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A Sheffield Hallam University Thesis Urban conservation : A framework for community involvement in Malaysia. IBRAHIM, Zainah. Available from the Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19853/ A Sheffield Hallam University thesis This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Please visit http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19853/ and http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html for further details about copyright and re-use permissions. Adsetts centre city campus Sheffield S1 1WB 101 857 343 7 REFERENCE Return to Learning Centre of issue Fines are charged at 50p per hour 1 2 Nov 200/ ProQuest Number: 10697159 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10697159 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 URBAN CONSERVATION: A FRAMEWORK FOR COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN MALAYSIA ZAINAH IBRAHIM A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of Sheffield Hallam University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May, 2007 ABSTRACT Whilst interest in conservation planning in Malaysia is growing, there is evidence that it contains several deficiencies, including the commitment and resources to support effective community involvement. This research investigates the underlying factors that contribute to these deficiencies in the system and aims to develop principles to be taken forward for application in a practice-oriented framework, drawn from a critical analysis of the relationships between best practice, as identified through the literature and contemporary practice in Malaysia, as identified through the empirical work. The research examines various examples of community involvement practice from selected developed countries, including the United Kingdom. This suggested a framework of community involvement best practice, which would achieve sustainable conservation results. The current community involvement approach practice in Malaysia (using the Case Study of Historical City of Malacca) was compared to this suggested framework. This comparison to best practice with Malaysia’s present practice demonstrates, quite clearly, the vital need for an involvement framework in Malaysia to be improved to make the current practice and provisions more effective. The findings proved that the present process is inefficient. It lacks systematic techniques, adequate communication and awareness. Additionally, there is an imbalance of power and control which requires better coordination and collaboration between both stakeholder organisations (all levels of government, i.e. federal, state and local, as well as private and NGOs) and the communities. The summary of findings from both the authorities and communities was compared and arranged towards a concluding reconciliation of perspectives. This led to the proposed framework for community involvement based on the lessons of best practices explored for the improvement to the present conservation system. The recommended practice-oriented framework comprises of its key principles to guide the reform process and highlights on six main elements, i.e. the emphasis on community focus; policy and approach; involvement and consultation stages; process and procedures; consultation methods; and evaluation and monitoring. The implementation of the framework requires investment in terms of resources, as well as related education and awareness programmes to help secure its success. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to everybody who has helped and supported me during this research especially my Director of Studies Professor Ted Kitchen and my supervisor Ms. Linda Keightley, whose unerring encouragement, advice and supervision has got me this far. Special thanks must go to my beloved husband Mohd. Azhar Adam, my two wonderful children Mohammad Aizatt and Affiqah for the invaluable encouragement, inspiration, prayers and who have tolerated so much over the past three years. Special gratitude to all friends, especially Ms. Norasiah Bee for conversations and support when things were getting on top of me, and helpful contributions throughout. I am fortunate in obtaining financial support from the Malaysian Government in order to undertake this research project. None of this would have been possible without the cooperation of numerous officers and staff in MOCAH, MBMB and other related local planning offices, in particular the Director General, Deputy Director General I and II and all colleagues in the Planning Department (FDTCP), as well as communities in MBMB whose friendly welcome and willingness to participate in the interviews and Focus Group meetings. I am grateful to all those who gave their time and shared their experiences and made the fieldwork so meaningful and enjoyable. Lastly, I dedicate this hard work to my loving mother in Malaysia who remains to care and pray for my success. Thank you. ABBREVIATIONS AHC Australian Heritage Council ACHP American Advisory Council on Historic Preservation Badan Malaysia Heritage Trust Warisan BURA British Urban Regeneration Association CDF Community Development Foundation, UK CAP 137 Town Board Enactment, 1929 CAQDAS Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software CA Conservation Area CMP Conservation Management Plan DCLG Department of Communities and Local Government DCMS Department of Culture, Media and Sports DLP Draft Local Plan DSP Draft Structure Plan DETR Department of Environment, Transport and Regions FDTCP Federal Department of Town and Country Planning FG Focus Group ICOMOS International Council on Monument and Sites JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency JMA Jabatan Muzium dan Antikuiti (Department of Museum and Antiquity) LA21 Local Agenda 21 LDF Local Development Framework (UK) LA Local Authority LPA Local Planning Authority LP Local Plan MBMB Majlis Bandaraya Melaka Bersejarah or Malacca Historical City Council. MHLG Ministry of Housing and Local Government (Malaysia) MoCAH Ministry of Culture, Arts and Heritage (Malaysia) MHT Malacca Heritage Trust Monbusho Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NPP National Physical Plan NPPC National Physical Planning Council NPS National Park Service, USA. ODPM Office of Deputy Prime Minister, UK PCCHE Preservation and Conservation of Cultural Heritage Enactment, 1988. PERZIM Malacca Museums Corporation PPP Publicity and Public Participation RoS Report of Survey SA State Authority Sustainability Appraisal SAP Special Area Plan SCI Statement of Community Involvement SP Structure Plan SPC State Planning Committee SPSS Software Programming for Social Science SSP State Structure Plan TCP Town and Country Planning TCP Act Town and Country Planning Act, 1976 (Act 172) TDR Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) TOR Terms of Reference TUGI Urban Governance Initiative UNESCO United Nation Education and Scientific Organisation UNDP United Nation Development Programmes UK United Kingdom USA United States of America WHL World Heritage List TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract Acknowledgements Abbreviations iii List Of Figures ix List Of Appendices xii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Aims of the Chapter 1 1.2 Urban Conservation in Malaysia and the Current State of Research 1 1.3 Research Focus 4 1.4 Research Aim and Objectives 5 1.5 Significance of Research 5 1.6 Overview of Research Methodology 6 1.7 Structure of the Thesis 7 1.8 Chapter Summary 10 Chapter 2 URBAN CONSERVATION WITHIN THE PLANNING PROCESS 11 2.1 Aims of the Chapter 11 2.2 Conservation Terms 11 2.3 Planning System 13 2.3.1 Land Use Planning (Town Planning) 13 2.3.2 Conservation within Land Use Planning 16 2.4 Conservation Planning 19 2.4.1 The International Charters 19 2.4.2 Conservation Legislation and Policy - The National Context 23 2.4.3 Conservation Legislation and Policy - The Local Context 27 2.4.4 Public Funding of Conservation Efforts 31 2.4.5 Conservation Professional and Expertise 33 2.4.6 Post Colonial and Multi-Culturalism Issues 33 2.5 Community Involvement in Development 35 2.5.1 Community Involvement in Sustainable Development 35 2.5.2 Community Involvement in the UNESCO Efforts for World Heritage Listing 37 2.5.3 Community Involvement and Conservation Planning 37 2.6 Chapter Summary 39 Chapter 3 COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT AND COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT BEST PRACTICE 42 3.1 Aims of the Chapter 43 3.2 Community and Community Involvement Terms 43 3.2.1 Community 44 3.2.2 Community Involvement 46 3.2.3 Defining Community Involvement in Conservation Planning 46 3.3 Community Involvement in Planning 46 3.3.1 Background and Reasons for Community Involvement 47 3.3.2 Theoretical Perspectives Community Participation 50 3.3.3 Models and Framework 53 3.3.4 Concept of Best Practice 57 3.4 Community Involvement in Conservation Planning 63 3.4.1 Planning Steps to
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