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Archives of Applied Science Research, 2011, 3 (5):498-505 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html)

ISSN 0975-508X CODEN (USA) AASRC9

Studies on some selected chemical parameters of reservoir of

Shaikh Parveen R and Bhosle Arjun B

School of Earth Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth University, Vishnupuri, (Maharashtra) ______

ABSTRACT

Water is vital for all aspects of human and ecosystem survival and health .Thus, its quality is also important. Water quality refers to the composition of water samples because, their high concentration make the water unsuitable for drinking purpose. Present study reports the concentration of ions such as Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Phosphate and Sulphate from Siddheshwar reservoir, district of Maharashtra state. The analysis has been carried out during June 2009 to May 2010. Water of this dam is mostly useful for drinking, domestic, agricultural, aquaculture, and industrial purposes. The observed values were compared with standard permissible limit as prescribed by various organizations.

Keywords : Chemical analysis, Drinking water, Reservoir. ______

INTRODUCTION

Water is one of the abundantly available substances in nature. It is essential constituent of all animal and plants materials. It forms about 75% of earth crust [14]. All natural water contains dissolved ionic constituents based on numerous analyses of surface and ground waters from all over the country. It has been found that the bicarbonates, sulphates and chlorides of calcium, magnesium and sodium are major ionic species present in most waters. Some of the minor ions are Al, NH 4, PO 4, CO 3, Fe, Mn, F, SO 3, S, etc. Typically the major and minor ionic species present are derived from the contact of the water with various mineral deposits [5].

The sources of biocarbonates, sulphates and chlorides of calcium, magnesium and sodium found in natural waters are the desolution of lime stone, marble, chalk, calcite, dolomite, magnesite, dolomitic limestone, white salts (the baking soda), gypsum, alabaster, selenite, minerals containing calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate, potassium sulphate, potassium chloride,

498 Scholars research library Shaikh Parveen R et al Arch. Appl. Sci. Res., 2011, 3 (5):498-505 ______Magnesium sulphate, natural brines, and byproducts of chemical industries. Potassium, usually present in small amounts, is derived from soil minerals, decaying organic matter and from the ashes of burned plants and trees [12].

Study Area have been constructed on river Purna at Siddheshwar village in the of Maharashtra state. The river Purna, a tributary of rises in the hills of district and after a winding course of about 250 miles, it joins Godavari below Purna (railway junction). Siddheshwar dam serves as an important source of several benefits and facilities to the region of Hingoli, and Nanded districts. This has been selected for carrying out the present research work. It is situated at northern part of Marathwada region of Maharashtra.

Figure 1: Location of Siddheshwar dam near Hingoli.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Table 1: Following are methods used for chemical parameter analysis with its permissible limits.

Sr. No. Parameters Method of Determination Permissible Limit (mg/L) 1 Ca EDTA-Titrometric 75.0 2 Mg EDTA-Titrometric 30.0 3 Na Flame Photometer 30.0 4 K Flame Photometer - 5 Cl Argentometric 250 6 PO 4 Ammonium Molybdate (spectrophotometer) 5 7 SO 4 Barium chloride (spectrophotometer) 150

The present investigation work has been undertaken for the systematic analysis of few chemical parameters of this dam. The water samples were collected from two sampling sites and named S 1 and S 2. The sampling site S 1 is near the wall of reservoir and S 2 is near the pump house. The water sampling was carried out once in a month. Water containers were cleaned properly before use. The selected chemical parameters were estimated by the standard methods as given in 499 Scholars research library Shaikh Parveen R et al Arch. Appl. Sci. Res., 2011, 3 (5):498-505 ______APHA [1].

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results obtained from the analysis of water samples of Siddheshwar reservoir are systematically given in table 2. A comparison of the chemical characteristics of water samples has been made with drinking water quality standards as quoted in table 1.

Major Cations Vijayakumara et. al. (2005) observed calcium ranged from 8.60 – 94.10 mg/L 75.25 – 124 mg/L in surface and sub-surface water of Bhadra River respectively in June-December 2002. Mane et. al. (2010) obtained calcium values ranged between 22.82 – 69.87 mg /L from Yeoti Lake of Maharashtra during the study period of June 2009 – May 2010 .

Jawale and Patil (2009) analysed Mangrul dam water, during November 2006-October 2007. They observed magnesium maximum 30.19 mg/L in December and minimum 6.33 mg/L in October. Also found at site I maximum 27.27mg/L in December and lowest 7.3 mg/L in June at site II.

Helen et. al. (2011) observed magnesium content ranged from 12 to 187 mg/L during September 2009-March 2010 from coconut husk retting area near Parakkani river, Tamil Nadu. Sawant and Telave (2009) observed sodium concentration ranged from 7 to 30 mg/L, 43 to 82 mg/L, 54 to 92 mg/L and 9 to 25 mg/L from Mumewadi, Gijwane, Nool and Mahagaon reservoirs of Gadhinglaj Tahsil , Maharashtra respectively during the period of 2006-2007.

Mahadev et.al. (2010) observed sodium ranged from 7.2 mg/L to 28 mg/L from Cauvery river, Mysore, during October 2007 – November, 2008. Potassium levels started from 4.4mg/L in April and increased gradually each month until January up to 18 mg/L and 17 mg/L and then dropped back to 9.5 mg/L and 7.6 mg/L in March for selected Site 1 and Site 2 of Yarseli lake, respectively. The average potassium levels were 9 mg/L reported by Tepe et. al. (2005) during their study period April 2003 to April 2004.

Ameh and Akpah (2011) observed the potassium concentration minimum as 3.40 mg/L and maximum as 7.80 mg/L with an average 4.9657 mg/L from Pov Pov river, Kogi state, Nigeria in the year 2009. In the present study, calcium varies from 17.95 to 100.2 mg/L and 28.05 to 90.18 mg/L with an average 46.14 mg/L and 53.9 mg/L for S1 and S 2 respectively. In the winter season calcium ions were above the prescribed limit i.e.75 mg/L.Dilution during monsoon may explain low concentration of calcium. The important source of calcium is dissolution of small quantities of carbonate minerals. Calcium is very important element influencing the flora of ecosystem which plays potential role in metabolism and growth.

The concentration of the magnesium ions in the water samples are ranged from 0.244 to 43.92 mg/L and 0.976 to 31.72 mg/L for S 1 and S 2 respectively. All the values are below permissible limit except in the month of January may be due to post monsoon season. The more magnesium in water adversely affects the crop yields.

500 Scholars research library Shaikh Parveen R et al Arch. Appl. Sci. Res., 2011, 3 (5):498-505 ______The maximum concentration of Sodium in present study found as 22.6 and 21.9 mg/L for sampling site S 1 and S 2 respectively. The minimum sodium content was 18.3 mg/L for both the samples during monsoon season. The excess amount of sodium in drinking water is harmful to persons suffering from cardiac, renal and circulatory diseases. Also it is important in irrigation water because it reacts with soil to reduce its permeability.

Potassium (K) ranks seventh among the elements in the order of abundance. The concentration of potassium content was in the range of 8.5 to 9.2 mg/L and 7.9 to 9.0 mg/L for samples S 1 and S2 respectively. Potassium cations important in nervous system.

Major Anions Toshniwal et.al. (2005), found chloride value in between 12.1mg/L to 54.2mg/L which were less as compared with standard permitted by ISI i.e. 250mg/L from , Paithan (MS), India in the period of March-May 2005.

Yadav and Kumar, (2011), investigated chloride values ranged from 18 to 88mg/L from river Kosi in , . The maximum chloride content was due to addition of natural contaminants and pollutants. Dhanalakshmi et. al. (2008), studied water quality of Sulur pond at Coimbatore during October 2001 to September 2002. They found phosphate concentration ranged between 1.30 – 1.90 mg/L.

Shubhachandra et. al. (2006) analyzed water quality of Purna river, Maharashtra during July 2001 – June 2002. The observed phosphate values fluctuated between the range of 0.96 – 1.90 mg/L, 1.20-2.0 mg/L and 1.60-2.30 mg/L at upstream, midstream and downstream respectively . The highest phosphate content in summer season due to agricultural run-off and domestic sewage.

Narayana et. al. (2008) recorded sulphate content ranged from 32.98 – 78.5 mg/Lin Anjanpur reservoir during November 2005 to October 2006 seasonwise. Alaa and Werner (2010) obtained sulphate values ranged from 34.16 mg/L to 68.12 mg/L from six sites along the river Nile, Egypt during July 2009-June 2010.

In the present investigation, the concentration of the chloride in the water samples ranged from 30 to 48 mg/L and 32 to 60 mg/L for S 1 and S 2 respectively .All chloride values are below the permissible limits. The chloride ion concentration was maximum in the month of May at S 2 and minimum in December at S 1. Chloride concentration is also an indicator of pollution by sewage and industrial waste. It is harmless up to 1000 mg/L concentration but produces a salty taste above 250 mg/L and people who are not accustomed to high chlorides may be subjected to laxative effects. Also excess chloride contents cause high corrosiveness. . Phosphate ion concentration was in the range of 0.01 to 1.00 mg/L and 0.01 to 1.2 mg/L for S 1 and S 2 respectively as shown in table 2. In an average the phosphates ions concentration twice in sampling site 2 (0.485mg/L) as compared to site 1 (0.237 mg/L). This may be due to use of detergents for washing of cloths, infiltration of waste water from domestic, industrial sources and agriculture run off. The Phosphate values of the samples are varying in the study area indicating possible organic contamination. Phosphate will stimulate the growth of plankton and aquatic

501 Scholars research library Shaikh Parveen R et al Arch. Appl. Sci. Res., 2011, 3 (5):498-505 ______plants which provide food for fish. This may cause an increase in the fish population and improve the overall water quality. However, if an excess of phosphate enters the water; algae and aquatic plants will grow wildly, choke up the waterway and use up large amounts of oxygen. This condition is known as eutrophication.

Table 2: Variations in soluble ionic levels (mg/L) of Siddheshwar dam water during June

Sampling Months Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Na + K+ Cl - PO 2- SO 2- Site 4 4 S 20.00 2.00 21.9 9.0 37.00 0.05 14.1 June 1 S2 49.10 8.00 21.5 8.9 33.00 0.02 8.00 S 17.95 4.88 18.3 8.5 39.05 0.04 14.2 July 1 S2 45.13 11.85 18.5 8.6 35.5 0.01 8.00 S 26.45 6.83 20.3 8.7 40.00 0.30 14.6 August 1 S2 40.08 0.976 20.4 8.7 36.00 0.34 8.6 S 28.00 7.00 19.1 8.9 38.00 0.13 4.7 September 1 S2 42.00 6.10 19.8 8.6 33.00 0.05 8.9 S 100.2 19.52 21.4 8.9 30.53 0.28 2.2 October 1 S2 90.18 20.74 19.9 8.7 36.63 0.42 2.2 S 29.65 0.244 22.0 9.0 31.53 0.01 33.6 November 1 S2 28.05 2.44 19.0 8.0 33.01 0.77 79.2 S 76.15 18.3 21.2 8.8 30.00 0.01 12.6 December 1 S2 78.15 15.03 18.7 7.9 32.00 0.76 32.6 S 40.08 43.92 20.9 9.2 40.00 0.03 5.0 January 1 S2 40.08 31.72 18.3 8.8 44.00 0.42 9.6 S 28.05 8.05 22.0 8.9 40.00 0.03 8.6 February 1 S2 44.88 11.71 21.9 8.8 44.00 0.42 4.0 S 62.12 6.1 22.5 9.0 42.00 0.05 8.4 March 1 S2 60.12 8.54 21.8 9.0 46.00 0.43 4.0 S 62.12 6.1 22.6 9.1 47.92 0.93 8.6 April 1 S2 64.12 6.1 21.2 8.9 56.8 1.00 4.0 S 63.00 6.5 22.2 8.9 48.00 1.0 9.0 May 1 S2 65.00 6.6 20.8 8.6 60.00 1.2 5.0 S 46.14 10.78 21.2 9.63 38.16 0.237 11.85 Mean 1 S2 53.90 10.81 20.1 8.62 39.41 0.485 14.92

S1 17.95-100.2 0.244-43.92 18.3-22.6 8.5-9.2 30.00-48.00 0.01-1.00 2.2-33.6 Range S2 28.05-90.18 0.976-31.72 18.3-21.9 7.9-9.0 32.00-60.00 0.01-1.20 2.2-79.2 2009 to May 2010. All values expressed as mg/L.

In the present study concentration of sulphate ions varied from 2.2 to 33.6 and 2.2 to 79.2 mg/L for S 1 and S2 respectively. The higher concentration of sulphate ions was observed in the month of November at S 2, and lower concentration in the month of October in both the samples. All the values of sulphate are below the permissible limit. The consumption of drinking water containing greater than 500 mg/L amounts of sulphate may result in intestinal discomfort, diarrhea and consequently dehydration. Also it causes scaling problem in boilers.

502 Scholars research library Shaikh Parveen R et al Arch. Appl. Sci. Res., 2011, 3 (5):498-505 ______

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Concentration (m g/L) e t r r r l s ary ry rch pri Jun July ber be u a A May m tobe Ma Augu Oc cem Jan No vembe Febru Septe De Months

Calcium S1 Calcium S2 Magnesium S1 Magnesium S2 Chloride S1 Chloride S2

Figure 2: Monthly mean values of calcium, magnesium and chloride (mg/L) content of the Siddheshwar dam water during June 2009 to May 2010

25

20

15

10

5 Concentration (mg/L) Concentration 0 Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Months

Sodium S1 Sodium S2 Potassium S1 Potassium S2

Figure 3: Monthly mean of sodium and potassium (mg/L) content of Siddheshwar dam water during June 2009 to May 2010.

503 Scholars research library Shaikh Parveen R et al Arch. Appl. Sci. Res., 2011, 3 (5):498-505 ______

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Concentration (mg/L)

t r s ry y u rch June July April Ma ug Ma A October January Novembe Februa September December Months

Phosphate S1 Phosphate S2 Sulphate S1 Sulphate S2

Figure 4: Monthly mean values of phosphate and sulphate contents (mg/L) of Siddheshwar dam water during June 2009 to May 2010.

CONCLUSION

Water quality comparison of Siddheshwar reservoir in Hingoli reveals that although the situation is not worst but it has to be maintained. All the water characteristics are below the permissible limit except calcium in the winter season. The sampling site S 2 having more ion concentration as compared to S 1 due to interference of human being.

Acknowledgement We are grateful to the School of Earth Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded for providing laboratory and library facilities.

REFERENCES

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