollow. development ofideasinthetext.Modelyouranalysisonexample. 2. 1. Practice • • • paragraph 8 paragraph 7 paragraph 6 paragraph 5 paragraph 4 paragraph 3 paragraph 2 paragraph ORGANIZATION 1 paragraph PARAGRAPH

it affects otherthings cause andeffect: explanationofwhysomethinghappensandhow similarities anddifferences betweenrelated subjects comparison andcontrast:explanationanalysisofthe chronological order: theorder inwhicheventsactuallyoccur and 5?Howdoesitsorganization helplinkideasandevents? What organizationalstrategy doestheauthoruseinparagraphs3 selection? How doesitsorganizationlinkindividuals,ideas,and eventsinthe What organizationalstrategydoestheauthorusein paragraph4? Notebook

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Biographical writingisatype • • DEVELOPMENT OFIDEAS signs ofTesla’s genius aboutearly information detailsprovidedescriptive describes Tesla’s earlyyears to supportyouranswers. CITE TEXTUALEVIDENCE

© Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 3. paragraph5(comma) 1. paragraph1(comma) in thesentence. semicolon intheselectionparagraphandexplainingreason itisused correctly. Here are someguidelinesforusingcommasandsemicolons. Commas andSemicolons Conventions 3. 2. 1. Correct eachsentencebyadding commasorsemicolonsasneeded. Write It Read It such ashoweverandtherefore to separateindependentclausesjoinedbyadverbs coordinating conjunction to joinindependentclausesnotconnectedbya Use asemico clauses to setoff nonrestrictive, phrasesor ornonessential, after introductory words, phrases,orclauses rank whoseorder maybeswitched between coordinate ofequal , adjectives adjectives between itemsinaseries compound sentence for, joinstwoindependentclausesina so,yet)that before acoordinating (and,but,or, conjunction nor, Use acomma

• • current. Edison preferred direct current hethoughtitwassaferthanalternating fluorescent lightsandtheTesla coil. Tesla inventedorhelpedtodevelopX-raymachineswireless remotes however hediedapoorman. Tesla contributedmanygreat electricalinventionstotheworld Notebook A semicolon(;)maybeusedtojointwoindependentclauses. A comma(,)isapunctuationmarkthatsignalsbriefpause. Language deve

l Complete thefollowingitemsbyidentifying acommaor on

Effective writersusecommasandsemicolons 4. paragraph7(comma) 2. paragraph3(semicolon) l opment E X hired Tesla. Edison’s company, whichwasintheUnitedStates , In hislateryears,Tesla hadlittlemoney. The ingenious,inventiveproductschangedtheworld. He workedonradio,fluorescentlights,andelectricplants. Tesla workedhard,andheinventedmanythings. the years. Tesla hadmanygreatinventions;however,hisfamefadedover Edison didnotpayTesla $50,000;Tesla quit. AM PL ES Nikola Tesla: TheGreatest Inventor ofAll? spelling whenwriting capitalization, punctuation, and conventions ofstandardEnglish Demonstrate commandofthe Language  modeled inthecharts. of eachtypesentence come upwithexamples challenge membersto grammatical situations, semicolons indifferent use ofcommasand understands thecorrect To ensure thatyourgroup collaboration Inventor ofAll?” “Nikola Tesla: TheGreatest fromwhat youlearned Evidence Logandrecord new selection,gotoyour Before movingontoa  or break. ellipsis, dash)toindicateapause a. Usepunctuation (comma, S

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493 494 flexibly fromarange ofstrategies. 8 readingandcontent, choosing words orphrases basedongrade of unknownandmultiple-meaning Determine orclarifythemeaning Language proficiently. complexity bandindependentlyand the highendofgrades 6–8text stories, dramas, andpoems, at comprehend literature, including By theendofyear, readand Reading Literature  writers fortheirexcellence. honors fiveyoungfiction 35 award, which,eachyear, Book Foundation’s 5Under 2006, shewontheNational Magazine, andEsquire.In the NewYork Times including theNewYorker, prestigious publications, have appeared inmany winning storiesandessays story writer. Heraward- essayist, andshort is anAmericannovelist, Samantha Hunt(b. 1971) About the Author meaning ofawordorphrase. a. Usecontext asacluetothe S

T UNIT 5•INVENTION MAKING MEANING AN G Ni r kola T kola e a D te AR s t e Inv D sla: Th sla: S e n t or of of or e

A ll? may encounterasyouread. determine theirmeanings.There are varioustypesofcontext cluesthatyou clues—words andphrasesthatsurround anunfamiliar word inatextto Context Clues a work of fiction. in and isawork of portrayed in nonfiction subject Then, you will analyze the differences in how a for the excerpt. activities andfirst-read close-read Invention Else of Everything You will now read an excerpt from the novel The Comparing Texts opportunity tocompleteacloseread afteryourfirstread. Apply thesestrategiesasyouconductyourfirstread. You willhavean First ReadFICTION first read. determine themeaningsofunfamiliarwords youencounterduringyour Apply yourknowledgeofcontextcluesandothervocabularystrategiesto Else,youwillencounterthesewords.Everything As youperformyourfirstread oftheexcerptfrom TheInventionof Concept Vocabulary Everything Else from the briminnotime. Restatement: Soplentiful wasthesupplythatjarfilledto geriatric pigeons. Related Details:Imaintainasmallinfirmaryforinjured and deficiencies have already read. already knowandwhatyou the selectiontowhatyou CONNECT they do. those involvedreact theway and whenithappens,why about, whathappens,where NOTICE The Invention The of whom thestoryis

If thesewords are unfamiliartoyou,tryusingcontext ideas within triumph . First, complete. First, the

revolutionized the selection. by writingabriefsummaryof the Comprehension Check and you wanttorevisit. vocabulary andkeypassages ANNOTATE RESPOND Ev from by marking e by completing ry Th t e h Inv i ng Els ng e n ti e on of of on

from The Invention of Everything Else

Samantha Hunt

BACKGROUND In her novel, Samantha Hunt imagines the last days in the life of Nikola SCAN FOR MULTIMEDIA Tesla from the perspective of the famous inventor. This excerpt refers to Guglielmo Marconi, an inventor who sent the first wireless signal across an ocean and received a Nobel Prize for his work in 1911. However, he did so by using many key inventions that were initially developed by Nikola Tesla.

NOTES 1 ightning first, then the thunder. And in between the two L I’m reminded of a secret. I was a boy and there was a storm. The storm said something muffled. Try and catch me, perhaps, © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. or its affiliates. Inc., Education, © Pearson and then it bent down close to my ear in the very same way my brother Dane used to do. Whispering. A hot, damp breath, a tunnel between his mouth and my ear. The storm began to speak. You want to know what the storm said? Listen.

from The Invention of Everything Else 495 496 NOTES

UNIT 5•INVENTION 4 3 2 belonging tothehaberdashery a PortuguesebakeryonMinettaLaneandpellicleofcurledfelt is somechimneyash.Here issomebuckwheatflourblowninfrom Manhattan, collectingthecityparticlebywanderingparticle.Here I liveislikethestickytongueofafrog juttingouthighabove but here sheisatlast.Shehadtocomebecausethehotelwhere small flakesofscalpintheprocess. Two daysittookhertoarrive, Beach whohadherhairstyledtwodaysago,looseningafew It iseverywhere. Here isthetiniestbitofawoman from Bath that havecuttheirwaypastmyclosedcurtains.Lookatthisdust. something asitdrifts through thelastraysofsunlight, paleblades for examplethedusthere inmyhotelroom. Eachparticle says 2. 1. 4. 3. pugilists, celebrated, once visitedbykings,authorsandartists,welterweight so amI.NikolaTesla, Serbian,world-famousinventor, once in 1897.Somanymaybes,andyetheisstillhere. And, ofcourse, borough ofQueens.Maybearespiratory influenza killedhimoff of evidencefrom ashygraftinspector. Maybehelivedinthe homogeneity any ofthetouristsorbusinessmenintownforameeting, light ofday. patterns thedustofdeadpeoplemakesasitfloatsthrough thelast Left alonetalkingtolightningstorms,studyingthemysterious out tobeachambermaidonherrounds. I’vebeenforgotten here. even footstepsapproaching downthehallway. Mostoftenitturns I sipatmyvegetablebroth listeningforaknockonthedooror please, pleasemakeitfast!” A nicebourbon,sometonic,pearnectar, coffees, teas,and Meunière! PotatoesRaclette! StringBeanSauté!Macadamianuts! Lamb. BringustheMousseofLemonSoleandShadRoeBelle assembled. “Quickly!BringustheStuffed SaddleofSpring would shoutdowntothedininghallcaptainforafeastbe as anumberofsmallercubbyholestofillupthe odd spaces.The wall consistsofseventy-sevenfifteen-inch-tall drawersaswell I constructed awallofshelves. Itstillspansfloortoceiling.The décor, hasallbutwornoff. Ten yearsago,whenIfirst movedin, awards, ambassadors,mezzo-sopranos,

welterweight pugilists welterweight haberdashery homogeneity mezzo-sopranos lightweight and middleweight. between Things likethat,talkingstorms,happentomefrequently. Take Now thatIhavelivedintheHotelNew Yorker farlongerthan That wassometimeago.Now, more regularly, noonevisits. 2 scientistsofallstripes,journalistswiththeirprestigious

4 (hoh muh juh NEE uh tee) uh NEE juh muh (hoh store that sells men’s clothing, including hats made from felt. from made hats including men’s clothing, sells that store n. ofmyroom, aqualitymostimportanttoanyhotel

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(PYOO juh lihsts) 1 around thecorner. Here isaspeck n professional boxers of intermediate weight, weight, intermediate of boxers professional n. . similar and uniform quality. uniform and . similar singers. 3 andballerinas. And I

© Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 9 8 7 6 5 because hehasstolenmypatents. fixed totheradiowavesI’llsendwords off toward Marconi, the meaningof,likeaslug.WhenI’mcertainthatwords are and “limacine,”whichisanadjectivethatIonlyrecently acquired my headIattachafewwords toeach—“donkey,” and“worm,” access theradiowaves. As theinvisible wavesadvancethrough are athief.”Ifocuswithgreat concentrationuntilIcanmentally on sendingMarconi amessage. Themessageis,“Marconi, you low orlonelypoorlyfinanced.I’llshutmyeyesandconcentrate poking meintheribs.TheyoftendowheneverIfeelparticularly hand, flaggingthebreeze. All daythoughtsofMarconi havebeen on theshouldersofmen,aloosewhitescarfheldinhisraisedleft article includesaphotooftheinventorGuglielmoMarconi riding clipping from anarticlepublished intheNewYork Times. The and went. excitement coming!”Theexcitement,apparently, already came “Humanity willbelikeanantheapstirred upwithastick.Seethe press clipping,something somebodyoncesaidaboutmywork: what Iamlookingfor. Iclose#53andopen#26.Insidethere isa odor ofozone.Isniff thedrawer, inhalingdeeply. Ozoneisnot American citizen. “Sure thing”andthedocumentsthatprove thatIam officially an store “Whoops”inthesafebymybed,alongwith“OK”and I repeat theword. It’soneofmyfavorites.Ifitwere possibleI’d write mybestideasdown.“Whoops.Wrong drawer. Whoops.” contains onlysomecrackedpeanutshells.Itistoodangerous to the drawerwhere IoncethoughtI’dkeepallmybestideas.It MOTION. MISC. COPPER WIRE.CORRESPONDENCE.MAGNETS.PERPETUAL taped tothefront. Thelabelshaveyellowedundertheadhesive. is differentiated from theothersbyasmallcard ofidentification door toaccessthem.Eachdrawerisstainedadeepbrown and feet tall,amforced tokeepawoodenstepstoolbehindthecloset top drawersare sohighoff theground thatevenI,atoversix 5. it. Inventionisnothingamancanown. radio. Hehasstolenmynotoriety. Notthateitherofusdeserved

for a set period of time. of period aset for products or inventions the selling or using, making, from others prevent patents products; patents n. And soIamresigned. Somewhere inoneofthe seventy-seven drawersIhavea That isnotwhatI’mlookingfor. Drawer #53isempty, thoughinsideIdetecttheslightest Drawer #42.Itsticksandcreaks withtheweather. Thisis

documents that give an individual the right to make or sell new inventions or or inventions new to makesell or right the individual an give that documents 5 Hehasstolenmyinventionof from TheInvention of EverythingElse NOTES

497 10 Out the window to the ledge, thirty-three stories above the NOTES street, I go legs first. This is no small feat. I am no small man. Imagine an oversized skeleton. I have to wonder what a skeleton that fell thirty-three stories, down to the street below, would look like. I take one tentative glance toward the ground. Years ago power lines would have stretched across the block in a mad cobweb, a net, because years ago, any company that wanted to provide New York with electricity simply strung its own decentralized power lines all about the city before promptly going out of business or getting forced out by J. P. Morgan.6 But now there is no net. The power lines have been hidden underground. 11 That’s not why I’ve come here. I have no interest in jumping. I’m not resigned to die. Most certainly not. No, I’m resigned only to leave humans to their humanness. Die? No. Indeed, I’ve always planned to see the far side of one hundred and twenty-five. I’m only eighty-six. I’ve got thirty-nine more years. At least.

12 “HooEEEhoo. HooEEEhoo.” The birds answer the call. Gray flight surrounds me, and the reverse swing of so many pairs of wings, some iridescent, some a bit duller, makes me dizzy. The birds slow to a landing before me, beside me, one or two perching

6. J.P. Morgan powerful businessman who merged several electrical companies to create one massive company in 1891.

498 UNIT 5 • INVENTION © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 18 17 16 15 14 13 for injured andgeriatric pinned tothewindow. I’velearnedthatIcannotgowiththem. an oldfeeling,oneofwings,hauntsmyshoulderblades,Istay gravity, theground, andthedistancebetweenus. And though Catching mybreath, Iwatchthemgo.disregard startle andflyawayoutoverEighth Avenue, across Manhattan. back intothecoldstoneofwindow’scasing. A fewpigeons sidewalks thirty-three storiesdown.Likeagaspforair, Ipinmy forward abit,justenoughtonoticetheterrific solidity ofthe perhaps onlyforty-fivecentimeterswide.Myshoulderslurch 7. dreams ofearthquakes,endlessmealsandislands,inventions, my childhood,thebooksIread, ahistoryofSerbianbattlesongs, have whispered allmydoubts.Through theyearsI’vetoldherof purple andgreen. It’snother. her. Itakealookjustthe same. A gorgeous checkered, hishackle be her. “HooEEEhoo?”Don’t look,Icautionmyheart.Itwon’tbe the peripheryofmysight.Idon’tallowmyself tobelieveitmight surrounding buildingstakeonadeeperhue. A bird cutsacross becomes lesssointhedarkeningsky. Thebricksandstonesofthe of thelight.Thentheydon’tanymore, andwhatwasonceclear from thesky, theundersidesofclouds glowwithamemory to appear. Itisgettingquitecold. As thelastraysofsundisappear remain afargreater challenge. the starlingsofNew York City. Particularly thepigeons.Humans perfected myrelationships withthepigeons,sparrows, and tonight. “HooEEEhoo?” a question.Istare upinto thesky, wondering if shewillshow all week.Thebirds saynothing. “Noplansyet?No,meneither.” tonight?” Thehotelhasbeeninafuror, preparing forthefestivities I askthebirds. “Andwhat are yourplansfortheNew Year with justahintofblue.Isniff theair. “It’sgettingchilly, hmm?” am relieved. Iturnmyattention tomashingmeal. ball ofhisjointhasfinallystayedlodgedinitsorbit,andforthisI finger theundersideofanotherbird’s wing.Beneathhisslingthe fiercely inherwoundlastnight.Iletbe,squattinginsteadto nothing more todowiththehydrogen peroxide thatbubbled been twistedintoanangryknuckle,apinkstump.Iseeshewants shredded newspaper. Onenewarrivalhobblesonafootthathas

geriatric Out ontheledgeofmyroom, Imaintainasmallinfirmary She ispalegraywithwhite-tippedwings,andinto herearI I sitontheledgewithbirds foralongwhile,waitingher Having livedin America forfifty-nine years,I’venearly I stand,lookingoutintothedarkeningair. “HooEEEhoo?”It’s “Hello, dears.”TheairofNew York thishighupsmellsgray

(jehr ee AT ee rihk) (jehr adj. elderly. adj. 7 pigeons. A fewtattered boxes,some from TheInvention of EverythingElse NOTES

499 500 MEANING: deficiencies denotations. you determineconnotationsand another strategyyouusedtohelp Mark contextcluesorindicate NOTES seez)

n. UNIT 5•INVENTION (dih FIHSHuhn 22 21 20 19 9. In thiscircumscribed Beside ourhomewasachurch where myfatherwastheminister. part ofafarmwhere weraised animalsandgrew vegetables. surrounded bymountains andriverstrees. Myhousewas The inventioncametomelikethis:Smiljanisaverytinytown dwindle withage.OnceIwasclever. OnceIwassevenyearsold. that servesasameasure for howthepurityofthoughtcan the wind. the stretched fingersofpine needlesastheyshifted andgrew in up the orangebarkandfilledmylaboratorywithoddshadows— that Icouldworkintothenightwhilecandles’glow crept in analcoveoftrees. Inailed tincandlesconcestothetrunks so Smiljan withincreasing frequency. deficiencies punishmedaily, particularlyasIgetolderandrecall me ontheledge.“Idon’thavemagnetiteinmyhead.”These “I don’t havewings,”Itellthebirds whoare perched beside Smiljan—in whatwasonceLika,thenCroatia, now Yugoslavia. no homeanymore. Everyoneisgone.Mypoor, torntownof ensuring thattheyalwaysknowthewayhome. birds direction, pullingnorth,creating acompassintheirbodies, of alternating-current electricaldistribution.Italsogivesthese she keepsinside.Thismiraculousmineralpowersmysystem delicate cagemadeofcalciumbuilttoprotect thebitofmagnetite finger overherfeathersandfeelthesmallbonesofhead, the neck withmypointerfinger. Sheevenencouragesit.I’llrun my inasmuch asabird whocanflycouldeverloveamancan’t. like awife, inasmuchasanyinventorcouldeverhaveawife, it makesnosense,Ithinkofherasmywife, oratleastsomething been togethersinceIdon’tremember when. A longwhile.Though lost notions,love,architecture, poetry—abitofeverything. We’ve 8. these insectspresented. plotting, andscheming.Iroiled inmybedwiththepossibility constant energy, keptmeawakethrough thenight,considering, people in America callJunebugs.Theinsects’motions,their seasonal return ofwhatpeopleinSmiljancalledMaybugs, in concert.Irecognized thenoiseimmediately. Itsignaledthe buzzing noise,therumble of athousandinsectwingsbeating One night,from outsidemybedroom window, Iheard aterrific raindrops fallingonthehotbackofahorse,leavesbrowning. different speciesofsounds:footstepsapproaching onadirtpath,

circumscribed magnetite There isoneinventionfrom thattime,oneofmyveryfirst, When IwasachildhadtinylaboratorythatI’dconstructed I’ve notseenmyownhomeinthirty-fiveyears.There is Most regularly sheallowsmetosmooththetopofherheadand

(MAG nuh tyt) tyt) nuh (MAG

(suhr kuhm SKRYBD) SKRYBD) (suhr kuhm 9 n. naturalsettingmyearswere attunedtoa type of iron that is strongly attracted by magnets. by attracted strongly is that iron of type adj.

limited. 8

© Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 25 24 23 of theolderchildren intownwho,whenbored, enjoyedneedling son ofanarmyofficer. Hewasnofriendofminebut ratherone older thanme,entered intothelaboratory. Vuk wastheurchin was tumblingjoyfullyinwhenVuk, aboywhowas afewyears where insectswouldtakecare ofallthat.ThiswasthethoughtI have tomilkthegoatsandcows,asIwasdeveloping asystem glad mymotherwouldbewhenItoldherthatshe’d nolonger hear peoplespeaking,beginningtheirdailywork. Ithoughthow around mehadwokenup.Icouldhearthefarmanimals. brilliance. noise. Itwasbrilliant,andforafewmomentsIburnedwiththis the future wouldcometo pass.Theenginespunwithawhirling be bornebytheworldofinsects.Iwascertainthatthisdraft kingdom ofease,theburden ofallourchores andtravailswould struck byavisionofthefuture inwhichhumanswouldexista speed increased. Igavea jump oftriumphandwasimmediately insects understoodthattheywere inthisstruggle togethertheir began toturn.Slowlyatfirst,likeagiantwakingup,butoncethe experiment inthefronds of breakfast, when,justthen,theengine prepared toleavethelaboratoryandhideawayfrom thefailed Nothing. Istompedmysmallfeetinfrustration andsteppedback with thebugs,“Flyaway!”Nothing.Itickledthematwig. grew dark.Perhaps, Ithought,theinsectswere inshock.Ipleaded harness. Iwaitedamoment,andinthatmomentmythoughts stepped back.Thegluewasgood;theycouldnotescapeits undersides, Istuckmyeightstrongest beetlestothewheeland and musculartendencies.With adabofglueontheirthorax the jarandselectedthosethatdemonstratedmostaggressive engine inneedofapowersupply. Ithenstudiedtheinsectsin by constructing asimplesystemofgearwheels,Imadean brimming innotime. another bug.Soplentiful wasthesupplythatjarfilledto made ahard clickwhentheystruck againsttheglassor collecting asmanyteninsectsperleaf.Thebugs’shells job ofcollectionquiteeasy. Iharvestedthebeetlecrop, sometimes brown bodieshummedandcrawledinmasses.Theymademy and shrub, theleavesofwhichwere alivewithJunebugs.Their barefoot through thepathsoftown,stoppingatevery lowtree cage. Iremoved myshoes—theground wasstilldamp. Iwalked storing stewedvegetables.Thejarwasnearlyaslarge asmyrib family slept.Icarriedaglassjarmymotherusuallyusedfor In thetimeittookmetocompletemyinventionworld I returned tomypine-tree laboratoryandsettowork. First, Finally, justbefore thesunrose, Isneakedoutsidewhilemy from TheInvention of EverythingElse NOTES triumph denotations. you determineconnotationsand another strategyyouusedtohelp Mark contextcluesorindicate MEANING: (TRY uhmf) n.

501 502 MEANING: revolutionized denotations. you determineconnotationsand another strategyyouusedtohelp Mark contextcluesorindicate NOTES shuh nyzd)

UNIT 5•INVENTION v. (rehv uhLOO 29 28 27 26 electricity totheworld.I havegivenradar, remote control, and knee isvisiblethrough myoldsuit.Iambroke. Ihavegiven AC wireless transmissionofenergy. Marconi scribbledfuriously. my systemforbothwireless transmissionofmessagesandthe by me,NikolaTesla. InthearticleIrevealed inexactingdetail intently reading awidelypublishedandtranslatedarticlewritten The youngMarconi wasseatedinacrowded caféhuddledover, wires. magnificent moment.Imagine, aletteracross theoceanwithout thought wondersmightnevercease. And itwastrue. Itwasa through mountainsandbuildings andtrees, sothattheworld Canada. ThisStraveledonair, withoutwires, passingdirectly message traveledfrom Cornwall, England,toNewfoundland, sea. Themessagewassimple.theletterS. sky, Idon’tforget anymore. was searching forinthewall ofdrawersuntil,staringoutatthe Vuk. Iforget allthoughtsof humans.Ievenforget aboutwhatI contentment, likethepurrofoceanfrom adistance.Iforget vomited. June bugagain—Iranbehindthenearest pinetree andpromptly great schemecrashingto a barbarous end—Icouldneverlookata legs squirmingforlife against hischubbywhitechin.With my forget ensued.Tiny exoskeletonsmashedbetweenmolars,dark horrid orifice, andbegantochew. A crunching soundIwillnever about tobehold,Vuk raisedhisarmtomouth,openedthe beetles. Before Icouldevenunderstandtheannihilationwas down intothemassofourgreat future andwithdrew afistfulof daring metostophim.Vuk sankhishand,filthyfingernails, and approached thejar. Unscrewing thelidheeyedme,asthough the cornersofhisfatlips.With mylecture finished,henodded power source. Vuk twistedhisfaceuptoacruel squint.Hecurled kept hiseyesfocusedontheglassjarthatwasstillquitefullofmy impressive speed.Hisenvywasthick;Icouldnearlytouchit.He June bugengine,which,bythattime,wasspinningatavery replenishable power. Vuk listened,glancingonceortwiceatthe the source thatwouldsoonbeproviding theworld withcheap, just revolutionizedthefuture, howIhaddevelopedinsectenergy, I was gladforawitness.QuicklyIexplainedtohimhowhad morning mydelightwassuchthatIgladtoseeevenVuk. me, vandalizingthelaboratoryIhadbuiltintrees. Butthat I petonebird tokeepthechillfrom myhands.Theskinof But amore importantdateisOctober1893,eightyearsearlier. On December12,1901,Marconi sentamessageacross the On theledgebirds are makinganoisethatsoundslike

© Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 35 34 33 32 31 30 I glance behindmyself onemore time.Ihavetofindhertonight. and worse,Idonotwanttheanswertothisquestion tocatchme. speed, pickingupapanic.Idonotwantthisquestion tocatchme, closed fortheholiday. Myheelsclickonthesidewalks,picking up Maps andPrints.TheWadesmith DepartmentStore. All ofthem Stationery andTobacco. Wasserstein’s Shoes.Jung’s Nautical where ahugetomcatprotects thedryingsausages.Santangelo’s doors fortheevening.BarbizonHosiery. Conte’sSalumeria, skyscrapers. Mostofthestreet-level businesseshaveclosedtheir I hope Ihaveoutpacedit. I glance overmyshouldertoseeif thequestionisfollowing. before you?”Iwalkquickly. Inearlyrun. Germsbedamned. not word butletter—why didhegetaletteracross theocean “If they are yourpatents, Niko, whydidMarconi getword—well, with everynewsquare of sidewalkIstepon.Thequestionisthis: question thatrepeats and repeats inmyhead,pacedtostrike course Itrytooutrun thoughtsofMarconi. Itrytooutrun the jaws were beingground downtodullnubs.Through thisobstacle sight ofthosemonstrous jewels setsmyteethonedge,as if my head backinalaugh.Herpearlearringscatchmyeye.Justthe handkerchief, andIdodge totheleft,where awomantiltsher stops toblowhisnoseintoa filthy are busywithboobytraps. Onegentleman revelers. Itrytohurry, butthesidewalks are beginningtofillwithNew Year’s Eve for theparkwhere myloveoftenlives. armed withasmallbagofpeanuts,Isetoff see her. Legsfirst,Ireenter thehotel,and was, butIwon’trest tonightif Idon’t and BryantParkisnotascloseitonce concentrating. I never listentoit.Theradioisadistractionthatkeeps onefrom the invisiblewavescircling theglobe. Marconi surrounded himself withfame,strutting asif heowned nothing isexactlywhatIgot. And yetMarconi tookcredit. radio totheworld,andbecauseIaskedfornothinginreturn, New York’s streets wendtheirwaybetweenthearched The walkisaslowone,asthestreets I’ll havetogofindher. Itisgettingdark There isnoanswer. “HooEEEhoo?” Quite honestly, radioisanuisance.Iknow. I’mitsfather. question to catch me. catch to question want the answer to this and worse, Ido not question to catch me, I do not want this from TheInvention of EverythingElse NOTES

503 504 details withyourgroup. Complete thefollowingitemsafteryoufinishyourfirstread.Reviewandclarify Check Comprehension NOTES

aspect of the story?aspect research that detail. what In way the information does you learned shed light on an to Clarify Research RESEARCH 4. 3. 2. 1.

UNIT 5•INVENTION Notebook What questiondoesTesla trytooutrun? For whatreason isTesla angrywithMarconi? What doesTesla usetheledgeoutsidehiswindowfor? Where doesTesla live?Inwhatcountrydidheoriginally

Confirm yourunderstandingofthetextbywritinga shortsummary.

Choose at least one unfamiliar detail from the excerpt. Briefly 37 36 Marconi’s firstwireless messagestoodfor.Marconi’s an appendixofwords thatbeginwiththeletterS,words that a newproject, onethatwilldistractme. As Iheadnorth,develop letter across theoceanbefore you?” “If they are yourpatents,Niko,whydidMarconi send awireless question sittingalone,slurpingfrom abowlofchickensoup. reading thenewspaper. Ipassalunchcounterandseethe The questionmakesmeitch.Idecidetofocusmythoughtson I turnonecornerandthequestionisthere, waiting,smoking, ❧

Close Read the Text With your group, revisit sections of the text you marked during your first read. Annotate what you notice. What questions do you have? What can you conclude?

from THE INVENTION OF EVERYTHING ELSE Cite textual evidence Analyze the Text to support your answers. Notebook Complete the activities.

1. Review and Clarify Reread paragraphs 21–25 of the excerpt. What is one of the first inventions Tesla made as a child? How does this GROUP DISCUSSION anecdote, or short account, about his childhood experience with As you work with your group, make sure each invention help to develop Tesla’s character? What does it reveal about member has an opportunity the nature of inventions? Discuss with your group. to contribute to the discussion. Be sensitive to 2. Present and Discuss Discuss what you noticed in the selection, what the amount of time you questions you asked, and what conclusions you reached. spend speaking. 3. Essential Question: Are inventions realized through inspiration or perspiration? What have you learned about invention from reading this selection?

language development  WORD NETWORK Identify words from the Concept Vocabulary selection that relate to the concept of invention. Add deficiencies triumph revolutionized these words to your Word Network. Why These Words? The three concept vocabulary words are related. With your group, determine what the words have in common. Write your ideas, and add at least one other word that fits the category.

Practice Notebook Confirm your understanding of these words from the text by using each word in a sentence. Share your sentences with your group.

Word Study  Standards Denotation and Connotation A word’s denotation is its dictionary Language meaning. Synonyms have nearly identical denotations. A word’s • Determine or clarify the meaning connotation is the idea or emotion associated with the word. Often, of unknown and multiple-meaning words or phrases based on grade words have positive or negative connotations that affect how people 8 reading and content, choosing respond to them. Synonyms often have different connotations. For flexibly from a range of strategies. example, the concept vocabulary word triumph and the word win are • Demonstrate understanding © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. or its affiliates. Inc., Education, © Pearson of figurative language, word synonyms, but triumph has a more positive, stronger connotation than relationships, and nuances in word win, which is more neutral. With your group, find a synonym for each meanings. of the other concept vocabulary words, and discuss the connotations c. Distinguish among the of each pair. connotations of words with similar denotations.

from The Invention of Everything Else 505 506 meanings. relationships, of Demonstrate Language other including choices the impact connotative a and • Determine Reading Literature 

text, context. a. Interpret

figurative

phrases S

texts.

tandards including UNIT 5•INVENTION

MAKING MEANING on from THE INVENTION OF from

analogies

meaning of

meanings; language, as

the

understanding and figures specific

they EVERYTHING ELSE EVERYTHING

figurative meaning

nuances

or are and

word

allusions

word

analyze

speech used

tone,

and

words

word in

and provides anexampleforeachtype. chart definesseveralfigures ofspeech,ortypesfigurativelanguage, taken literally—todescribeandcompare thingsinimaginativeways.The Else, theauthorusesfigurativelanguage—languagenotmeanttobe Word Choice:FigurativeLanguage Analyze CraftandStructure of thetextanditssubject,NikolaTesla. in which theexamplesyounoteddeepenyourunderstanding yourgroup, analyzetheways Gather yourexamplesinthechart.With Reread theexcerptandfindotherexamplesoffigurativelanguage. Practice personification LANGUAGE TYPE OFFIGURATIVE metaphor simile metaphor simile personification LANGUAGE TYPE OFFIGURATIVE thing is the other isthe thing one saying that by things unlike compares two wordsthe oras like using things unlike compares two characteristics is givenhuman a nonhumansubject comparison inwhich DEFINITION EXAMPLE FROMTHETEXT

The Invention of Everything In TheInventionofEverything (paragraph 10) mad cobweb,anet,. across blockina the would havestretched Years agopowerlines .(paragraph2) particle. bywandering city particle the Manhattan, collecting frog outhighabove jutting tongueofa sticky the like hotelwherethe is Ilive She hadtocomebecause muffled. .(paragraph1) saidsomething The storm TEXT EXAMPLE FROMTHE to supportyouranswers. CITE TEXTUALEVIDENCE

© Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. adverb inyourparagraph. for eachdegree ofcomparison. Includeatleastoneirregular adjectiveor Marconi. Your paragraphshouldhaveatleastoneadjective oradverb 2. writers easilycompare thequalitiesorconditionsoftheirsubjects. Most adjectivesandadverbshavethree degrees ofcomparison,helping Comparative andSuperlativeFormsofAdjectivesAdverbs Conventions Write It 1. Read It and adverbs. memorized. Thischartshowssomecommonlyusedirregular adjectives Irregular adjectivesandadverbshavespecialformsthatmustbe ite(ml muto)less amountof) (small little many, much good, well bad, badly Positive superlativedegree.Use -estormosttoformthe comparativedegree.Use -erormoretoformthe F

• • • ORMI a c. b. indicate thedegree ofcomparisoneachreflects. Find threeElse and adjectivesandadverbsinTheInventionofEverything of comparisonitindicates: Identify theadjectiveoradverbineachsentence.Then,identify thedegree Notebook . compared: Perhaps,Tesla wasthegreatestinventorofall. The superlativeisusedwhenthree ormore thingsare being Some peoplebelievethatTesla was agreaterinventorthanEdison. The comparativeisusedwhentwothingsare beingcompared: a greatinventor. The positivedegree isusedwhennocomparisonmade:Tesla was

to pretend hehaddrowned. Rather thanadmithehaddropped outofschool,Tesla founditeasier ever inthefieldofelectricalengineering. Tesla’s supporterswere convincedhewasdoingthemostexcitingwork Toward theendofhislife, Tesla seemedhappiest feedingpigeons. Language deve NG C OM

Write abriefparagraphabout Tesla’s feelingstoward P ARATIVE

positive, comparative,orsuperlative ND more better worse Com SU l opment P ERLATIVE p arative

A DJ E C TIVES sharpest, fastest,mostcolorful,creatively taller, sooner, moreinventive,quietly

A ND . A D least most best worst S VER u from TheInvention of EverythingElse p

erlative

B S or speaking. grammar andusagewhenwriting conventions ofstandardEnglish Demonstrate commandofthe Language  S ta nd ar d s

507 508 NIKOLA TESLA: THE GREATEST GREATEST THE TESLA: NIKOLA accomplishments Details aboutTesla’s places inTesla’s life Details aboutimportant personality Tesla’s charactertraitsand Events from Tesla’s life DETAILS FROM THETEXT

UNIT eFF from

THE INVENTION OF 5 INVENTOR OF ALL? OF INVENTOR E EVERYTHING ELSE EVERYTHING

• CTIV

INVENTION E

E XPreSSION Work asagroup tofillinthechartwithdetailsfrom bothtexts. which NikolaTesla isportrayedinanonfictiontextandworkoffiction. to developthecharacterofNikolaTesla. Samantha Hunt,usesherimaginationincombinationwithhistoricalfacts Else,youreadEverything ahistoricalfictionaccountinwhichtheauthor, factualinformationaboutTeslalearned andhislife. InTheInventionof the biographicalwork“NikolaTesla: TheGreatest InventorofAll?,”you In thisfeature youread twoselectionsabouttheinventorNikolaTesla. In Writing toCompare Compare Text Details Planning andPrewriting N I nventor individually. information touseinyouressay.Then,youwillwriteessays You willworkwithyourgroup toanalyzethetextsandgather in whicheachtextreveals anaspectofTesla’s life andpersonality. Write acompare-and-contrast essay in whichyouanalyzetheways Assignment • ikola Notebook portrayed Tesla? Whichtextprovided more biographicaldetail? Which didyouenjoyreading more? Whichtextmore effectively T esla

of A : T

Respond tothesequestions. ll he ? G reatest

Work withyourgroup toanalyzethewaysin

E from T verything he I nvention E lse

© Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Thesis: you begin: explains thepointofyourcomparison.Here isasentencestartertohelp Form aThesis Drafting against theoriginalsource tobesure thequotesare accurate. as wellanygrammaticalproblems. Besure tocheckallquotedmaterial Proofread forAccuracy or clichés. instances where youused informal language,suchascontractions,slang, sure youhavemaintained a formalstyle.Reviseyourwritingtoeliminate Use aFormalStyle each quotation. you doso,besure tousequotationmarksandindicatethesource of needed. Considerquotingmaterialsfrom thetextsassupport.When Add Details Review, Revise,andEdit Tesla’s life, itbecomesclearthat Organize Your Essay for youressayusingthefollowingstrategies: determine howyoushouldpresent theinformation.Developanoutline • • • • support ofyourthesis. thesis andsummarizethemainevidencethatyoupresented in Conclude youressaywithaparagraphinwhichyourestate your your claims,reasons, andevidence. phrases, suchasregardless,despiteandforthisreasonthatconnect Create cohesioninyouressaybyusingtransitionalwords and discuss asecondelement,andsoon. paragraph, discussoneelementasitistreated inbothtexts,andthen ineachbody the othertextinfollowingparagraph.Alternatively, one textandallitsfeatures inaseriesofparagraphsandthendiscuss Develop yourcomparisonandcontrastinoneoftwoways:Discuss for readers. Begin youressaybyrevealing yourthesisandproviding background

When youcompare andcontrastthesetwotreatments ofNikola

Review yourdraftandaddsupportingdetailswhere

Focus yourthoughtsbycreating athesisstatementthat

Once youare donedrafting, review youressaytobe

When youare satisfiedwithyourthesis, essential question:

Carefully reread youressay.Fixspellingerrors

A re inventionsrealized through inspirationorperspiration? from TheInvention of EverythingElse . Everything Else. Everything All?” andTheInventionof The Greatest Inventorof from reading “NikolaTesla: what youhavelearned Evidence Logandrecord new selection,gotoyour Before movingontoa  analysis, reflection, andresearch. informational textstosupport • analysis ofrelevant content. the selection, organization, and concepts, andinformation through to examineatopicandconveyideas, Write informative/explanatorytexts Writing  Draw evidencefromliterary or S

evidence log tandards

509 flexibly fromarange ofstrategies. andcontent,choosing reading words orphrases basedongrade 8 of unknownandmultiple-meaning Determine orclarifythemeaning Language and proficiently. complexity bandindependently the highendofgrades 6–8 text comprehend literary nonfiction at By theendofyear, readand Informational TextReading  510 and twocats. City withhiswife, daughter, Overbye livesinNewYork for ExplanatoryReporting. finalist forthePulitzerPrize others. In2014,hewasa New York Times, among Angeles Times, andthe in Time, Science,theLos His articleshaveappeared switched tofull-timewriting. deputy scienceeditor, then of theNewYork Times as In 1998,hejoinedthestaff development oftheuniverse. the scienceoforiginand in physicsandcosmology, a sciencewriterspecializing Dennis Overbye(b.1944)is About the Author meaning ofawordorphrase. a. Usecontext asacluetothe

STANDARDS

UNIT 5•INVENTION MAKING MEANING public inorder toboostthereputation ofabusiness or organization. from theunderlinedcluesthatspinmastersprovide positivereviews tothe If youdidn’tknowthemeaningoftermspinmasters,mightinfer Example from theselection: unfamiliar word bylookingforcontextcluesinthesurrounding words. Beyond Troubled Start 25 Years Later, Hubble Sees opportunity tocompleteacloseread afteryourfirstread. Apply thesestrategiesasyouconductyourfirstread. You willhavean First ReadNONFICTION Troubled Start,”youwillencounterthesewords. As youperformyourfirstread of“25Years Later, HubbleSeesBeyond Concept Vocabulary Context Clues astronomy sinceGalileo. instantly atthetopoftheirgame,hailingitasgreatest advancein When theHubblewasfinallydeployed,NASA’s spinmasterswere dismay have already read. already knowandwhatyou the selectiontowhatyou CONNECT Who isinvolved? the text.Whatisitabout? NOTICE

the generalideasof

Sometimes youneedtoinferthemeaningofan ideas within controversy

selection. writing abriefsummaryofthe the Comprehension Checkand you wanttorevisit. vocabulary andkeypassages ANNOTATE outcry RESPOND by marking by completing

25 Years Later, Hubble Sees Beyond Troubled Start

Dennis Overbye

BACKGROUND Lyman Spitzer Jr. (1914–1997), whose ideas inspired the creation of the SCAN FOR MULTIMEDIA Hubble Space Telescope, achieved great success as an astrophysicist. He studied space astronomy, star clusters, and the physics of stars. Not only did he propose the creation of a space telescope, he did so a decade before the first satellite had been launched.

1 gainst all odds, it’s 25 years in space and counting for the A Hubble Space Telescope this month.1 NOTES 2 Few icons of science have had such a perilous existence, surviving political storms, physical calamities, and the simple passage of time in the service of cosmic exploration. 3 In 1946, the astronomer Lyman Spitzer, Jr., had a dream. A telescope in space, above the unruly atmosphere, would be able to see stars unaffected by the turbulence that blurs them and makes them twinkle. It would be able to see ultraviolet and infrared emissions that are blocked by the atmosphere and thus invisible to astronomers on the ground. 4 It took more than three decades for the rest of the astronomical community, NASA, and Congress to buy into this dream, partly as a way to showcase the capabilities of the space shuttle, still in development then, and the ability of astronauts to work routinely in space. By the time the telescope was launched into space from the space shuttle Discovery on April 25, 1990, it had been almost © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. or its affiliates. Inc., Education, © Pearson canceled at least twice and then delayed following the explosion of the shuttle Challenger in 1986.

1. this month This article was published in April 2015.

25 Years Later, Hubble Sees Beyond Troubled Start 511 512 MEANING: dismay helped youdeterminemeaning. another strategyyouusedthat Mark contextcluesorindicate NOTES

UNIT 5•INVENTION (diss MAY) n. 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 advance inastronomy sinceGalileo. were instantlyatthetopoftheirgame,hailingitasgreatest out oftheprimordial telescope’s keeneyediscernedswarmsofbabygalaxiescrawling patch ofskyknownastheHubbleUltraDeepFieldin2010, age, anditscosmicpostcards captivatedtheworld.Trained ona NASA couldstopholdingitsbreath. Hubble’s vision. main cameraandinstalledtinymirrors designedtocorrect the and Zengardener—rode totherescue. led byStoryMusgrave—astronaut, pilot,surgeon, spacewalker figure outawaytoprovide corrective lenses. universe, theHubbleneededglasses. with imageprocessing software. Butforthefainterpartsof working forNASA. the disbeliefandthendismayofengineerscontractors it wasahandfulofastronomers whofirstrecognized theflaw—to spherical aberration,thatanamateurastronomer mightmake,and with blurryvision.Itwasthekindofmistake,knownasa polished four-millionths ofaninchtooflat,leavingthetelescope was hurriedtosavemoney, thatbigmirror woundupmisshapen, cargo bay. eight-foot mirror, justsmallenoughtofitintothespaceshuttle its critics. laughingstock—a “technoturkey,” inthewords ofsome telescope couldn’tbefocused.Instead,withindaysitbecamea 3. 2. known astheEaglenebula. biblical-looking mountainsofgasanddustinastellar nursery the Hubblerecorded babystarsburningtheirwayoutof planet, Fomalhautb,orbitingitsstar. after theBigBang.

primordial space. to observe atelescope to use person Galileo And itmighthavebeenexceptforoneproblem: The And ittookoneofthefirstvisible-lightphotos adistant When theHubblewasfinallydeployed,NASA’s spinmasters The Hubblewasthefirstbig-dealtelescopeofInternet The rest oftheuniversesnapped intocrystallinefocus. And In fivetensedaysofspacewalks,theyreplaced thetelescope’s Three yearslater, thespaceshuttleEndeavourandarepair crew NASA scientistsshrugged off theirheartbreak andworkedto For brightobjects,astronomers couldcorrect fortheflaw But becauseofameasuringerror duringatestingprocess that Designed usingspysatellitetechnology, Hubblehadan In perhaps itsmosticonicimage,called“PillarsofCreation,”

Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) was an Italian scientist and scholar who was the first first the was who scholar and scientist (1564–1642) Italian Galilei an was Galileo

ancient; from the beginning of time. of beginning the from ancient; adj. 3 darknessasearlyonly600millionyears 2

© Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 green andbrown andisorientedtolooklikeaTurner landscape, astrophysics ratherthantheirnaturalcolors. colors lookgoodtotheeyeandbestshowoff theunderlying and oxygen.Thenthedifferent layersare assignedwhatever characteristic lightfrom different atoms,suchassulfur, hydrogen, camera records inblackandwhite,through filtersthatisolatethe 4. telescope. offered tosendtheirpenniesNASA tohelppayforthe they havesaid,‘Hey, thisisworthriskingmylife for.’” prepare themselvesfor, youknow, tryingtoburysomethingthat Dr. Grunsfeld recalled later. “ButIdon’tthinkanybodycouldever are notalotofthingsthat havereally shockedmeinmylife,” who wasthenNASA’s chiefscientist.“Beinganastronaut, there failed again. in orbitwithintwoorthree yearswhenitsbatteriesandgyros was toorisky. Without it,thetelescopewouldbedoomedtodie to bethefinalHubbleservicingmissionongrounds thatit space shuttledreams. all sevenastronauts onboard. ThatharkenedtheendofNASA’s when theColumbiaspaceshuttledisintegratedin2003,killing in space. performing theequivalentofeyesurgery andcomputerrepairs dream of,fiddlingwithits innards, replacing circuit boards and how todothingsthetelescope’sdesignershadneverdared wearing theequivalentofboxinggloveshavegraduallylearned thanks totheefforts ofastronaut servicingcrews. Astronauts win thesobriquet“HubbleRepairman”forhisfeats. and nowNASA’s associateadministratorforscience,whowould to thetelescopebyJohnM.Grunsfeld, anastronaut, astronomer, replace thegyros. Thatwasthefirstofwhatwould bethree trips Hubble wentinto“safemode.” A crew washastilydispatchedto the sixgyroscopes thatkeepthetelescopepointedfailed,and while thenaturalemissionsfrom thenebulaare shades ofred.

use of color. of Turner use his for famed landscape. J.M.W Turner artist an was “Pillars ofCreation,” forexample,ispresented inearth tonesof These postcards were notwithoutcontroversy.TheHubble’s Mr. O’Keefe’sdecisionignited anationaloutcry.Schoolchildren The decisionwasannouncedanddefendedbyDr. Grunsfeld, The agency’sadministrator, SeanO’Keefe,canceledwhatwas The Hubblewashittingitsstride,gettingbetterandbetter, The telescopehasbeenreborn againandovertheyears, Technological hiccupshavealsocontinued.In1999,fourof 25 Years Later, Hubble SeesBeyondTroubled Start 4

vuhr see) MEANING: controversy helped youdeterminemeaning. another strategyyouusedthat Mark contextcluesorindicate NOTES MEANING: outcry helped youdeterminemeaning. another strategyyouusedthat Mark contextcluesorindicate ((OWT kry) ((OWT n. (KON truh n.

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UNIT 5•INVENTION 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 weeklong symposium on theothersideofcosmos. stupendous supernovaexplosionmore thanninebillionyearsago which theycouldviewmultiplereruns ofastarthatdiedin had seenasortofcosmicmirageknownasanEinsteinring,in universe—but barely understand. continues todelivernewsaboutthisthingweare allpartof—a the telescopehasceasedtotouchhumanity. Onthecontrary, it shuttle Atlantisprepared toletitgoagain.Butthatdoesnotmean He wasthelasthumantotouchtelescope,pattingitas servicing mission. resigned, andhissuccessor, MichaelGriffin, reinstated a to keeptheteamsofengineerstogether. Intheend,Mr. O’Keefe Academy ofSciencespanel,butithadservedasaplaceholder the Hubble,perhaps bysendingrobots toworkon it. astronomers andNASA engineerswere workingonwaystosave 5. still asbigtheskyandourignoranceofwhatliesbehindit. Dr. Grunsfeld said. is already planninga30th-anniversary celebrationin2020, is somethingfewwouldhaveimagined10yearsago,yetNASA Telescope, duetobelaunchedin2018.TheHubble’slongevity the universewithitsdesignatedsuccessor, theJamesWebb Space dreamed, andithasagood chanceoflivinglongenoughtoshare of peopledoingscience.” about NASA,”Dr. Grunsfeld said,“butmuchofitis acelebration Science Instituteisbased.

symposium After aquarter-century, thetelescope’s future andpromise are NASA ismakingabigdealoftheHubbleanniversary, witha Earlier thisspring,astronomers announcedthattheHubble In 2009,Dr. Grunsfeld ledonelastmissiontotheHubble. The robotic approach waseventuallyrejected byaNational Behind thescenes,however, Dr. Grunsfeld andother The Hubbletodayismore powerfulthanitsdesignersever “This isacelebrationpartlyaboutthetelescopeand

conference where experts discuss a certain topic. acertain discuss experts where conference n. 5 inBaltimore, where theSpaceTelescope

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© Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. MS ELA Grade 8 Week 8: May 18-21, 2020 Dear Parent(s)/Guardian(s) and Students, Can you believe we have already reached our final week of continuous learning together? During this final week, you will write an argument paragraph to claim whether it takes inspiration or perspiration to invent something new. We’re excited to read your argument! We are so proud of your accomplishments during this time of being at home and still dedicated to strengthening your literacy skills! You know how important it is to continue to develop your abilities in reading, writing, listening and speaking. No one can ever take away your knowledge. Just think how far you have come during your 8th grade year. Soon, you will be walking through those high school doors as a freshman! It’s heartening to know you are ready! Congratulations! Don’t forget to keep reading over the summer! Always have a good book, newspaper, magazine, blog, website, etc. ready to read! Enjoy learning! Grade 8 Unit 5 Invention: Are inventions realized through inspiration or perspiration? Week 8: May 18-21 pp. 531 – 532 ● Writing an argument. Use your rough draft and new evidence to support your claim. Add a counterclaim and state why it is not as strong p. 535 as your claim. ● Reflection on Learning

8th Grade Unit 5 Invention Week 8: May 18 – May 21 Daily Planning Guide/Checklist/Additional Support (pp. 531-533; p 535)

Performance-Based Assessment – Week 8, this is it folks!!

You will write an argument in which you state and defend a claim about the following question: Which invention described in this unit has had the biggest impact on humanity?

Monday, May 18 (Pre-writing and Drafting Paragraph 1) _____ Review the elements of an effective argument on p. 533. _____ Review your notes/journal and narrow your focus down to the one invention which has had the biggest impact. _____ Write reasons why this invention has had the biggest impact. _____ Use the following sentence starter to help you begin. The invention that has had the biggest impact on humanity is ______. _____ Continue in paragraph 1 with reasons why the invention has been so important. This will be a general overview. You will develop the ideas further in the body of your writing. Use the sentence starters - One reason this invention has had the biggest impact is ______. Another reason why this invention has impacted humanity is ______. The last and most important reason is ______.

Tuesday, May 19 (Drafting the Body) _____ If you have used the sentence starters from Monday, you will have 3 paragraphs in the body of your writing. This could be expanded to include other reasons or shortened if you only a 2 reasons. _____ Paragraph 2 will be your first reason the invention has had a big impact. Support it with details from the unit, previous readings, your notes, and your own thoughts and feelings about the importance. _____ Paragraph 3 will be the second reason the invention has impacted humanity. Support it with details from the unit, previous readings, your notes, and your own thoughts and feelings about the importance. _____ Paragraph 4 will be the last and most important reason. Support it with details from the unit, previous readings, your notes, and your own thoughts and feelings about the importance.

Wednesday, May 20 (Drafting the Conclusion and Editing) _____ Paragraph 5 – Write a concluding statement that supports your argument. _____ This paragraph will summarize the work you did in the body of your writing. Don’t say exactly the same thing, say it differently in a new way. _____ Edit your writing. _____ Capital letters at beginning of sentences and for proper nouns. _____ Correct ending punctuation – period, question mark, exclamation point _____ Does it have a flow when read aloud? _____ Does your concluding paragraph win over the reader to make him/her believe that the invention you have picked is the most important? _____ Did you say things in different ways so it does not sound like the same words over and over? _____ Rate your writing using the Essay Rubric on p 533. Make any changes so your essay scores at a higher level.

Thursday, May 21 (Final Copy and Presentation) _____ Write a final, clean copy of your assignment. _____ Share your writing with a family member. _____ Reflect back on the unit goals from the beginning of the unit – p 440. _____ Rate yourself now that you’ve reached the end of the unit – p 440. _____ Congratulations - you’ve completed Week 8 and you are done!! _____ Thank you for your interest by taking part in your continuing education.

© Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Has yourpositionchanged? Review yourEvidenceLogandQuickWrite from thebeginningofunit. question: At thebeginningofthisunityoutookapositiononfollowing Review EvidenceforanArgument evidence torefute acounterargument? Ifnot,makeaplan. you haveenoughevidencetosupportyourclaim?Do youhaveenough Evaluate theStrength of Your Evidence Identify apossiblecounterclaim: State yourpositionnow: 3. 2. 1. mind. your to change you convinced that of evidence pieces three least at Identify 

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TW LEARNING LEARNING OR K Review theElementsofEffective Argument Vocabulary Academic the words givenbelowtocompletetheassignmentcorrectly. presented atthebeginningofunit.Besure youunderstand eachof understand it.Thetaskmayreference someoftheacademic words Reread theAssignment strengthen thatelement. is missingornotasstrong as itcouldbe,revise youressaytoaddor first draft,checkitagainsttherubric.Ifoneormore oftheelements writing, read theArgumentRubric.Onceyouhavecompletedyour know tosolvepracticalproblems. presented asworkerspresented withachallengewhousewhatthey gifted individualswhoalsoworkhard. Inothercases,inventorsare imaginary. Insomecases,theinventorsdescribedseemlikeuniquely In thisunit,youread aboutvariousinventorsandinventions,real and Writing to Part 1 Part argument is well received. Use an appropriately formal tone. Address and refute counterclaims to limit dissent and ensure your organize your ideas that so they flow logically and are to easy follow. from you the read selections and viewed your to support claim, and from reading and analyzing in the selections unit. Use examples Take aposition on this question basedon the knowledge you gained following question: Write an argument Assignment position opponent biggest impact on humanity? on impact biggest the had has this unit in invention described Which

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© Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Argument Rubric 2 3 4 1 supports the rest of the argument. the of rest the supports and from follows conclusion The relationships among ideas. the show clearly Transitions to follow. easy is argument the that so logically organized are evidence and reasons The addressed. are claims opposing and evidence, relevant and reasons logical by supported is position The way. compelling a in aposition establishes and reader the engages introduction The Focus and Organization claim. the restate not does conclusion The used. are transitions No to follow. difficult is argument the and disorganized are evidence and Reasons not addressed. are claims opposing and evidence, and reasons by supported not is claim The stated. clearly not is claim The claim. to the relates conclusion The orient readers. to used are transitions sentence A few somewhat logically. organized are evidence and Reasons claims may be briefly acknowledged. opposing and evidence, and reasons some by supported is claim The aclaim. states introduction The claim. the restates conclusion The among ideas. Transitions show the relationships to follow. easy is argument the that so organized are evidence and Reasons acknowledged. are claims opposing and evidence, and reasons by supported is claim The clearly. position the states and engaging somewhat is introduction The essential question: the audience and purpose. to suited generally are Words formalmostly and objective. is argument the of tone The relevant. are sources The and purpose. audience to the suited and chosen carefully are Words formal and objective. is argument the of tone The relevant and credible. are evidence of sources The Evidence and Elaboration The vocabulary is ineffective. is vocabulary The informal. is argument the of tone The included. not is evidence relevant and Reliable the audience and purpose. to suited somewhat are Words objective. and formal occasionally is argument the of tone The Some sources are relevant.

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one ormore oftheelementsisweak,revise yourpresentation. Review theRubric Take thefollowingstepstomake yourspeechlivelyandengaging. Speaking andListening:Speech Part 2 Part • • • • foundation forathree- tofive-minutespeech. After completingthefinaldraftofyourargument,useitas Assignment Deliver yourspeechwithconviction. pronunciation whenspeaking. Use appropriate eyecontact,adequatevolume,andclear keep itfocused. Refer toyourannotatedtextguidespeechand and supportingdetails. Go backtoyourargumentandannotatethemostimportantclaims the argument. following difficulty have Listeners logically. progress not do Ideas speaker’s argument. the follow mostly can Listeners ideas. between transitions some with logically progress Ideas argument. the follow easily can listeners that clear transitions among ideas so with logically, progress Ideas Organization

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© Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. your thoughts. that contributedthemosttogrowth ofyourunderstanding.Record colored pentorateyourself again.Thinkaboutreadings andactivities Look backatthegoalsbeginningofunit.Useadifferent Reflect ontheUnitGoals continue togrow inthefuture. succeeded, whatskillsandstrategieshelpedyou,where youcan Usethequestionsbelowtothinkaboutwhereon yourlearning. you Now thatyou’vecompletedtheunit,takeafewmomentstoreflect Unit Reflect onthe u Which activitytaughtyouthemostaboutinvention? Whatdidyoulearn? Describe somethingthatsurprisedyouaboutatextin theunit. it difficult. Choose aselectionthatyoufoundchallenging,andexplainwhatmade Reflect ontheText Strategies Reflect ontheLearning Record your ideas before aclass discussion. what didn’t, and what you might to do keep working onstrategies. these your learning basedon your Plans. Action Think about what worked, nit nit Discuss It Discuss MULTIMEDIA SCAN FOR 5

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535

MATH

Week 7 and Week 8 Review Topic: Solving Equations and Inequalities (8.EE.7, 7a-b)

**Equations come in MANY different forms. If you find that you are struggling with solving the equations in this packet, here are links to videos where different equations are worked through and explained. Consider pulling up a video and working through the problems along with the presenter for extra practice. Solving Equations https://bit.ly/packethelp1 https://bit.ly/packethelp2

Types of Solutions https://bit.ly/packethelp4 Word Phrases and Word Problems https://bit.ly/packethelp3 Variables on One Side of the Equals Sign

Solve each two step equation for the given variable. a) b) c) d)

Use the distributive property to solve each equation. a) 2(x+4) = 18 b) -3(6x – 5) = 75 c) -2(-4x + 5) = 22

2 1 2 d) (6x -12) = -32 e) - (-8x + 24) = -14 f) (-10x + 5) = -14 3 4 5

Solve each equation involving fractions. Remember, solve the equation the same way you would if the numbers were whole numbers! a) b) c)

Equations with Variables on Both Sides of the Equals Sign Sometimes, equations have variables on both sides of the equals sign. The goal is still the same: isolate the variable on one side.

Solve each equations for the given variable. a) b) c)

d) e)

Solve each equation to determine if the equation has One Solution, No

When we solve equations, we end up Solution, or Infinitely Many Solutions. with one of three types of solutions: One

Solution, No Solution, or Infinitely Many a) b) Solutions.

Here is how you can tell how many solutions your equation has - When you work the equation out, if you end up with: c) d) A Variable = A Number (x = 3) – the equation has One Solution.

A Number = A Different Number (-3 = 6) – the equation has No Solution.

A Number = the Same Number (4 = 4) – Infinitely Many Solutions

Equations from Word Phrases

Sometimes, we are given word phrases, and need to translate them into an equation so that we can solve it!

Translate each word phrase into an equation. Solve the equation. a) Seven less than eight times a value is equal to seven times a value minus fourteen.

b) Fifteen added to negative four times a number, is equal to a number plus seventy-five.

c) The sum of x doubled and negative forty is equal to four times x, minus eight times the quantity of eight more than x.

d) An unknown number divided by three is equal to four more than an unknown number.

Stretch Your Thinking

A video streaming service charges a monthly membership fee of $14.95, along with $1.95 for each movie streamed. Andrew, a streaming customer, had a monthly total bill of $76.95. Write an equation to represent the situation, and determine how many movies Andrew streamed.

Marshall’s school is selling candy bars to raise money for the Fine Arts Department. Marshall has sold 120 candy bars, and one neighbor gave him a $20 donation without taking any candy bars. Altogether, Marshall has made $200.00. Write and solve an equation to determine how much each candy bar sold for.

Supports for Diverse Learners 8th Grade Math Week 7 Standard: 8.EE.7, 7a-b . 2w + 19 = 47 The opposite adding is subtracting.  Step 5: Do the opposite operation. Topic: . 2w + 19 = 47  Solving Equations and Inequalities - 19 You can see, this will make the answer Supports: 0, leaving the term 2w by itself.

 Step by step Directions  Step 6: What you do to one side of the = sign, you will do to the  Videos to Activate Prior Knowledge other side.  Notes . 2w + 19 = 47 - 19 -19 47 – 19 is 28 General Accommodations:  Step 7: Rewrite the equation. . 2w = 28  Read aloud all text   Use a calculator Step 7: Follow Steps 2-6 again. . 2w = 28 This is showing multiplication. The 2 2 opposite of multiplication is division. Solve Two-Step Equations for a Given Variable Step-by-step Directions: What you do to one side, you do to the  Additional help >>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDIiYKYvvdA other.  Step 1: Draw a line down the = sign to separate the two sides of the  Step 8: Write the solution. equation. . w = 14 28/2 is 14 . 2w + 19 = 47

Use Distributive Property to Solve Equations Notes:  Step 2: Find the variable/letter. You will ALWAYS start on the side  Watch this video to learn about the distributive property. with the letter.  Then follow the steps above for solving two-step equations. . 2w + 19 = 47

Solve Equations with Fractions Notes:  Step 3: Ask yourself, “What kind of math is happening here?”  Follow the steps above for solving two-step equations and the o Is it addition, subtraction, multiplication or division? distributive property. . 2w + 19 = 47 This is showing addition.  Do the distributive property before the steps for solving equations.

 Use the Ab/c button on your calculator to solve the fraction  Step 4: Ask yourself, “What is the inverse/opposite operation?” operations, or you can turn them into decimals by dividing them on o addition and subtraction are opposites your calculator. o multiplication and division are opposites

Supports for Diverse Learners 8th Grade Math Week 7 Equations with Variables on Both Sides of the Equals Sign Notes (page 2): Stretch Your Thinking Modified Directions:  Watch this video to learn about solving equations like this.  Solve the following equations.  Follow the steps above for solving the distribute property.  Then combine like terms. o 14.95x + 1.95 = 76.95 o If the term has the same letter, they are “like terms”. o If the term doesn’t have a letter, it can’t be combined to those that do have letters. o Remember that the + or – sign goes with the term that follows it. The first term is always + if it doesn’t have a sign. o Find the like terms on the same side of the = sign and combine them. o 120x + 20 = 200 o If the like terms are on different sides of the = sign, then follow the steps for solving equations above.

Equations from Word Phrases Notes (page 3):

 If you see the word “than”, you need to flip that part of the phrase to the end of the expression o Seven less than eight times a value

8n - 7

 If you see the word “of”, you need to put ( ) around that part of the phrase o The sum of x doubled and negative forty

(-40 + 2x)

 You can use any letter to indicate a variable, but l, o, t aren’t recommended because they tend to look like numbers or math symbols.

Review Topic: Perfect Cube and Square Roots (8.EE.1)

A square root is one of two equal factors of a given number. Every positive number has two square roots (positive and negative), although typically, we only recognize the positive square root. We cannot find the square root of a negative number (√−36 ). When the square root is a whole number, we call that a Perfect Square. Example: Help with perfect squares: http://bit.ly/psrhelp

Fill in the rest of the chart to determine the square root of each Perfect Square.

Use what we know about perfect squares to simplify each expression. a. √81 + √49 b. √121 − √64 c. √100 − √25 + √16

A cube root is one of three equal factors of a given number. Unlike with square roots, we can find the cube root of a negative number. When the cube root is a whole number , we call that a Perfect Cube.

Example:

Help with perfect cubes: http://bit.ly/pqrhelp

Fill in the rest of the chart to determine the square root of each Perfect Cube.

Use what we know about perfect cubes to simplify each expression. a. 3√27 + 3√125 b. 3√729 − 3√343 c. 3√1728 − 3√1000 + 3√216

Review Topic: Rational and Irrational Numbers (8.NS.1 and NS.2)

1 Rational Numbers are numbers we can write as a fraction ( , 0.5, 7 can all be written as fractions, so they are all examples of 2 rational numbers). However, some numbers cannot be written as fractions – we call those numbers irrational numbers. On the previous page, we looked at Perfect Squares and Cubes, where the answer was a whole number (√25 = 5). Sometimes, though, the answer for a square or cube root WON’T be a whole number. Those types of answers are irrational numbers. We can use what we know about Perfect Squares and Cubes to estimate the value of irrational numbers. Without a calculator, estimate each square root to the nearest tenths place. Need Help: http://bit.ly/esrhelp

a. √50 a. √ퟖퟓ b.√ퟔퟕ c.√ퟏퟎퟒ

Without a calculator, estimate each cube root to the nearest tenths place. Need Help: http://bit.ly/eqrhelp a. 3√50 a.ퟑ√ퟔퟖ b. ퟑ√ퟐퟑퟎ c. ퟑ√ퟕퟎퟎ

Converting Repeating Decimals to Fractions We can convert terminating decimals into fractions by simply reading the decimal out loud correctly, making the fraction that we just read out loud, and then reducing it. For example, 0.25 is read as “twenty-five hundredths.” 25 1 As a fraction = , = . 100 4 When the decimal is repeating, though, we will need to create and solve an equation to determine its value as a fraction.

Convert each repeating decimal into a fraction. Need Help: http://bit.ly/rdfhelp

a. 0.5 b. 0.28 c. 0.672

Review Topic: Pythagorean Theorem (8.G.7, G.8, G.9)

The Pythagorean Theorem can be used to solve for missing sides in a right triangle, and is written as a²+ b² = c² where a and b are the LEGS, and c is the HYPOTENUSE.

Example: a and b, are always the legs in the equation. The hypotenuse HAS to be c in the equation. The hypotenuse is always the longest side, diagonally across from the 90° angle.

Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the missing side of each right triangle. Need Help: Solving for c: http://bit.ly/s4chelp Solving for a/b: http://bit.ly/s4lhlp

Use the Pythagorean Theorem to determine the distance between each set of points on the coordinate plane. Round your answer to the nearest tenths place. Need Help: http://bit.ly/ptcphelp

Use the Pythagorean Theorem to solve each problem. Determine the length of the diagonal on each rectangular prism. Need Help: http://bit.ly/tdpthelp a. You are helping your friend move furniture. You need to know the width, height, and diagonal of the front door frame. The width of the door frame is 36 inches, and the length of the diagonal of the door frame is 96 inches. What is the height of the door frame to the nearest inch?

b. You are building an entertainment center for a televisi on. You need to know the width, height, and diagonal of the television. The width of the television is 36 inches. The length of the diagonal of the television is 45 inches. Determine the height of the television. Supports for Diverse Learners 8th Grade Math Week 8 Standard: 8.EE.1, 8.NS.1-2, 8.G.7-9 Simplify Expressions with Cube Roots Notes (page 1):  To solve expressions, first find the answers to the cube roots Topic: (below), then complete the addition or subtraction.  Perfect Cube and Square Roots  ∛1 = 1 because 1x1x1=1  Rational and Irrational Numbers  ∛8 = 2 because 2x2x2=8  Pythagorean Theorem  ∛27 = 3 because 3x3x3=27  ∛64 = 4 because 4x4x4=64 Supports:  ∛125 = 5 because 5x5x5=125  Modified Directions and Notes  ∛216 = 6 because 6x6x6=216  ∛343 = 7 because 7x7x7=343 General Accommodations:  ∛512= 8 because 8x8x8=512  Read aloud all text  ∛729 = 9 because 9x9x9=729  Use a calculator  ∛1000 = 10 because 10x10x10=1000  ∛1331 = 11 because 11x11x11=1331

 ∛1728 = 12 because 12x12x12=1728 Simplify Expressions with Square Roots Notes (page 1):  To solve expressions, first find the answers to the square roots (below), then complete the addition or subtraction. Estimating Square Roots Notes and Modified Directions (page 2):  √1 = 1 because 1x1=1  Using the perfect squares in the bullets to the left, find which ones  √4 = 2 because 2x2=4 the given square root would be in between.  √9 = 3 because 3x3=9 o Ex. √19 is between √16 and √25 … √16, √19, √25  √16 = 4 because 4x4=16  √25 = 5 because 5x5=25 o If the √16 = 4 and the √25 = 5, then answer to the √19 will  √36 = 6 because 6x6=36 be between 4 and 5.  √49 = 7 because 7x7=49  √64= 8 because 8x8=64  √81 = 9 because 9x9=81 Estimating Cube Roots Notes and Modified Directions (page 2):  √100 = 10 because 10x10=100  Using the perfect cubes in the bullets above, find which ones the  √121 = 11 because 11x11=121 given cube root would be in between. o ∛ ∛ ∛ ∛ ∛ ∛  √144 = 12 because 12x12=144 Ex. 641 is between 512 and 729 … 512, 641, 729

o If the ∛512 = 8 and the ∛729 = 9, then answer to the ∛641 will be between 8 and 9. Supports for Diverse Learners 8th Grade Math Week 8 Converting Repeating Decimals to Fractions Modified Directions and Notes 82 + 122 = 푐2 (page 3):  If there is one number after the decimal, put the number into the numerator (top) of a fraction with a 9 in the denominator (bottom). 2 2 2  If there are two numbers after the decimal, put the number into the 1 + 8 = 푐 numerator (top) of a fraction with a 99 in the denominator (bottom).

 If there are three numbers after the decimal, put the number into

the numerator (top) of a fraction with a 999 in the denominator 362 + 푏2 = 962 (bottom).

Pythagorean Theorem Modified Directions and Notes (pages 3-4): 푎2 + 362 = 452

 The equations for each problem in this section are below. Solve. 52 + 122 = 푐2

42 + 62 = 푐2

2 2 2 8 + 푏 = 21 7.22 + 102 = 푐2

242 + 푏2 = 302 2 2 2 3 + 5 = 푐

32 + 42 = 푐2 5.832 + 152 = 푐2

MATH PLUS

Week 7 and Week 8 Algebra 1 Week 7

Algebra 1 Week 7

1. Label and construct a dot plot to display the number of items purchased by customers at a toy store. The data are 2, 4, 3, 7, 12, 3, 1, 5, 6, 3, 4, 2, 4, 3, 7, 14, 10, 3, 5, and 9.

2. Use the table for the five-number summary. Label and construct a box-and-whisker plot to display the scores on a recent science test.

The data are 90, 95, 100, 70, 85, 65, 90, 80, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 80, 60, 80, 75, and 85.

3. Label and construct a histogram to display the scores on a recent English quiz. The data are 18, 45, 20, 32, 9, 35, 49, 28, 25, 19, 5, 30, 22, 24, and 14. Use 0 ≤ x ≤ 9 as the first interval.

Algebra 1 Week 7

Use the box-and-whisker plot to answer each question.

4. What is the height range of the middle 50 percent of the surveyed adults?

5. What percent of the surveyed adults are 68 inches tall or shorter?

6. What is the height of the tallest adult surveyed?

Directions: Create a dot plot of each given data set. Find the mean and median. Determine which measure of center best describes each data set.

7. The data are 1, 3, 2, 0, 7, 2, 1, 10, 1, 12, 1, 2, 0, 3, and 4.

Mean: ______

Median: ______

Directions: Calculate the IQR of each given data set. Determine whether there are any outliers in each set and list them.

8. The data are 4, 4, 5, 5, 8, 9, 10, 10, 12, 12, 16, 20, and 30.

Q1 =______Q3 =______IQR: Q3-Q1 =______

Lower Fence: Q1-(IQR*1.5) =______Upper Fence: Q3+(IQR*1.5) =______

Outliers =______Outliers =______

Algebra 1 Week 7

Q1 =______Q3 =______IQR: Q3-Q1 =______

Lower Fence: Q1-(IQR*1.5) =______Upper Fence: Q3+(IQR*1.5) =______

Outliers =______Outliers =______

Directions: Calculate the mean (and the standard deviation of each set of data.)

10. The data are 6, 8, 9, 10, 10, and 11.

11. The data are represented by a dot plot.

Algebra 1 Week 7

Directions: Calculate the mean (and the standard deviation of each set of data.)

12. The data are 1, 5, 10, 15, 16, 20, and 24.

Directions: Analyze the data sets below. Describe the distribution of each data set.

13.

Home Team Distribution: Visiting Team Distribution:

Directions: Determine which measure of center best describes the data in each given data display. Then find the mean and median.

14.

Circle which measure of center BEST represents the data.

Mean: ______Median: ______

Algebra 1 Week 7

15. Circle which measure of center BEST represents the data. Look at the shape of the distribution! Remember, you can’t find the mean and median with a histogram!

Mean: ______Median: ______

Construct a box and whisker plot of each given data set and include any outliers. Calculate the MOST APPROPRIATE measure of center based on the spread of the data.

16. The data are 0, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 8, and 9.

iDid you choose the mean or median? ______and what is the value? ______

17. The data are 1, 6, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 17, 17, 18, 18, 18, 19, and 20.

Did you choose the mean or median? ______and what is the value? ______

Algebra 1 Week 8

Solving Systems of Linear Equations Directions: Write a system of linear equations to represent each problem situation. Define each variable. Then, graph the system of equations and estimate the point of intersection. Explain what the point represents with respect to the given problem situation. Hint: You need 2 equations, one represents expenses and one represents income.

1. Eric sells model cars from a booth at a local flea market. He purchases each model car from a distributor for $10, and the flea market charges him a fee of $50. Eric sells each model car for $20.

2. Olivia is building birdhouses to raise money for a trip to Hawaii. She spends a total of $30 on the tools needed to build the houses. The material to build each birdhouse costs $5. Olivia sells each birdhouse for $10.

1 Week 8

Directions Solve each system of equations by substitution.

yx=23 − 29xy+= 3.  4.  x = 4 yx=52 +

13 xy+=−7 yx=32 − 22 5.  6.  yx−=34 1  yx=2 − 10 3

0.8xy−= 0.2 1.5 0.3yx= 0.6 + 0.3 7.  8.  0.1xy+= 1.2 0.8 1.2xy+= 0.6 0.6

Directions: Write a system of equations to represent each problem situation. Solve the system of equations using the linear combinations method. 9. The high school marching band is selling fruit baskets as a fundraiser. They sell a large basket containing 10 apples and 15 oranges for $20. They sell a small basket containing 5 apples and 6 oranges for $8.50. How much is the marching band charging for each apple and each orange?

Algebra 1 Week 8

10. Asna works on a shipping dock at a tire manufacturing plant. She loads a pallet with 4 Mudslinger tires and 6 Roadripper tires. The tires on the pallet weigh 212 pounds. She loads a second pallet with 7 Mudslinger tires and 2 Roadripper tires. The tires on the second pallet weigh 184 pounds. How much does each Mudslinger tire and each Roadripper tire weigh?

11. The Pizza Barn sells one customer 3 large pepperoni pizzas and 2 orders of breadsticks for $30. They sell another customer 4 large pepperoni pizzas and 3 orders of breadsticks for $41. How much does the Pizza Barn charge for each pepperoni pizza and each order of breadsticks?

12. Nancy and Warren are making large pots of chicken noodle soup. Nancy opens 4 large cans and 6 small cans of soup and pours them into her pot. Her pot contains 115 ounces of soup. Warren opens 3 large cans and 5 small cans of soup. His pot contains 91 ounces of soup. How many ounces of soup does each large can and each small can contain?

13. Dave has 2 buckets that he uses to fill the water troughs on his horse farm. He wants to determine how many ounces each bucket holds. On Tuesday, he fills an empty 2000-ounce water trough with 7 large buckets and 5 small buckets of water. On Thursday, he fills the same empty water trough with 4 large buckets and 10 small buckets of water. How many ounces does each bucket hold?

1 Week 8

Solve each system of equations using the linear combinations method. 35xy+= 8 42xy−= 14.  15.  2xy−= 5 22 2xy+= 2 26

10xy−=− 6 6 24xy−= 4 16.  17.  55xy−= 5 −+3xy 10 = 14

3xy+= 2 14 xy+=6 11 18.  19.  4xy+= 5 35 2xy−= 12 10

31 3 xy+=− 1.5xy+= 1.2 0.6 42 4 20.  21.  0.8xy−= 0.2 2 22 2  xy+= 33 3

Algebra 1 Week 8

Directions: Write a system of equations to represent each problem situation. Solve the system of equations using any method. Then, answer any associated questions.

22. Jason and Jerry are competing at a weightlifting competition. They are both lifting barbells containing 200 pounds of plates (weights). Jason’s barbell has 4 large and 10 small plates on it. Jerry’s barbell has 6 large and 5 small plates on it. How much does each large plate and each small plate weigh?

23. Rachel needs to print some of her digital photos. She is trying to choose between Lightning Fast Foto and Snappy Shots. Lightning Fast Foto charges a base fee of $5 plus an additional $0.20 per photo. Snappy Shots charges a base fee of $7 plus an additional $0.10 per photo. Determine the number of photos for which both stores will charge the same amount. Explain which store Rachel should choose depending on the number of photos she needs to print.

24. Raja is trying to decide which ice cream shop is the better buy. Cold & Creamy Sundaes charges $2.50 per sundae plus an additional $0.25 for each topping. Colder & Creamier Sundaes charges $1.50 per sundae plus an additional $0.50 for each topping. Determine the number of toppings for which both vendors charge the same amount. Explain which vendor is the better buy depending on the number of toppings Raja chooses.

25. Alicia has a booth at the flea market where she sells purses and wallets. All of her purses are the same price and all of her wallets are the same price. The first hour of the day, she sells 10 purses and 6 wallets for a total of $193. The second hour, she sells 8 purses and 10 wallets for a total of $183. How much does Alicia charge for each purse and each wallet?

Algebra 1 Week 8

26. Weston wants to buy a one-year membership to a golf course. Rolling Hills Golf Course charges a base fee of $200 and an additional $15 per round of golf. Majestic View Golf Course charges a base fee of $350 and an additional $10 per round of golf. Determine the number of rounds of golf for which both golf courses charge the same amount. Explain which golf course Weston should become a member at depending on the number of rounds he intends to play.

27. Stella is trying to choose between two rental car companies. Speedy Trip Rental Cars charges a base fee of $24 plus an additional fee of $0.05 per mile. Wheels Deals Rental Cars charges a base fee of $30 plus an additional fee of $0.03 per mile. Determine the number of miles driven for which both rental car companies charge the same amount. Explain which company Stella should use based on the number of miles she expects to drive.

28. Alex needs to rent a bulldozer. Smith’s Equipment Rentals rents bulldozers for a delivery fee of $600 plus an additional $37.50 per day. Robinson’s Equipment Rentals rents bulldozers for a delivery fee of $400 plus an additional $62.50 per day. Determine the number of rental days for which both rental companies charge the same amount. Explain which company Alex should choose based on the number of days he expects to rent a bulldozer.

29. Dominique is trying to choose a satellite internet service provider. Reliable Satellite charges customers a monthly fee of $26 plus an additional $0.30 per hour of online time. Super Satellite charges customers a monthly fee of $18 plus an additional $0.50 per hour of online time. Determine the number of hours of online time for which both providers charge the same amount. Explain which provider Dominique should choose based on the number of hours she expects to spend online each month.

Algebra 1 Week 8

Directions: Write a linear inequality in two variables to represent each problem situation.

30. Tanya is baking zucchini muffins and pumpkin muffins for a school event She needs at least 500 muffins for the event.

31. Hire needs to buy new pens and pencils for school. Pencils cost $1 each and pens cost $2.50 each. He has $10 to spend.

32. Patti makes decorative flower pots. It costs her $20 to purchase the materials for each pot She wants to charge more than $6 per hour of labor plus her materials cost for each pot.

33. Jose and Devon are working on a construction job together. Devon can put in 4 times as many hours per week as Jose. Together they must work at least 80 hours per week.

34. The Foxes are playing the Titans. The Titans have been scoring 28 or more points per game this season. Between 7-point touchdowns and 3-point field goals, the Foxes need to score more than the Titan’s lowest score to have a hope of winning the game.

35. Jack made twice his fundraising goal, which was less than the total that Cameron raised. Cameron raised $14 more than 5 times her goal.

1 Week 8

Directions: Tell whether the graph of each linear inequality will have a dashed line or a solid line. Explain your reasoning.

36. x − 3y ≤ 32 37. 8y + 7x > 15 38. y < 14x + 9

2 4 39. −5.2y − 8.3x ≤ −28.6 40. x + y ≥ 3 41. y − 17 > x + 8 3 9

Directions: For each inequality, use the test point (0, 0) to determine which half-plane should be shaded.

42. 5x + 7y > −13 43. y − 30 ≤ 9x

44. −8y > 6x + 12 45. 46 ≥ −5y + 10x

Graph each linear inequality.

46. y < 4x + 2 47. y ≥ 10 − x

1 48. y ≥ x − 3 49. −x + y > 1 2

Algebra 1 Week 8

3 1 3 50. 3x − 4y ≥ 8 51. y − x < 8 4 4

Directions: Graph each inequality and determine if the ordered pair is a solution for the problem situation. 52. Marcus has 50 tokens to spend at the school carnival. The Ferris wheel costs 7 tokens and the carousel costs 5 tokens. The inequality 7x + 5y ≤ 50 represents the possible ways Marcus could use his tokens on the two rides. Is the ordered pair (6, 3) a solution for the problem situation?

Algebra 1 Week 8

53. Sophia has $2 to buy oranges and apples. Oranges cost $0.45 each and apples cost $0.25 each. The inequality 0.45x + 0.25y ≤ 2 represents the possible ways Sophia could spend her $2. Is the ordered pair (2, 3) a solution for the problem situation?

54. Noah plays football. His team’s goal is to score at least 15 points per game. A touchdown is worth 6 points and a field goal is worth 3 points. Noah’s league does not allow teams to try for the extra point after a touchdown. The inequality 6x + 3y ≥ 15 represents the possible ways Noah’s team could score points to reach their goal. Is the ordered pair (6, −1) a solution for the problem situation?

55. Lea has $5 to buy notebooks and pens. Notebooks cost $1.25 each and pens cost $0.75 each. The inequality 1.25x + 0.75y ≤ 5 represents the possible ways Lea could spend her $5. Is the ordered pair (5, 2) a solution for the problem situation?

1 Week 8

Directions: Given the parent function f(x)= |x|, state the values of A, Cand D and describe all transformations. Then graph the new function.

56. ( ) = | | 2 57. ( ) = 2| + 1| + 4 1 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

A= ______C= ______D= ______A= ______C= ______D= ______

Describe any horizontal transformations Describe any horizontal transformations

Describe any vertical transformations Describe any vertical transformations

Does the graph stretch or shrink? By what value? Does the graph stretch or shrink? By what value?

Is the graph reflected over the x axis? Is the graph reflected over the x axis?

58. ( ) = | 3| 4 1 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 − 2 𝑥𝑥 − −

A= ______C= ______D= ______

Describe any horizontal transformations

Describe any vertical transformations

Does the graph stretch or shrink? By what value?

Is the graph reflected over the x axis?

Algebra 1 Week 8

Solve the equations.

59. | + 5| = 3 60. |2 4| = 10

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 −

61. |4 + 3| = 11 62. 4. | + 1| 3 = 7

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 −

63. 2| 8| 4 = 12 64. | 2| = 7

𝑥𝑥 − − 𝑥𝑥 − −

65. 3| 2| = 15 66. |2 + 6| = 12

− 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥

67. = 68. = 7 𝑥𝑥+2 6 −3 8 3 𝑥𝑥 −

69. = 2 70. = 12 7 8 𝑥𝑥+5 − 𝑥𝑥+3 𝑥𝑥−2

71. 3 = 6 72. 2 + 3 + 4 = 7

√ 𝑥𝑥 √ 𝑥𝑥

73. 4 6 1 = 11 74. 3 12 = + 8

𝑥𝑥 − − 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 √ √ √