Seasonal Study of Parasitic Infection in Fresh Water Fishes from Siddheshwar Dam Hingoli District (M.S), India

Dr.Shaikh Isakh Maheboob Asso. Prof and Head Dept, of Zoology, DSM college Jintur, Dist-Parbhani.

Abstract Parasites show a high degree of reproduce and specialization at a quicker rate than their hosts. The parasitic worms form the most important portion of biodiversity on earth. Fish harbor a diversity of parasites viz. protozoan’s, trematode, cestode and nematode. In the current study, we collected freshwater fishes of species, , Channa marulius, Mastacembels armatus, Channa punctatus, Clarius batrachus from different sites of the Siddheshwar dam of Hingoli district during the all three season i.e. summer season, monsoon season and winter season respectively. During the study time August 2018 to July 202019 we observed high helminthes parasitic infection i.e Senga, , Procamellenus, Circumoncobothrium in the fishes during summer season as compared to the monsoon season and winter season.

Keywords: Seasonal study, Freshwater fish, Helminth parasites.

Introduction India is one of the large biodiversity countries in the world and occupying ninth rank items of freshwater biodiversity. For the last few decades, fishes have been widely used as food for human consumption in the Indian subcontinent and thus contribute essential role in its economy. In India it is predictable that near about ten million tons of fish are required to meet the yearly demand of fish proteins as compared to as an actual yearly production of just 3.5 million tons. These edible fishes are known to harbour a various helminth parasites which cause deterioration in their health, hence their nutritive and market value is affected. Parasite can have wide range of impact on the biology of their hosts in terms of health ( Owen and Atme, 1967) behavior ( Moore 1984, Milinski 1984) sexual selection ( Minchella and Howard, 1990 Sukmar and Watve , 1977) and regulation of the host population (Freeland, 1983). Parasites are of most importance to human health; hence there is a great need to investigation of helminthes whose prevalence is high in our state. Helminth infections are general among the chief parasitic disease in India and also other tropical countries. In tropical countries such as India, there is enhancing protein demand and fishes acts as a cheap sources of animal protein. It is known for its protein value, for being low in saturated fats and high content of essential minerals. Therefore to obtain healthy and excellence fish meat, it is essential that the fish should be free from all types of pathogens like algae, bacteria, protozoans, helminths, arthropods, annelids, and molluscs. A parasite of fish constitutes one of the main problems to fish health. In addition the direct losses caused by mortality, parasites have considerable impact on resistances to other stressing factors, growth, marketability, susceptibility to predation and pave way for secondary infection. Several authors have carried out studies on the helminth parasites and population dynamics of those taking place in piscian hosts and work on various aspects of parasites. The study of population dynamics may be used as the biological basis of method to regulate population of parasite. Fishes are vital components of aquatic ecosystem from ecological, nutritional, medicinal and economical point of view. Keeping in view, significance of helminth parasitic infection to freshwater fishes, current study was planned to estimate seasonal prevalence of helminths parasitizing freshwater fishes for 03 different seasons i.e. monsoon season, winter season and summer season from Siddheshwar dam Hingoli District.

Materials and Methods Fresh water fishes Channa marulius, Mastacembelus armatus, Channa punctatus, Clarius batrachus were collected from various sites of the Siddheshwar reservoirs from Hingoli Dist. during the early in the morning, August 2018 to July 2019. They were brought in to the college laboratory and dissected out for the further study. The helminth parasites isolated from the infected area of fish body and then they were preserved in 4%formaline solution. Then they were stained with the help of borax carmine stain for the making permanent slide preparation. These slides were observed under microscope for the identification of specific parasite. Their drawings were made with the aid of camera lucida. Their identification was done with the help of standard reference books “systema Helminthum” Vol II “Helminths of vertebrates”

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Index of infection=

Name of No. of No. of Total No. Total No. Index of Month Intensity Incidence% Density Parasite Host host of Host of parasite infection examine Infected Infected Collected Cestode 20 03 0.15 40 0.06 0.024 Aug. Trematod 50 27 02 01 0.5 04 0.02 0.0008 18 Nematode 05 02 0.4 10 0.04 0.004 cestode 20 04 0.2 40 0.08 0.04 Sept.18 Trematode 50 30 02 01 0.5 04 0.02 0.0008 Nematode 18 02 0.11 36 0.04 0.014 Cestode 20 04 0.2 40 0.08 0.04 Trematod 50 35 05 02 0.4 10 0.04 0.004 Oct.18 Nematode 10 01 0.1 20 0.02 0.004 Cestode 10 07 0.7 20 0.14 0.028 Nov.18 Trematod 50 15 00 00 00 00 00 00 Nematode 05 01 0.2 10 0.02 0.002 Cestode 05 04 0.8 10 0.08 0.008 Des.18 Trematod 50 10 00 00 00 00 00 00 Nematode 05 01 0.2 10 0.02 0.008 Cestode 30 10 0.33 20 0.2 0.12 Jan. 19 Trematod 50 35 02 04 02 04 0.08 0.0032 Nematode 03 04 1.33 06 0.08 0.0048

Cestode 35 20 0.57 70 0.4 0.56 Feb.19 Trematod 50 45 05 10 02 10 0.2 0.04 Nematode 05 05 01 10 0.1 0.004 Cestode 37 15 0.40 74 0.3 0.222 Mar.19 Trematod 50 45 02 04 02 04 0.08 0.0032 Nematode 07 06 0.85 12 0.12 0.0168 Cestode 25 35 1.4 70 0.7 0.35 Apri.19 Trematod 50 50 10 10 01 20 0.2 0.04 Nematode 15 10 .066 20 0.20 0.06 Cestode 25 30 1.2 60 0.6 0.3 May 19 Trematod 50 50 15 20 1.33 30 0.4 0.12 Nematode 10 15 1.5 20 0.3 0.06 Cestode 10 10 01 20 0.2 0.04 Jun. 19 Trematode 50 25 10 02 0.2 20 0.04 0.008 Nematode 05 04 0.8 10 0.08 0.008 Cestode 10 04 0.4 20 0.08 0.016 July 19 Trematod 50 20 05 03 0.6 10 0.06 0.006 Nematode 05 02 0.4 10 0.04 0.004 Table 1Seasonal study of parasitic infection in freshwater fishes from Siddheswar dam Hingoli District (M.S), India, during the year August 2018 to July 2019

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Result Table no. 1 and graph no. 1 shows that incidence, density, intensity and index of infection of helminth parasites during August 2018 and July 2019. The highest parasitic infection was observed in summer season (April 2018– May 2018). During summer season highest number of parasites (Trematode, Cestode and nematode) were collected from freshwater fishes. From current study results it is clear that a considerable variation was found in the prevalence of helminth infections among tree season. The maximum cestode prevalence (74%), trematode prevalence (30%) and nematode prevalence (20%) noted during summer season where as lowest trematode prevalence (10%), nematode prevalence (10%) and cestode prevalence (20%) in monsoon season. These finding of high prevalence during summer season was due to variations in temperature and other climatic condition that influences the occurrences of parasitic infection in fishes

Discussion The examination of data shows that the occurrence of helminth parasites differ according to seasons.The incidences, density, intensity and index of infection of all the helminth parasites were found to be lower in rainy season, medium in winter where as high in summer. Helminth parasite and host species, feeding habitats and host size, seasons and locality were also affects the intensity. Similar type of results were also found in case of Gangesia sp., Senga sp., Proteocephalus sp. infected to Channa sp. in summer season, winter season, and monsoon season. The similar trend was also observed for incidence, density and index of infection in Piscean nematode of genus Spinitectus sp and Camallanus sp. The seasonal variation study of Caryophyllidean tapeworms confirm infection trend as, rainy < winter < summer season. Seasonal ecological changes of water such as pH, temperature and conductivity and other factors affect on the occurrences of parasites from aquatic host. Low rainfall, High temperature and sufficient moisture were essential for growth and development of parasite. Increase in parasitic infestation occurs due to organic enrichment of the water bodies caused by pollution, elevated temperature, indiscriminate use of antibiotics and agriculture runoff this also causes increase in density of intermediate hosts. Low metabolic action along with suppression of natural immune system makes them more susceptible to a ample range of parasites and diseases. Thus aquatic animals respond directly to ecological changes due to influence of pH, temperature and dissolved O2 levels on the metabolic processes.

Conclusion After the investigation of data it can be concluded that the high infections of helminth parasite (Intensity, incidence , density and index of infection) were occurred in summer season. Then it was followed by winter season where as extremely low in monsoon season. This results indicated that ecological factors and feeding habitat are affecting the seasonality of parasitic infection either directly or indirectly

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