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Water Quality and Sedimentary Analyses of Siddheshwar Dam ICC Original Research Article Iranian Chemical Communication Payame Noor University http://icc.journals.pnu.ac.ir Water quality and sedimentary analyses of Siddheshwar dam (India) for assessing irrigational suitability Parveen Rajjak Shaikha,*, Isak Rajjak Shaikhb,c,*, and Arjun Bapurao Bhoslea aSchool of Earth Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded – 431 606 (Maharashtra), India bSchool of Chemical Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded – 431 606 (Maharashtra), India cRazak Institution of Skills, Education and Research (RISER), India Received: 6 December 2016, Accepted: 20 May 2017, Published: 20 May 2017 Abstract The physico-chemical properties of water and sediments therein were analyzed for assessing the suitability of Siddheshwar dam (India) waters for irrigation purpose. The physical parameters include total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity. The chemical parameters studied include pH, free carbon dioxide, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, phenolphthalein alkalinity, total alkalinity, biochemical oxygen demand and salinity. The present research was undertaken to monitor the irrigational suitability of this water body over the period of June 2009 to May 2010 by Sodium Absorption Ration (SAR), Magnesium Ratio (MR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), Residual Sodium Bicarbonate (RSBC), Kelly’s Ratio (KR) and Permeability Index (PI) parameters. The UV-Spectrophotometer determined the concentrations of heavy metals such as iron, zinc, chromium and manganese. The sediments’ physico-chemical characteristics like temperature, conductivity, pH, % carbon, organic matter and phosphate have been detected using standard methods. It is observed that the sediments are in a complex milieu with the overlying water in the aquatic ecosystem and they affect water chemistry and get affected by it. The water quality is found to be good and it is therefore safe for irrigation. Keywords: Siddheshwar dam (India); irrigation water quality; permissible limit; sediment, UV – spectrophotometer. Introduction most common usages of water include Water is the most precious resource for drinking, irrigation, health, energy, supporting all known forms of life on recreation, etc. Water is an the earth. Though water covers 71% of environmentally benign chemical but is the planet’s surface, fresh water is prone to pollution. Water quality is a rapidly becoming a scarce commodity. term used to express the suitability of Water is the basic necessity on which water to sustain various uses or society’s quality of life depends. The processes as there are certain *Corresponding author: Isak Rajjak Shaikh Tel: +91 (8007000736), Fax: N/A Iran. Chem. Commun. 5 (2017) 315-337 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Page | 315 P. R. Shaikh, I. R. Shaikh et al. / Iranian Chemical Communication 5 (2017) 315-337 requirements and standards for the fishes. This interferes with breathing, physical, chemical, biological or micro- and thereby kills fishes from abrasive biological characteristics, including the gill clogging effects of sediments [10]. health hazards of water. It is advisable In order to assess the water quality and to monitor toxic inorganic and organic also to understand natural processes, pollutants in aquatic environments as including sediment transport, there are almost uniform policies and accumulation, biodiversity and legislations on water quality placed biogeochemical reactions within worldwide (UN Agenda 21; Format: sediments, it is essential to analyze and A/RES/67/290; IWA http://www.iwa- characterize sediments. Many consider network.org/which-water-for-which- this as contamination evaluation use; FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper because the sediments are said to (i) act 1994, WHO 2004); Bureau of Indian as a sink for varied substances having Standards 1987 [1-6]. Though no such potential to cause toxicity and (ii) to standards exist for sediment quality and alter biodiversity and human health. load, more attention is being given to Sediments of aquatic body act as a water quality analysis by extending it to major source of metals and other sediment monitoring. There is a contaminants [11]. Methods for widespread interest in fluvial determining the chemical composition geomorphology i.e. the study of the of aquatic sediments to detect and land and water interactions [7]. In control the sources of pollution are recent years, the sedimentation of active fields of research [12]. surface waters has been a topic of Nowadays sediment is considered as an concern because sediments are the integral part of aquatic ecosystems and largest single nonpoint source there are complex reactions taking pollutants and the primary factors in the place within aquatic sediments and deterioration of water quality [8]. The between soil and water [13]. The sedimentary material types and biological availability of heavy metals composition in streams are usually in sediment is due to various factors based on geology, topography, like precipitation, adsorption onto the precipitation rates and all the forces of organic and inorganic sediment erosion these materials succumb to fractions. It is considered necessary to from water, wind and pressures caused study the mechanism of heavy metal by expanding and contracting forces adsorption and adsorption capacity of [9]. For example, soil erosion or land the sediment [14]. disturbing activities such as road We report herein the physical and construction, timber harvesting, chemical parameters to monitor the agriculture, residential and industrial irrigational suitability of Siddheshwar development, sewage disposal, dam by Sodium Absorption Ratio landfills, abandoned or active mines, oil (SAR), Magnesium Ratio (MR), drilling, etc. contribute to this issue. Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Excess aquatic sedimentation makes the Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), stream bottom muddy and thereby Residual Sodium Bicorbonate (RSBC), smothers oxygen producing plants, Kelly’s Ratio (KR) and Permeability insects, trout eggs, etc. An increased Index (PI). The concentrations of heavy turbidity due to suspended sediments metals within sediments were enhances water temperatures and determined by UV-Spectrophotometer. reduces visibility for prey capturing by Page | 316 Water quality and sedimentary analyses of Siddheshwar dam (India) for … Materials and methods The regions of Hingoli, Parbhani and Study area Nanded districts get benefits from Quality of water is investigated by Siddheshwar dam. Average rainfall of taking a number of samples for this region is 900 mm. A substantial laboratory analyses from the number of papers have been published Siddheshwar dam (India). This dam by us in the past on this site but no such (Figure 1) has been constructed on attempts were made to analyze water Purna River in northern part of quality along with sediments in view of Marathwada region at village a fluvial geomorphological project. An Siddheshwar of Aundha taluka in assured water supply through irrigation Hingoli district of Maharashtra state in channels, river, rainfall runoff, dug or (the Republic of) India. The location of deep wells, etc. and pond draining dam is at 19035’-19040’ N latitude bottom at a level higher than that which 7605’-770 E longitudes. The Purna the maximum water table reaches River (a tributary of the Godavari during the harvesting periods in a River) originates in the Ajanta Range in normal year are the most important hills of Aurangabad district and after a factors considered when deciding on winding course of about 250 miles the suitability of this site. meets the Godavari near Purna city. Figure 1. Geographic map of the Siddheshwar dam and the location of the sampling sites in the study area Measurement of physico-chemical parameters were estimated by the parameters of water samples standard methods given by APHA [15] The water samples were collected from and were also discussed in accordance three sampling sites named S1, S2 and S3 with the relevant Standard from the Siddheshwar dam and taken in Classifications from the World Health pre-cleaned polyethylene bottle. S1 is Organization (WHO, 2004) [4]. the sampling site located near the dam’s gate, S2 is the sampling site in the Measurement of physico-chemical middle of the dam and S3 is near the parameters of sediment sample pump house. Water test procedures Sediment samples were collected from followed and all the water quality Siddheshwar dam in polythene bags Page | 317 P. R. Shaikh, I. R. Shaikh et al. / Iranian Chemical Communication 5 (2017) 315-337 and transported to laboratory immediately as there are some (1) parameters needed to be determined immediately upon sampling [16]. In the present research, we conducted the experiments for (2) measurement of physico-chemical parameters of water and sediment samples. The protocols such as (3) Thiocyanate method, Dithiozone method, Diphenylcarbazide method and Persulphate method were used to (4) determine the concentrations of iron, zinc, chromium and manganese using UV-Spectrophotometer respectively. All the reagents used were of (Merck) AR grade. The solutions when required were prepared using double-distilled water. For carbonate and bicarbonate analyses, the reagents such as (5) phenolphthalein indicator, methyl orange indicator, sodium thiosulphate solution, sulphuric acid, etc. were used. In this formulae, and are the In case of calcium and magnesium, the values of the mean, N is the sample size
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