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Of Similarities 30% of Citations of References ARSITEKTUR MELAYU ISLAM Uploaded: 06/28/2018 | Checked: 06/28/2018 Plagiarism Citation Reference Character replacement 7% of Similarities 30% of Citations 0% of References Similarities Web sources 10 1 www.slideshare.net 0.98% https://www.slideshare.net/kimberleyee95/asian-architecture-analysis-report 2 www.kaskus.co.id 0.95% https://www.kaskus.co.id/thread/5607845160e24b1b198b4569/reborn-tag-clean--kristen-vs-islam-holy-debate---part-5/364 3 kalikufi.blogspot.com 0.31% https://kalikufi.blogspot.com 4 id.wikipedia.org 1.28% https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Jawi 5 www.academia.edu 0.36% http://www.academia.edu/33106892/Arsitektur_Melayu_Berbasis_Islam_dan_Relevansinya_dalam_Desain_Gedung_UIN_R… 6 mentaryblog.blogspot.com 0.28% http://mentaryblog.blogspot.com/2015/01/universitas-islam-negeri-sultan-syarif_64.html 7 mengakubackpacker.blogspot.com 1.37% http://mengakubackpacker.blogspot.com/2012/07/arsitektur-islam-legend-of-divine.html 8 journals.sagepub.com 0.34% http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1260/147807708785850113 9 eprints.nottingham.ac.uk 0.5% http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12149 10 cikgumisnah.blogspot.com 0.22% http://cikgumisnah.blogspot.com/2014/11/seni-ukiran-kayu-tradisional.html Page 1 ARSITEKTUR MELAYU ISLAM Uploaded: 06/28/2018 | Checked: 06/28/2018 Plagiarism Citation Reference Character replacement Omitted web 1 1 umpalembang.academia.edu 2.51% http://umpalembang.academia.edu/ZuberAngkasa Internal library sources 1 1 TIPOLOGI ATAP_USU MEDAN_OK 0.06% library Page 2 ARSITEKTUR MELAYU ISLAM Uploaded: 06/28/2018 | Checked: 06/28/2018 Plagiarism Citation Reference Character replacement Citations Included citations 40 1 “individu yang melaksanakan adat istiadat Melayu, berbahasa Melayu, dan memeluk Islam” (Aziz, 2012) 2 “anggota dari kelompok bahasa Melayu, yang merupakan bagian dari bahasa Malayo-Polinesia Barat dari keluarga bahasa Austronesia” (Aziz, 2012) 3 Total terdapat 58 varian Bahasa Melayu dengan 47 suku tersebar dari Malaysia, Brunei, Sumatera hingga ke Papua, dan bahkan Kepulauan Cocos 4 (Glottolog, 2016). 4 Karakteristik lainnya dari rumah Melayu mencakuplah atap berlapis (bisa sampai tiga lapis) dengan teritisan lebar, tiang (kolom) bulat dan tanpa loteng (Hassan dan Nawawi, 2014:232). 5 Di tambah dengan penggunaan kayu sebagai bahan utama, konstruksi semacam ini merupakan hasil evolusi dari adaptasi di lingkungan hidup rawa dan pesisir yang berupaya menjaga agar rumah tetap dingin dalam iklim tropis yang 3 panas (Ramli, 2012) dan memaksimalkan pencahayaan alami (Hosseini et al, 2016:100). 6 Gambar 2 Rumah Melayu dengan Aliran Ventilasi Udara Alami (Wikipedia, 2016). 7 Dengan kata lain, arsitektur Islam tidak memiliki suatu landasan proporsi yang baku (Ferwati dan Mandour, 2008). 8 Lalu dimana kemudian letak karakter Islam jika bahkan mesjid dan bangunan khas Islam saja, termasuk kuburan (Aksamija, 2014), memiliki kebebasan desain yang begitu besar? 9 Lengkungan Langgam Moorish pada Bukaan Pintu atau Jendela (Sumber: Alumni 9H Spensa Palu, 2015) Walau demikian, langgam Moorish telah banyak diadopsi pada eksterior rumah adat, seperti pada Rumah Melayu di Asahan (Gambar 4) dan interior dan eksterior istana Maimun di Deli (Gambar 5). 10 Gambar 5 Interor dan Ekterior Istana Maimun Deli dengan Lengkungan Moorish (Wasesa, 2015 dan Wisata Medan, 5 Februari 2013) Pola Geometris Dasar Bentuk lain yang menunjukkan pengaruh Islam adalah penggunaan pola geometris dasar 6 dalam ornamen atap, lantai, atau dinding. 11 Contoh lain adalah rumah adat Pelalawan yang menggunakan pola geometrik di pagar beranda (teras) rumah (Gambar 7) ketimbang pola asli Melayu yang hanya berupa pagar biasa (Gambar 8). 12 Kadangkala, motif ini diperluas dengan menambahkan sulur-sulur tumbuhan (Applegreen, 2014). 13 Rumah Adat Pelalawan dengan Pagar Bermotif Geometri Islam (Ndakia, 2016) Gambar 8. 14 Rumah Adat Pekanbaru dan Sumatera Selatan dengan Pagar Berlanggam Asli Melayu (Ndakia, 2016) Simbolisasi Rukun Islam Simbolisasi lima rukun Islam dalam rumah Melayu, atau rumah manapun, akan sulit jika diaplikasikan pada tiang karena berjumlah ganjil sementara bangunan berbentuk petak. 15 Tiga makna yang paling 7 Lima motif ukiran melayu,yaitu, motif flora, motif fauna, motif Angkasa atau kosmos, motif geometri, dan motif seni khat atau kaligrafi 7 umum adalah: anak tangga tunggal berarti keesaan Allah, anak tangga empat berarti empat sahabat Nabi (Abu Bakar, Umar, Usman, dan Ali), sementara anak tangga lima berarti rukun Islam (Suseno et al, 2006). Page 3 ARSITEKTUR MELAYU ISLAM Uploaded: 06/28/2018 | Checked: 06/28/2018 Plagiarism Citation Reference Character replacement 16 Rumah Melayu di Labuhan, Medan, dengan anak tangga berjumlah lima (Omtatok, 2012) Kaligrafi Elemen yang paling mudah diterapkan dalam rumah Melayu yang mencerminkan pengaruh Islam adalah kaligrafi. 17 Kaligrafi biasanya ditempatkan di pintu rumah atau di bagian tengah perabungan, yang melambangkan lembah kehidupan yang kadang penuh dengan berbagai cobaan (Al Mudra, 2010:38). 18 Kaligrafi pada Gerbang Rumah Melayu Modern (Al Mudra, 2010) Kubah Bentuk kubah adalah bentuk umum dari atap mesjid di Indonesia. 19 Mesjid Melayu dengan kubah pertama adalah mesjid Penyengat (1832 M) di pulau Penyengat Tanjungpinang, yang menyatukan langgam Melayu dengan langgam Rajput, Mughal, dan Usmaniah (Kurniawan dan Kusumawardhani, 2012:4). 20 Mesjid Penyengat di Pulau Penyengat Tanjungpinang yang berlanggam campuran Melayu, Rajput, Mughal, dan Usmaniah (Yunas, F. et al. 2016) 9 Prototipe bangunan campuran Melayu dengan bentuk kubah dapat diamati pada Mesjid Jami Al Usmani Kesultanan Deli. 21 Mesjid Jami’ Al Usmani Kesultanan Deli dengan atap kubah (Gunawan, 2012) Halaman Halaman yang luas bukanlah karakter dari rumah Melayu karena ruang terbuka sebenarnya telah tersedia di bagian dalam rumah. 22 Kehadiran halaman luas pada arsitektur Melayu dapat ditemukan pada Balai Kota Penang (Sulaiman, 2000:160). 23 Balai Kota Penang dengan Halaman yang Luas (Wikipedia, 2016) Kiblat Masalah kiblat dalam arsitektur tradisional Melayu selalu diaplikasikan pada penempatan toilet atau kamar mandi. 24 Selain itu, untuk menjamin kebersihan, toilet harus berada di bagian sudut rumah (Hamzah, 1997:241). 25 Menurut Abdullah et al (2016), jenis kaligrafi yang pertama kali 12 digunakan di dunia Melayu adalah khat kufi 9 . 26 Pertemuan garis tersebut membentuk sudut siku yang tegak lurus tanpa adanya satu putaran atau lengkungan, kufi Murabba’ termasuk dalam jenis ini (Gambar 15). 27 Contoh Khat Kufi: (a) Kufi Muzakhrof; (b) Kufi Musattar; (c) Kufi Murabba’ (sumber: Hidayat, 2015) Lebih lanjut, ciri khas Melayu-Islam satu lagi adalah penggunaan kaligrafi Jawi (Abjad Jawi 10 ). 28 Salinan Al-Quran paling awal ditulis menggunakan script ini (Wikipedia, 2016). 29 Abjad Jawi telah digunakan secara intensif di Riau dan Aceh untuk penamaan kantor pemerintah dan jalan (Bustaman-Ahmad, 2007:162). 30 Contoh Abjad Jawi dalam Papan Nama Anjung Seni Idrus Tintin, Pekanbaru (Skyscrapercity, 2010) Penutup Upaya menyatukan Melayu dan Islam dalam khazanah arsitektur merupakan suatu upaya yang relatif fleksibel, mengingat Melayu adalah suatu karakteristik arsitektur yang tegas dan kontekstual, sementara Islam adalah agama universal dengan ekspresi arsitektur yang bebas, sejauh dengan batas-batas tersendiri. 31 Bentuk bukaan jendela dengan bagian atas melengkung (Moorish) dan kubah adalah bentuk budaya umum dari negeri asal Islam, khususnya Timur Tengah. 32 Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 7(3 S1), 144 Akšamija, A. (2014). 33 Applegreen (2014) Ukuran Kayu Tradisional. http://bicarasenivisual.blogspot.co.id/2014/09/ukiran-kayu-tradisional.html Aziz, S. 34 The 9th Regional Symposium Of The Malay Archipelago 2012 (Simposium Nusantara 9 2012) 11-12 December 2012, Perak, Malaysia BPS (2010) Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia : Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010. 35 Housing policy in Malaysia: Conditions, perspectives and Islamic values (Doctoral dissertation, University of Leeds). 36 Hidayat, S. (2015). Page 4 ARSITEKTUR MELAYU ISLAM Uploaded: 06/28/2018 | Checked: 06/28/2018 Plagiarism Citation Reference Character replacement 37 The influence of 19th century Dutch Colonial Orientalism in spreading Kubah (Islamic Dome) and Middle- Eastern architectural styles for mosques in Sumatra. 38 Ndakia (2016) Rumah Adat Riau. http://ndakia.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/rumah-adat- riau.html Omtatok, M (2012) Rumah Tradisional Melayu: Keindahan Seni Ragam Hias Melayu. http://xryzwap.blogspot.co.id/2012/09/rumah-tradisional-melayu-keindahan- seni.html Ramli, N. 39 (2006) “Butang Emas” 40 Tanjungpinang: Data Makmur Setia Tanjungpura Times (21 Agustus 2016) Tiga Desa di Kubu Raya Deklarasi Bebas “BAB” Sembarangan. http://thetanjungpuratimes.com/2016/08/21/tiga-desa-di-kubu-raya- deklarasi-bebas-bab-sembarangan/ Wasesa, G (2015) Megahnya Istana Maimun, Kesultanan Deli Medan. http://nevisit.blogspot.co.id/2015/03/megahnya-istana-maimun-kesultanan- deli.html Wikipedia (2016) Malacca City council. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca_City_Council Wisata Medan (2013) Menguak Sejarah Meriam Puntung di Istana Maimun. http://medan.panduanwisata.id/wisata-sejarah-dan-pendidikan/menguak-sejarah- meriam-puntung-di-istana-maimun/ Yunas, F. et al. Page 5 ARSITEKTUR MELAYU ISLAM Uploaded: 06/28/2018 | Checked: 06/28/2018 Plagiarism Citation Reference Character replacement Arsitektur Melayu Berbasis Islam dan Relevansinya dalam Desain Gedung UIN Raden Fatah Palembang 1 Oleh: Dr. Ir. Zuber Angkasa, M.T., IAI2 Pendahuluan
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