GRMB Annual Report 2019-20
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Oct Nov 2006
Dams, Rivers & People VOL 4 ISSUE 9-10 OCT-NOV 2006 Rs 15/- Lead Piece Climate Change is Here – when will we wake up? There is increasing evidence that shows that Another recent report, titled Feeling the Heat from the ? climate change is already here. It is already Christian development agency Tearfund predicts that affecting the rainfall, floods, droughts, sea- Climate change threatens supplies of water for millions levels, land erosion and so on. of people in poorer countries. By 2050, five times as much land is likely to be under "extreme" drought as The frequency of extreme weather incidents is clearly now. "It's the extremes of water which are going to increasing, the unprecedented floods in Mumbai and provide the biggest threat to the developing world from Gujarat in 2005 and 2006, the unprecedented floods in climate change… droughts will tend to be longer, and Barmer this year the unusual rainfall deficit in Bihar and that's very bad news. Extreme droughts currently cover Assam this year are only a few of the recent incidents. about 2% of the world's land area, and that is going to 2005 has already been declared the warmest year in spread to about 10% by 2050." it said. The positive side recent times. of the Tearfund report is that simple measures to A recent study at the School of Oceanographic Studies "climate-proof" water problems, both drought and flood, of Jadavpur University (The Hindustan Times 011106) have proven to be very effective in some areas. In Niger, says that 70 000 people would be affected in the eastern the charity says that building low, stone dykes across and western part of the Suderbans due to rising sea contours has helped prevent runoff and get more water levels. -
Live Storage Capacities of Reservoirs As Per Data of : Large Dams/ Reservoirs/ Projects (Abstract)
LIVE STORAGE CAPACITIES OF RESERVOIRS AS PER DATA OF : LARGE DAMS/ RESERVOIRS/ PROJECTS (ABSTRACT) Completed Under Construction Total No. of No. of No. of Live No. of Live No. of Live No. of State/ U.T. Resv (Live Resv (Live Resv (Live Storage Resv (Live Total No. of Storage Resv (Live Total No. of Storage Resv (Live Total No. of cap data cap data cap data capacity cap data Reservoirs capacity cap data Reservoirs capacity cap data Reservoirs not not not (BCM) available) (BCM) available) (BCM) available) available) available) available) Andaman & Nicobar 0.019 20 2 0.000 00 0 0.019 20 2 Arunachal Pradesh 0.000 10 1 0.241 32 5 0.241 42 6 Andhra Pradesh 28.716 251 62 313 7.061 29 16 45 35.777 280 78 358 Assam 0.012 14 5 0.547 20 2 0.559 34 7 Bihar 2.613 28 2 30 0.436 50 5 3.049 33 2 35 Chhattisgarh 6.736 245 3 248 0.877 17 0 17 7.613 262 3 265 Goa 0.290 50 5 0.000 00 0 0.290 50 5 Gujarat 18.355 616 1 617 8.179 82 1 83 26.534 698 2 700 Himachal 13.792 11 2 13 0.100 62 8 13.891 17 4 21 J&K 0.028 63 9 0.001 21 3 0.029 84 12 Jharkhand 2.436 47 3 50 6.039 31 2 33 8.475 78 5 83 Karnatka 31.896 234 0 234 0.736 14 0 14 32.632 248 0 248 Kerala 9.768 48 8 56 1.264 50 5 11.032 53 8 61 Maharashtra 37.358 1584 111 1695 10.736 169 19 188 48.094 1753 130 1883 Madhya Pradesh 33.075 851 53 904 1.695 40 1 41 34.770 891 54 945 Manipur 0.407 30 3 8.509 31 4 8.916 61 7 Meghalaya 0.479 51 6 0.007 11 2 0.486 62 8 Mizoram 0.000 00 0 0.663 10 1 0.663 10 1 Nagaland 1.220 10 1 0.000 00 0 1.220 10 1 Orissa 23.934 167 2 169 0.896 70 7 24.830 174 2 176 Punjab 2.402 14 -
GRMB Annual Report 2017-18
Government of India Ministry of Water Resources, RD & GR Godavari River Management Board ANNUAL REPORT 2017-18 GODAVARI BASIN – Dakshina Ganga Origin Brahmagiri near Trimbakeshwar, Nasik Dist., Maharashtra Geographical Area 9.50 % of Total GA of India Area & Location Latitude - 16°19’ to 22°34’ North Longitude – 73°24’ to 83° 4’ East Boundaries West: Western Ghats North: Satmala hills, the Ajanta range and the Mahadeo hills East: Eastern Ghats & the Bay of Bengal South: Balaghat & Mahadeo ranges stretching forth from eastern flank of the Western Ghats & the Anantgiri and other ranges of the hills and ridges separate the Gadavari basin from the Krishna basin. Catchment Area 3,12,812 Sq.km Length of the River 1465 km States Maharashtra (48.6%), Telangana (18.8%), Andhra Pradesh (4.5%), Chhattisgarh (10.9%), Madhya Pradesh (10.0%), Odisha (5.7%), Karnataka (1.4%) and Puducherry (Yanam) and emptying into Bay of Bengal Length in AP & TS 772 km Major Tributaries Pravara, Manjira, Manair – Right side of River Purna, Pranhita, Indravati, Sabari – Left side of River Sub- basins Twelve (G1- G12) Dams Gangapur Dam, Jayakwadi dam, Vishnupuri barrage, Ghatghar Dam, Upper Vaitarna reservoir, Sriram Sagar Dam, Dowleswaram Barrage. Hydro power stations Upper Indravati 600 MW Machkund 120 MW Balimela 510 MW Upper Sileru 240 MW Lower Sileru 460 MW Upper Kolab 320 MW Pench 160 MW Ghatghar pumped storage 250 MW Polavaram (under 960 MW construction) ANNUAL REPORT 2017-18 GODAVARI RIVER MANAGEMENT BOARD 5th Floor, Jalasoudha, Errum Manzil, Hyderabad- 500082 FROM CHAIRMAN’S DESK It gives me immense pleasure to present the Annual Report of Godavari River Management Board (GRMB) for the year 2017-18. -
Fishes of Darna Region of Nashik District (Maharashtra)
www.ijcrt.org © 2018 IJCRT | Volume 6, Issue 2 April 2018 | ISSN: 2320-2882 Fishes of Darna region of Nashik District (Maharashtra) Vikram Kakulte and Savita Tidame Department of Zoology, K.T.H.M. College, Nashik Email ID –[email protected] ABSTRACT Present study is deals with the fish diversity of Darna region, Nashik district, Maharashtra. A total of 19 species belongs to 4 orders and 10 families were recorded. A classified list of fishes has been observed in the present study. Major Indian carps and few cat fishes are commercially important groups in the Darna region are discussed in this paper. Key words: fauna, Darna region, fishery. INTRODUCTION Freshwater resources are very important for the life on earth. It harbors many forms of life specially fishes which has great food & economic value. Fish diversity is decreasing day by day due to various man made activities. Fish diversity is not the wealth but it also has some serious implications on fishery. Fish diversity is intensively studied from various parts of Maharashtra (Wagh & Ghate (2003); Singh & Kamble (1987); Ubarhande et al.,(2016)) River Darna is one of the important rivers in Nashik district. It is main river of south region of Nashik district which flows from west to east. Waldevi river join to Darna river at Chehadi place then Darna river join to Godavari. Darna river is one of the most important river for the capture fishery of the Nashik district. From fisheries point of view Darna river occupies an important position, apart from being original habitat of most prized carp species like Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Labeo calbasu and Cirrhinus mrigala. -
Andhra Pradesh
PROFILES OF SELECTED NATIONAL PARKS AND SANCTUARIES OF INDIA JULY 2002 EDITED BY SHEKHAR SINGH ARPAN SHARMA INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION NEW DELHI CONTENTS STATE NAME OF THE PA ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR CAMPBELL BAY NATIONAL PARK ISLANDS GALATHEA NATIONAL PARK MOUNT HARRIET NATIONAL PARK NORTH BUTTON ISLAND NATIONAL PARK MIDDLE BUTTON ISLAND NATIONAL PARK SOUTH BUTTON ISLAND NATIONAL PARK RANI JHANSI MARINE NATIONAL PARK WANDOOR MARINE NATIONAL PARK CUTHBERT BAY WILDLIFE SANCTUARY GALATHEA BAY WILDLIFE SANCTUARY INGLIS OR EAST ISLAND SANCTUARY INTERVIEW ISLAND SANCTUARY LOHABARRACK OR SALTWATER CROCODILE SANCTUARY ANDHRA PRADESH ETURUNAGARAM SANCTUARY KAWAL WILDLIFE SANCTUARY KINNERSANI SANCTUARY NAGARJUNASAGAR-SRISAILAM TIGER RESERVE PAKHAL SANCTUARY PAPIKONDA SANCTUARY PRANHITA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY ASSAM MANAS NATIONAL PARK GUJARAT BANSDA NATIONAL PARK PURNA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY HARYANA NAHAR SANCTUARY KALESAR SANCTUARY CHHICHHILA LAKE SANCTUARY ABUBSHEHAR SANCTUARY BIR BARA VAN JIND SANCTUARY BIR SHIKARGAH SANCTUARY HIMACHAL PRADESH PONG LAKE SANCTUARY RUPI BHABA SANCTUARY SANGLA SANCTUARY KERALA SILENT VALLEY NATIONAL PARK ARALAM SANCTUARY CHIMMONY SANCTUARY PARAMBIKULAM SANCTUARY PEECHI VAZHANI SANCTUARY THATTEKAD BIRD SANCTUARY WAYANAD WILDLIFE SANCTUARY MEGHALAYA BALPAKARAM NATIONAL PARK SIJU WILDLIFE SANCTUARY NOKREK NATIONAL PARK NONGKHYLLEM WILDLIFE SANCTUARY MIZORAM MURLEN NATIONAL PARK PHAWNGPUI (BLUE MOUNTAIN) NATIONAL 2 PARK DAMPA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY KHAWNGLUNG WILDLIFE SANCTUARY LENGTENG WILDLIFE SANCTUARY NGENGPUI WILDLIFE -
Natural Economic Zone (Nez)
POLITY AND GOVERNANCE NATURAL ECONOMIC ZONE (NEZ) Entire Northeast region has a ―Natural Economic Zone (NEZ)‖ and said that it would be his priority to nourish the NEZ and tap its potential for the benefit of the region. Northeast region as India‘s ―capital of organic agriculture‖ HORNBILL FESTIVAL celebration held every year in the first week of December, in Nagaland held at Naga Heritage Village, Kisama which is about 12 km from Kohima All the tribes of Nagaland take part aim of the festival is to revive and protect the rich culture of Nagaland and display its extravaganza and traditions Festival is named after the hornbill, the globally respected bird and which is displayed in folklore in most of the state‘s tribes. INITIATIVES FOR NORTHEAST REGION modern apparel and garment manufacturing centre would be set up immediately in the State capitals of Assam, Nagaland and Sikkim Ishan Uday special scholarships for 10,000 students from the Northeast Ishan Vikas scheme for facilitating exposure visits of 2000 students and 500 teachers of colleges in the region NATIONAL LOK ADALAT organised by the National Legal Service Authority (NALSA) cases settled out of court include family disputes, matrimonial cases, motor accident claims, bank recoveries, petty criminal matters, revenue matters, disbursement of payment under the MGNREGA and other government welfare schemes. T.S.R SUBRAMANIAN COMMITTEE examine six laws administered by the Union Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change six laws to be put under the scanner o Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 o Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 o Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 o The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 o The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 o Indian Forest Act (IFA) of 1927. -
Pre-Feasibility Report Proposed Ajansara Barrage Project for Lift
PRE-FEASIBILITY REPORT PROPOSED AJANSARA BARRAGE PROJECT M/s. Vidharbha FOR LIFT IRRIGATION CAPACITY:TOTAL 30004 CCA Irrigation Development at Village Ajansara, Taluka Hinganghat, District Wardha, Maharashtra Corporation (VIDC) STUDY PERIOD PROPOSED AJANSARA BARRAGE PROJECT FOR LIFT IRRIGATION FOR TOTAL 30004 CCA AND 24000 ICA AT VILLAGE AJANSARA, TALUKA HINGANGHAT, DISTRICT WARDHA, MS INDEX BY M/S. VIDHARBHA IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (VIDC) INDEX Sr. No. Particular Page No. 1 Executive Summary 1 2 INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT/ BACKGROUND 6 INFORMATION 2.1 Identification of project 6 2.2 Brief History of nature of the project 7 2.3 Need for the project and its importance to the country and 7 region 2.4 Benefit of Project 9 3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 10 3.1 Type of project including interlinked and interdependent 10 projects, if any 3.2 Regulatory Frame Work 10 3.3 Location (map showing general location, specific location, 11 and project boundary & project site layout) with coordinates 3.4 Details of alternate sites considered and the basis of 21 selecting the proposed site, particularly the environmental considerations gone into should be highlighted 3.5 Size or magnitude of operation 21 3.6 Project description with process details (a schematic 21 diagram/ flow chart showing the project layout, components of the project etc. 3.6.1 Design Feature of Head Work 21 3.6.2 Rolled Filled Earth Dam 22 3.6.3 Barrage 23 3.6.4 Design of Barrage 23 3.6.5 Foundation of Barrage 23 4 IRRIGATION PLANNING 24 4.1 Existing and Proposed Facilities in Command Area 24 4.2 Existing and Proposed Cropping Patterns 24 4.3 Soil Survey 24 4.4 Evaporation Losses 25 5 SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION 25 5.1 Topographical Survey & Investigation 25 5.2 Survey for Barrage 25 5.3 Submergence Survey 25 5.4 Canal and Command Area Survey 25 5.5 Survey for Construction Material 25 5.6 Geotechnical Investigation 26 6 PROJECT HYDROLOGY 26 6.1 General Climate and Hydrology 26 6.2 Hydrological Data 27 6.2.1 Catchment Area 27 SMS Envocare Ltd. -
Dams-In-India-Cover.Pdf
List of Dams in India List of Dams in India ANDHRA PRADESH Nizam Sagar Dam Manjira Somasila Dam Pennar Srisailam Dam Krishna Singur Dam Manjira Ramagundam Dam Godavari Dummaguden Dam Godavari ARUNACHAL PRADESH Nagi Dam Nagi BIHAR Nagi Dam Nagi CHHATTISGARH Minimata (Hasdeo) Bango Dam Hasdeo GUJARAT Ukai Dam Tapti Dharoi Sabarmati river Kadana Mahi Dantiwada West Banas River HIMACHAL PRADESH Pandoh Beas Bhakra Nangal Sutlej Nathpa Jhakri Dam Sutlej Chamera Dam Ravi Pong Dam Beas https://www.bankexamstoday.com/ Page 1 List of Dams in India J & K Bagihar Dam Chenab Dumkhar Dam Indus Uri Dam Jhelam Pakal Dul Dam Marusudar JHARKHAND Maithon Dam Maithon Chandil Dam Subarnarekha River Konar Dam Konar Panchet Dam Damodar Tenughat Dam Damodar Tilaiya Dam Barakar River KARNATAKA Linganamakki Dam Sharavathi river Kadra Dam Kalinadi River Supa Dam Kalinadi Krishna Raja Sagara Dam Kaveri Harangi Dam Harangi Narayanpur Dam Krishna River Kodasalli Dam Kali River Basava Sagara Krishna River Tunga Bhadra Dam Tungabhadra River, Alamatti Dam Krishna River KERALA Malampuzha Dam Malampuzha River Peechi Dam Manali River Idukki Dam Periyar River Kundala Dam Parambikulam Dam Parambikulam River Walayar Dam Walayar River https://www.bankexamstoday.com/ Page 2 List of Dams in India Mullaperiyar Dam Periyar River Neyyar Dam Neyyar River MADHYA PRADESH Rajghat Dam Betwa River Barna Dam Barna River Bargi Dam Narmada River Bansagar Dam Sone River Gandhi Sagar Dam Chambal River . Indira Sagar Narmada River MAHARASHTRA Yeldari Dam Purna river Ujjani Dam Bhima River Mulshi -
Committee on Government Assurances (2011-2012)
21 COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT ASSURANCES (2011-2012) (FIFTEENTH LOK SABHA) TWENTY FIRST REPORT REVIEW OF PENDING ASSURANCES PERTAINING TO MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES Presented to Lok Sabha on 16 May, 2012 LOK SABHA SECRETARIAT NEW DELHI May, 2012/Vaisakha, 1934 (Saka) CONTENTS PAGE Composition of the Committee (2011-2012) (ii) Introduction (iii) Report 1-20 Appendices Appendix-I - Questions and the Answers 21-57 Appendix-II - Extracts from Manual of Practice & Procedure in the Government 58-60 of India, Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs, New Delhi Appendix-III - Status of USQ No. 4355 dated 7 May, 2007 regarding 61 Restructuring of Brahmaputra Board as received from the Ministry of Water Resources. Appendix-IV - Implementation Report of USQ No. 2281 dated 15 December, 62-105 2008 regarding Maintenance of Dams. Appendix-V - Implementation Report of USQ No. 1766 dated 04 August, 106-125 2010 regarding Dams in the Country. Annexures Annexure I- Minutes of the Sitting of the Committee held on 11 April, 2012. 126-128 Annexure II- Minutes of the Sitting of the Committee held on 26 April, 2012. 129-131 Annexure III- Minutes of the Sitting of the Committee held on 14 May, 2012. 132-133 COMPOSITION OF THE COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT ASSURANCES* (2011 - 2012) Shrimati Maneka Gandhi - Chairperson MEMBERS 2. Shri Hansaraj Gangaram Ahir 3. Shri Avtar Singh Bhadana 4. Shri Kantilal Bhuria 5. Shri Dara Singh Chauhan 6. Shri Bansa Gopal Chowdhury 7. Shri Ram Sundar Das 8. Smt. J. Helen Davidson 9. Shri Bijoy Krishna Handique 10. Sardar Sukhdev Singh Libra 11. Shri Ramkishun 12.# Rajkumari Ratna Singh 13. -
(SCR) Status of Projects
SOUTH CENTRAL RAILWAY STATUS OF TARGETED & NON TARGETED PROJECTS As on 01.10.20 NEW LINES Name of Project: MANOHARABAD - KOTHAPALLI, 151.36 Km (PH -11, New lines) S C Railway Name of Project: MANOHARABAD - KOTHAPALLI, 151.36 Km (PH -11, New lines) S C Rly SNAP SHOT OF FULL PROJECT Year of Inclusion 2006 - 07 Month & year of Final Sanction July, 2016 Project falling in (Railway) South Central Railway Project falling in (States) Telangana Executing Agency CAO ( C ) SCR ROR ( + %) (+) 0.16 % Length of Complete Project 151.36 km 1373.74 Cr Latest anticipated Cost of Project (Original sanc 1160.47 Cr. + 213.26 Cr MM ) Up to date Expenditure of full project 460.93 Cr. (Rly: 400.93 Cr + State: 60.00 Cr) Physical Progress of full Project (%) 25 % Financial Progress of full Project (%) 39 % Outlay 2020-21 (in Cr.) 79.00 Cr. Manoharabad-Gajwel(31.071 km) CRS authorisation Length of Project already Commissioned (km) received on 19.06.2020 and workman special run on 26.08.20. Mar, 25 (Subject to handing over of land & deposition Likely TDC of complete project (Month & Year) of 1/3rd share by Telangana Govt) Name of Project: MAHABUBNAGAR - MUNIRABAD, (PH - 11, New lines) S C Railway SCR portion: DEVARAKADRA - KRISHNA, 65.74 Km Name of Project: MAHABUBNAGAR - MUNIRABAD, (PH - 11, New lines) S C Railway SCR portion: DEVARAKADRA - KRISHNA, 65.74 Km SNAP SHOT OF FULL PROJECT Year of Inclusion 1997 - 98 Month & year of Final Sanction January, 2012 Project falling in (Railway) South Central Railway Telangana (SCR portion 65.74 km), Project falling in (States) Karnataka (SWR portion, 161.675km) Executing Agency CAO ( C ) SCR & CAO ( C ) SWR ROR ( + %) (+ ) 3.49 % Length of Complete Project 16+65,74 NL,81.74 (SCR portion) 243.50 Complete project (Overall: Rs 3421.35 Cr) Latest anticipated Cost of Project 907.71 Cr. -
Annual Report (2010-2011)
ANNUAL REPORT (2010-2011) Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University) Pune 411 006 ANNUAL REPORT (2010-2011) Edited by V.P. Bhatta V.S. Shinde Mrs. J.D. Sathe B. C. Deotare Mrs. Sonal Kulkarni-Joshi Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Declared as Deemed-to-be-University under Section 3 of U.G.C. Act 1956) Pune 411 006 Copies: 250 Issued on: August, 2011 © Registrar, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University) Pune 411 006 Published by: N.S. Gaware, Registrar, Deccan College, Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University) Pune 411 006 Printed by: Mudra, 383, Narayan Peth, Pune - 411030. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6 AUTHORITIES OF THE INSTITUTE 7 GENERAL 9 SEVENTH CONVOCATION 13 DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY I. Staff 46 II. Teaching 50 III. M.A. and P.G. Diploma Examination Results 54 IV. Ph.D.s Awarded 55 V. Ph.D. Theses 55 VI. Special Lectures Delivered in Other Institutions 62 VII. Research 67 VIII. Publications 107 IX. Participation in Conferences, Seminars, Symposia and Workshops 112 X. Other Academic Activities and professional and Administrative Services Rendered 121 XI. Nomination on Committees and Honours, Awards and Scholarships received 127 XII. Activities of the Discussion Group 128 XIII. Museum of Archaeology 130 MARATHA HISTORY MUSEUM I. Staff 133 II. Research Activities 133 III. Publication 133 IV. Other Academic Activities 133 V. Archival Activities 134 VI. Exhibition and Workshop 134 VII. Museum Activities 134 4 Annual Report 2010-11 DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS I. Staff 136 II. Teaching 137 III. M.A. Examination Results 139 IV. -
Indian Society of Engineering Geology
Indian Society of Engineering Geology Indian National Group of International Association of Engineering Geology and the Environment www.isegindia.org List of all Titles of Papers, Abstracts, Speeches, etc. (Published since the Society’s inception in 1965) November 2012 NOIDA Inaugural Edition (All Publications till November 2012) November 2012 For Reprints, write to: [email protected] (Handling Charges may apply) Compiled and Published By: Yogendra Deva Secretary, ISEG With assistance from: Dr Sushant Paikarai, Former Geologist, GSI Mugdha Patwardhan, ICCS Ltd. Ravi Kumar, ICCS Ltd. CONTENTS S.No. Theme Journal of ISEG Proceedings Engineering Special 4th IAEG Geology Publication Congress Page No. 1. Buildings 1 46 - 2. Construction Material 1 46 72 3. Dams 3 46 72 4. Drilling 9 52 73 5. Geophysics 9 52 73 6. Landslide 10 53 73 7. Mapping/ Logging 15 56 74 8. Miscellaneous 16 57 75 9. Powerhouse 28 64 85 10. Seismicity 30 66 85 11. Slopes 31 68 87 12. Speech/ Address 34 68 - 13. Testing 35 69 87 14. Tunnel 37 69 88 15. Underground Space 41 - - 16. Water Resources 42 71 - Notes: 1. Paper Titles under Themes have been arranged by Paper ID. 2. Search for Paper by Project Name, Author, Location, etc. is possible using standard PDF tools (Visit www.isegindia.org for PDF version). Journal of Engineering Geology BUILDINGS S.No.1/ Paper ID.JEGN.1: “Excessive settlement of a building founded on piles on a River bank”. ISEG Jour. Engg. Geol. Vol.1, No.1, Year 1966. Author(s): Brahma, S.P. S.No.2/ Paper ID.JEGN.209: “Geotechnical and ecologial parameters in the selection of buildings sites in hilly region”.