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1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 UNIX Time-Sharing System UNIX Time-Sharing System UNIX Time-Sharing System UNICS First Edition (V1) Second Edition (V2) Third Edition (V3) september 1969 november 3, 1971 june 12, 1972 february 1973 Open Systems september 9, 2003 Éric Lévénez 1998-2003 <http://www.levenez.com/unix/> 1974 1975 1976 1977 Wollongong UNSW Mini Unix may 1977 LSX UNIX Time-Sharing System UNIX Time-Sharing System UNIX Time-Sharing System Fourth Edition (V4) Fifth Edition (V5) Sixth Edition (V6) november 1973 june 1974 may 1976 PWB/UNIX PWB 1.0 1974 july 1, 1977 USG 1.0 TS 1.0 1977 MERT 1974 RT 1.0 1977 1978 1979 1980 UNIX Time-Sharing System Seventh Edition Modified (V7M) december 1980 1BSD 2BSD 2.79BSD march 9, 1978 may 10, 1979 april 1980 3BSD 4.0BSD march 1980 october 1980 UCLA Secure Unix 1979 UNSW 01 UNSW 04 january 1978 november 1979 BRL Unix V4.1 july 1979 UNIX 32V V7appenda may 1979 february 12, 1980 UNIX Time-Sharing System Seventh Edition (V7) january 1979 PWB 2.0 PWB 1.2 1978 XENIX OS august 25, 1980 CB UNIX 1 CB CB UNIX 3 UNIX 2 USG 2.0 USG 3.0 TS 2.0 TS 3.0 TS 3.0.1 1978 1979 1980 Interactive IS/1 UCLA Locally Cooperating Unix Systems 1980 1981 1982 1983 V7M 2.1 Ultrix-11 october 1981 mt Xinu july 19, 1983 2.8BSD 2.8.1BSD 2.8.2BSD 2.9BSD 2.9.1BSD july 1981 january 1982 september 8, 1982 july 1983 november 1983 4.1BSD 4.1aBSD 4.1bBSD 4.1cBSD 4.2BSD june 1981 april 1982 august 1982 december 1982 september 1983 QUNIX QNX beta 1981 1983 SunOS 1.0 february 1982 UNSW 81 april 1981 Sinix XENIX 3.0 XENIX 2.3 april 1983 UNIX System III UNIX System IV UNIX System V november 1981 1982 january 1983 TS 4.0.1 TS 5.0 TS 5.2 1981 1982 1983 PC/IX IS/3 HP-UX UCLA Locus Locus 1981 1983 Venix Coherent june 1983 1984 1985 1986 Ultrix-11 v3.0 Ultrix-11 v3.1 1986 1986 Ultrix 32M 1.0 Ultrix 32M 1.2 1984 1985 mt Xinu mt Xinu (4.2BSD) (4.3BSD) 2.9BSD-Seismo august 1985 MIPS OS 4.3BSD june 1986 QNX 1.0 1984 SunOS 1.1 SunOS 1.2 SunOS 2.0 SunOS 3.0 SunOS 3.2 april 1984 january 1985 may 15, 1985 february 17, september 1986 1986 BRL Unix BRL Unix (4.2BSD) (4.3BSD) 1985 1986 Mach 1985 Mach 2.0 UNIX Time-Sharing System UNIX Time-Sharing System Eighth Edition (V8) Ninth Edition (V9) february 1985 september 1986 SCO XENIX 3.0 SCO XENIX february 1984 System V/286 1985 GNU (Trix) 1986 UNIX System Plan 9 V/286 UNIX System UNIX System V 1985 V/386 rel 3.0 Release 2 UNIX System V april 1984 Release 3.0 1986 Dynix 1984 Chorus 1986 Unicos Unicos 1.0 Unicos 2.0 1984 april 3, 1986 Xinu december 19, 1986 1984 Interactive 386/ix IS/5 1985 HP-UX 1.0 1986 IBM IX/370 1985 Locus 1985 Venix 2.0 Venix 1.0 Venix/286 1985 1986 Minix AIX/RT 2 1986 A/UX 1987 1988 1989 Ultrix 4.2 Acorn RISC iX 1989 Ultrix 32M 2.0 BSD Net/1 1987 november 1988 more/BSD mt Xinu december 1988 mach386 2.10BSD 2.10.1BSD april 1987 january 1989 MIPS OS 4.3BSD Tahoe june 1988 HPBSD 1987 HPBSD 1.0 april 1988 QNX 2.0 QNX 2.21 IBM AOS 1988 SunOS 3.5 SunOS 4.0 SunOS 4.0.3 1988 1989 may 1989 NeXTSTEP 0.8 NeXTSTEP 1.0 october 12, 1988 september 18, 1989 Mach 2.5 1988 UNIX Time-Sharing System Tenth Edition (V10) Sinix 2.0 Sinix 2.1 october 1989 1987 1988 IRIX SCO XENIX System V/386 SCO XENIX System V/386 SCO UNIX System V/386 october 1987 release 2.3.4 release 3 june 1989 1989 UNIX System V/386 UNIX System V/386 Release 3.2 UNIX System V Release 4 UNIX System V Release 4 Release 3.2 1988 1987 Atari Unix 1989 Chorus/MiX V3.2 1988 Unicos 3.0 Unicos 4.0 Unicos 5.0 september 25, 1987 Xinu 7 july 15, 1988 may 15, 1989 march 1988 CTIX/386 CTIX 3.0 CTIX 3.2 CTIX 4.0 UNIX Interactive 4.1 1988 HP-UX 1.2 HP-UX 2.0 HP-UX 3.0 HP-UX 7.0 1987 1988 1988 1989 AIX PS/2 1.1 march 31, 1989 Venix 3.2 Venix 3.2.3 Minix 1.0 1987 AIX/RT 2.2.1 AIX/6000 v3 AIX/RT 2.1.2 1987 1989 A/UX 1.0 february 1988 1990 1991 BSD/386 0.3.2 1992 (BSDI) BSD/OS 1.0 february 28, 1992 (BSDI) Ultrix 4.2A Ultrix 4.3 RISC iX 1.21 BSD Net/2 1991 (4.3BSD Lite) june 1991 mt Xinu mach 2.6 386 BSD 0.0 386 BSD 0.1 february 1992 july 14, 1992 2.11BSD february 1992 AMIX 2.1 4.3BSD Reno 4.4BSD alpha june 1990 june 1992 QNX 4.0 1990 AOS Reno 1992 SunOS 4.1.1 SunOS 4.1.2 SunOS 4.1.3 SunOS 4.1 (Solaris 1) (Solaris 1.0.1) (Solaris 1.1a) march 1990 november 1990 december 1991 august 1992 Solaris 2.0 (sparc) Solaris 2.1 (SunOS 5.0) (SunOS 5.1) july 1992 december 1992 NeXTSTEP 2.0 NeXTSTEP 2.1 NeXTSTEP 3.0 sept. 18, 1990 september 1992 march 25, 1991 Solaris 2.0 (x86) end 1992 Mach 2.6 Mach 3 OSF/1 OSF/1 1990 Sinix 5.20 1992 Sinix 5.40 1990 1992 IRIX 4.0.5 1990 Trusted XENIX 2.0 Trusted XENIX 3.0 january 9, 1991 GNU april 8, 1992 (GNU/Hurd) Plan 9 may 7, 1991 1990 AMiX 2.2 UnixWare 1 AMiX 1.1 (Amiga Unix SVR4) Unix System V 1990 Release 4.2 ASV (dev release) november 2, 1992 ASV (final release) 1991 august 1992 Chorus/MiX SVR4 1991 Unicos 6.0 Unicos 7.0 february 14, 1991 october 29, 1992 Xinu Unix System V Release 4.1ES UNIX december 1992 Interactive 4.1 HP-UX 7.08 HP-UX 8.0 HP-UX 8.07 HP-UX 9.0 1990 1991 1991 1992 Linux 0.01 Linux 0.02 Linux 0.12 Linux 0.95 AIX PS/2 AIX PS/2 & AIX/370 august 1, 1991 october 5, 1991 january 16, 1992 march 8, 1992 AIX/370 1.2.1 1.2 february 22, 1991 AIX PS/2 1.3 march 30, 1990 october 2, 1992 Venix 3.2.4 Minix 1.5 AIX/ESA 1 AIX/ESA 2.1 december 1992 1991 1992 AIX 3.1 AIX 3.2 1990 1990 Coherent 4.0 Coherent 3.0 may 1992 A/UX 2.0 A/UX 3.0 june 1990 april 16, 1992 1993 BSD/OS 1.1 1994 BSD/OS 2.0 (BSDI) (BSDI) february 14, 1994 Ultrix 4.3A Ultrix 4.4 NetBSD 0.8 NetBSD 0.9 NetBSD 1.0 april 20, 1993 august 23, 1993 october 26, 1994 FreeBSD 1.0 FreeBSD 1.1 FreeBSD 1.1.5.1 december 1993 may 1994 july 1994 386 BSD 1.0 12 november 1994 2.11BSD 2.11BSD patch 100 patch 200 january 1993 december 1994 4.4BSD Lite 1 march 1, 1994 4.4BSD 4.4BSD Encumbered june 1, 1993 ArchBSD june 1993 november 1994 HPBSD 2.0 HPBSD april 1993 QNX 4.1 1994 SunOS 4.1.3_U1 SunOS 4.1.3_U1b SunOS 4.1.4 Lites (Solaris 1.1.1) (Solaris 1.1.1B) (Solaris 1.1.2) december 1993 february 1994 september 1994 Solaris 2.2 (sparc) Solaris 2.3 (sparc) Solaris 2.4 (SunOS 5.2) (SunOS 5.3) (SunOS 5.4) may 1993 november 1993 december 1994 NeXTSTEP 3.1 NeXTSTEP 3.2 may 25, 1993 october 1993 Solaris 2.1 (x86) Mach 4 UK02 july 20, 1994 OSF/1.3 june 1994 Sinix 5.41 Sinix 5.42 1993 IRIX 5.3 IRIX 6.0 1993 1994 SCO UNIX 3.2.4 (Open Desktop) Trusted XENIX 4.0 Unicos-max 1.0 1994 Unicos-max 1.1 Unicos-max 1.2 september 17, 1993 november 15, 1993 june 10, 1994 november 30, 1994 UnixWare 1.1 UnixWare 1.1.1 Unix SVR4.2 Unix System V Release 4.2 may 18, 1993 1994 Dynix/ptx 2.0.4 1993 Chorus/MiX SVR4 Unicos 8.0 march 11, 1994 Xinu UNIX Interactive 4.1a june 1994 HP-UX 9.02 HP-UX 9.03 HP-UX 9.04 HP-UX 9.05 1993 1993 november 1993 1994 HP-UX BLS 8.04 HP-UX BLS 9.09+ september 21, 1993 december 1, 1994 Linux 0.99.11 Linux 0.99.15j Linux 1.0 Linux 1.0.6 Linux 1.0.9 july 18, 1993 march 2, 1994 march 14, 1994 april 3, 1994 april 17, 1994 Linux 1.1.0 Linux 1.1.52 april 6, 1994 october 6, 1994 Venix 4.2 AIX/ESA 2.2 1994 AIX 3.2.4 AIX 4.0 AIX 4.1 AIX 4.2.5 Coherent 4.2 july 1993 1993 july 1994 1994 may 1993 A/UX 3.0.1 A/UX 3.0.2 A/UX 3.01 1995 BSD/OS 2.0.1 BSD/OS 2.1 1996 (BSDI) (BSDI) august 1995 february 13, 1996 Ultrix 4.5 november 1995 NetBSD 1.1 NetBSD 1.2 november 26, 1995 october 4, 1996 FreeBSD FreeBSD FreeBSD 2.0 2.0.5 2.1 november 22, 1994 june 10, 1995 november 19, 1995 FreeBSD 2.1.5 FreeBSD 2.1.6 2.11BSD july 14, 1996 november 16, 1996 patch 300 february 1996 4.4BSD Lite 2 june 1995 OpenBSD OpenBSD 2.0 october 1995 october 1996 QNX/Neutrino 1.0 1996 QNX 4.2 QNX 4.22 QNX 4.24 AOS Lite 1995 Lites 1.0 Lites 1.1 Lites 1.1u3 february 28, 1995 march 24, 1995 march 30, 1996 Solaris 2.5 Solaris 2.5.1 (SunOS 5.5) (SunOS 5.5.1) november 1995 may 1996 NeXTSTEP 3.3 OPENSTEP 4.0 OPENSTEP 4.1 february 1995 july 22, 1996 december 1996 Mach 4 Mach 4 UK02p21 UK22 november 3, 1995 march 29, 1996 Digital Unix Digital Unix 4.0 Digital Unix Digital Unix (DEC OSF/1 AXP) (DEC OSF/1 V4) 4.0A 4.0B march 1995 Sinix ReliantUnix 5.43 may 1996 september 1996 december 1996 1995 IRIX 6.2 IRIX 6.3 Trusted IRIX/B january 1996 october 1996 4.0.5 EPL february 6, 1995 OpenServer 5.0 OpenServer 5.0.2 may 9, 1995 june 1996 Unicos-max 1.3 november 15, 1995 GNU 0.1 (GNU/Hurd) september 6, 1996 Plan 9 r2 july 1995 UnixWare 2.0 Unix System V Release 4.2MP UnixWare 2.1 UnixWare 2.1.2 january 1995 february 13, 1996 october 1996 Dynix/ptx 4.4 1996 Unicos 9.0 Unicos 9.1 september 21, 1995 march 15, 1996 Trusted Unicos 8.0 Unicos/mk 1.2.5 Unicos/mk 1.3 march 9, 1995 november 11, 1996 december 9, 1996 HP-UX 10.0 HP-UX 10.01 HP-UX 10.10 HP-UX 10.20 february 9, 1995 july 1995 february 1996 september 4, 1996 Mk Linux Mk Linux DR2 1996 december 1996 Linux 1.2 Linux 1.2.13 Linux 2.0 Linux 2.0.21 march 7, 1995 august 2, 1995 june 9, 1996 september 20, 1996 Linux 1.1.95 Linux 1.3 Linux 1.3.100 Linux 2.1 march 2, 1995 june 12, 1995 may 10, 1996 september 30, 1996 Minix 1.7.2 march 1996 Coherent 4.2.10 1995 A/UX 3.1.1 1995 BSD/OS 3.0 1997 BSD/OS 3.1 BSD/OS 4.0 1998 (BSDI) (BSDI) (BSDI) february 26, 1997 december 10, 1997 august 17, 1998 NetBSD NetBSD NetBSD 1.2.1 NetBSD 1.3.3 may 20, 1997 1.3.1 1.3.2 march 9, may 29, december 23, 1998 NetBSD 1.3 1998 1998 january 4, 1998 FreeBSD 2.2 FreeBSD 3.0 march 16, 1997 october 16, 1998 FreeBSD 2.1.7 FreeBSD 2.2.1 FreeBSD 2.2.7 FreeBSD 2.2.8 february 20, 1997 FreeBSD 2.2.5 march 25, 1997 october 22, 1997 july 22, 1998 november 29, 1998 2.11BSD 2.11BSD patch 366 patch 400 february 1997 january 1998 4.4BSD Lite 2 OpenBSD 2.1 OpenBSD 2.2 OpenBSD 2.3 OpenBSD 2.4 june 1, 1997 december 1, 1997 may 19, 1998 december
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    LogCA: A High-Level Performance Model for Hardware Accelerators Muhammad Shoaib Bin Altaf ∗ David A. Wood AMD Research Computer Sciences Department Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. University of Wisconsin-Madison [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT 10 With the end of Dennard scaling, architects have increasingly turned Unaccelerated Accelerated 1 to special-purpose hardware accelerators to improve the performance and energy efficiency for some applications. Unfortunately, accel- 0.1 erators don’t always live up to their expectations and may under- perform in some situations. Understanding the factors which effect Time (ms) 0.01 Break-even point the performance of an accelerator is crucial for both architects and 0.001 programmers early in the design stage. Detailed models can be 16 64 highly accurate, but often require low-level details which are not 256 1K 4K 16K 64K available until late in the design cycle. In contrast, simple analytical Offloaded Data (Bytes) models can provide useful insights by abstracting away low-level system details. (a) Execution time on UltraSPARC T2. In this paper, we propose LogCA—a high-level performance 100 model for hardware accelerators. LogCA helps both programmers SPARC T4 UltraSPARC T2 GPU and architects identify performance bounds and design bottlenecks 10 early in the design cycle, and provide insight into which optimiza- tions may alleviate these bottlenecks. We validate our model across Speedup 1 Break-even point a variety of kernels, ranging from sub-linear to super-linear com- plexities on both on-chip and off-chip accelerators. We also describe the utility of LogCA using two retrospective case studies.
  • Kratka Povijest Unixa Od Unicsa Do Freebsda I Linuxa

    Kratka Povijest Unixa Od Unicsa Do Freebsda I Linuxa

    Kratka povijest UNIXa Od UNICSa do FreeBSDa i Linuxa 1 Autor: Hrvoje Horvat Naslov: Kratka povijest UNIXa - Od UNICSa do FreeBSDa i Linuxa Licenca i prava korištenja: Svi imaju pravo koristiti, mijenjati, kopirati i štampati (printati) knjigu, prema pravilima GNU GPL licence. Mjesto i godina izdavanja: Osijek, 2017 ISBN: 978-953-59438-0-8 (PDF-online) URL publikacije (PDF): https://www.opensource-osijek.org/knjige/Kratka povijest UNIXa - Od UNICSa do FreeBSDa i Linuxa.pdf ISBN: 978-953- 59438-1- 5 (HTML-online) DokuWiki URL (HTML): https://www.opensource-osijek.org/dokuwiki/wiki:knjige:kratka-povijest- unixa Verzija publikacije : 1.0 Nakalada : Vlastita naklada Uz pravo svakoga na vlastito štampanje (printanje), prema pravilima GNU GPL licence. Ova knjiga je napisana unutar inicijative Open Source Osijek: https://www.opensource-osijek.org Inicijativa Open Source Osijek je član udruge Osijek Software City: http://softwarecity.hr/ UNIX je registrirano i zaštićeno ime od strane tvrtke X/Open (Open Group). FreeBSD i FreeBSD logo su registrirani i zaštićeni od strane FreeBSD Foundation. Imena i logo : Apple, Mac, Macintosh, iOS i Mac OS su registrirani i zaštićeni od strane tvrtke Apple Computer. Ime i logo IBM i AIX su registrirani i zaštićeni od strane tvrtke International Business Machines Corporation. IEEE, POSIX i 802 registrirani i zaštićeni od strane instituta Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Ime Linux je registrirano i zaštićeno od strane Linusa Torvaldsa u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama. Ime i logo : Sun, Sun Microsystems, SunOS, Solaris i Java su registrirani i zaštićeni od strane tvrtke Sun Microsystems, sada u vlasništvu tvrtke Oracle. Ime i logo Oracle su u vlasništvu tvrtke Oracle.
  • Jordan Hubbard Apple Computer, Inc. Oh Really?

    Jordan Hubbard Apple Computer, Inc. Oh Really?

    *BSD is dying - Anonymous Coward, Slashdot ©1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Jordan Hubbard Apple Computer, Inc. Oh really? Let’s look at some stats... FreeBSD Users: 2.5 Million Server Installations (Netcraft) 2,500,000 1,875,000 1,250,000 625,000 0 1993 1997 2001 2003 2004 12 Mac OS X Users: 9 6 3 0 12 Million Jul '01 Oct '01 Jan '02 Apr '02 Jul '02 Oct '02 Jan '03 Apr '03 Jun '03 Oct '03 Oct '04 Applications: FreeBSD ports 12,000 9,000 6,000 10,796 9,662 3,000 6,077 2,723 1,161 0 209 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2004 Applications: 12,000 Mac OS X Native 12,000 9,000 6,000 3,000 0 Apr '01 Jul '01 Oct '01 Jan '02 Apr '02 Jul '02 Oct '02 Jan '03 Apr '03 Jun '03 Oct '03 Oct '04 Since the arrival of Mac OS X, BSD has become the biggest desktop UNIX variant on the planet. Yes, even bigger than Linux Take that, Anonymous Coward! Selective overview of Mac OS X Mac OS X Architecture Applications User Interface Application Frameworks Graphics and Media System Services OS Foundation Apple Confidential OS Foundation Usermode BSD Commands and Usermode User FileSystem Libraries Drivers Kernel BSD Kernel IOKit Driver FileSystem Network Families Process Management Drivers Mach Kernel VM Scheduling IPC Open Source “Darwin” base OS Foundation Usermode BSD Commands and Usermode User FileSystem Libraries Drivers Kernel BSD Kernel IOKit Driver FileSystem Network Families Process Management Drivers Mach Kernel VM Scheduling IPC BSD Kernel • FreeBSD 5.1 based (networking, vfs, filesystems, etc) • Unified Buffer Cache (different