Innovasjon Og Tradisjon I Bluegrass

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Innovasjon Og Tradisjon I Bluegrass Innovasjon og tradisjon i bluegrass En nyskapende sjanger i en tradisjonstro kultur Eirik Jacobsen Masteroppgave ved Institutt for musikkvitenskap UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Vår 2017 Innovasjon og tradisjon i bluegrass En nyskapende sjanger i en tradisjonstro kultur Eirik Jacobsen Masteroppgave ved Institutt for musikkvitenskap UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Våren 2017 i Copyright: Eirik Jacobsen 2017 Innovasjon og tradisjon i bluegrass: En nyskapende sjanger i en tradisjonstro kultur Eirik Jacobsen http://www.duo.uio.no ii iii iv Forord Som gitarist med en lengre bakgrunn i sjangre som rock og jazz har en stigende interesse for country kommet gradvis med årene. Da jeg kjøpte min første banjo i en alder av 20 år fant jeg gjennom dette instrumentet også fort frem til bluegrass-sjangeren, og siden den gang har denne musikken i stor grad preget min musikalske retning. Arbeidet med denne oppgaven har krevd mye tid og innsatsvilje, men det har fremfor alt vært veldig inspirerende å kunne fordype seg enda mer i tematikken rundt denne musikksjangeren. Jeg vil gi en stor takk til Ragnhild Brøvig-Hanssen for kjempegod veiledning gjennom lærerike og opplysende samtaler, gode referanser og konstruktive tilbakemeldinger. Takk til Henrik Østgaard for korrekturlesing, og for mange interessante samtaler over en kaffekopp på Blindern. Takk til venner og familie for god støtte gjennom arbeidstiden med denne oppgaven, og for å ha måttet gjennomgå flere samtaler om både autentisitet, sjanger og bluegrass enn dere er vant til å måtte gjennomgå. Ikke minst, takk til Håvard Haugland og Ole Kristian Bekkevold for å være veldig gode samboere å ha under en tidkrevende prosess. Oslo, april 2017 Eirik Jacobsen v vi Innholdsfortegnelse Forord........................................................................................................................................v KAPITTEL 1: INTRODUKSJON..........................................................................................1 Problemstilling, avgrensning og relevans.................................................................................2 Metode og teori.........................................................................................................................4 Begrepsavklaring......................................................................................................................7 Oppgavens struktur...................................................................................................................9 KAPITTEL 2: REELT OG IMAGINÆRT – ASPEKTENE RUNDT TRADISJON......11 Autentisitetsbegrepet og diskursen rundt dette.......................................................................12 Forholdet mellom autentisitet og tradisjon, og tilfellet med folk-musikk..............................17 Forholdet mellom autentisitet og innovasjon, og tilfellet med jazz........................................22 Reelt og imaginært - Autentisitetsaspektenes kompleksitet...................................................23 Konklusjon..............................................................................................................................25 KAPITTEL 3: BLUEGRASS, TRADISJON OG KONSTRUKSJONEN AV AUTENTISITET.....................................................................................................................28 Tradisjon og kulturell identitet................................................................................................29 Barn Dance, nostalgi og amerikansk identitet........................................................................30 Bluegrass-musikkens røtter – instrumentering og stiltrekk....................................................33 Musikalske tradisjonstrekk i bluegrass...................................................................................36 Bluegrass i kontekst av sosiale, politiske og populærkulturelle forhold.................................38 Bluegrass og konstruksjonen av autentisitet...........................................................................41 Konklusjon..............................................................................................................................44 KAPITTEL 4: INNOVASJON I TRADISJONENS NAVN...............................................46 Innovasjon...............................................................................................................................47 Bluegrass som innoverende musikk........................................................................................49 Teknologisk innovasjon og autentisitet..................................................................................53 Progressiv bluegrass og autentisitet........................................................................................57 Konklusjon..............................................................................................................................60 vii KAPITTEL 5: FORSTÅELSER AV SJANGERBEGREPET...........................................61 Fabbris fem regler...................................................................................................................62 Den “dynamiske” sjangeren....................................................................................................65 Industri innen kultur vs. kultur innen industri........................................................................71 Bluegrass og problematikken rundt sjangerkategorisering.....................................................75 En gjennomgang av “Don’t Need No” i lys av en dynamisk sjangerforståelse......................76 Konklusjon..............................................................................................................................79 KAPITTEL 6: EN NYSKAPENDE SJANGER I EN TRADISJONSTRO KULTUR.....81 Innovasjon som tradisjon........................................................................................................82 Innovasjon som innovasjon.....................................................................................................83 Forståelsen av sjangeren bluegrass.........................................................................................84 Sjanger og bluegrass i fremtiden.............................................................................................87 LITTERATUR........................................................................................................................89 viii Kapittel 1 Introduksjon People would say things like, ‘cool so it’s bluegrass rock! Some kind of bluegrass/classical music monster!’ But that seems to be changing. Now people are starting to talk about the music in more liquid terms. I think that we’ll see the concept of ‘genre’ continue to die a slow and painful death. - Chris Thile, intervjuet av T. Cole Rachel for Interview Magazine, mars 2011 Da bandet Bill Monroe and His Blue Grass Boys på 1940-tallet presenterte musikken som vi i dag kjenner som bluegrass for første gang, var dette forstått som en representasjon av amerikansk folkelig tradisjonsmusikk,1 men i en form som ingen hadde hørt tidligere. Med bakgrunn i såkalt “old-time string band music”2 var bluegrass “reconceived as a hyperenergized, virtuosic style” (Neal 2013: 95), og bar på mange måter videre gamle tradisjoner, men på en unik og original måte. At bluegrass er innovativ musikk er ett aspekt ved denne musikken. Et annet aspekt er musikkens tradisjonelle side – det som er interessant med dette aspektet er ikke bare at musikken blir oppfattet som tradisjonell, men at den av mange blir ansett som den originale og autentiske countrymusikken (Cantwell 2003: 73). Bluegrass ble ikke bare legitimert som tradisjonell musikk av det rurale publikummet som allerede hadde kjennskap til musikkulturen som bluegrass skulle representere, men også hos et bredere “utenforstående” publikum ble bluegrass et symbol på amerikanske tradisjoner og fortid (Ibid: 76). I dag finnes det mange artister og band som har innovert denne musikktradisjonen i en rekke nye og mer progressive retninger, men disse nyskapende retningene ser ut til å skape debatt om hvorvidt denne musikken kan forstås som bluegrass eller ikke. Et band som har blitt debattert i forbindelse med dette temaet er det amerikanske bandet Punch Brothers. Sitatet innledningsvis i dette kapittelet ble uttalt av frontfigur i Punch Brothers, Chris Thile, i etterkant av utgivelsen av deres album “Antifogmatic” i 2010. Punch Brothers, som i utgangspunktet var blitt forstått som et bluegrass-band, ble etter dette 1 Amerikansk “tradisjonsmusikk” kan være et utydelig og lite presist begrep. Jeg vil komme tilbake til en nærmere begrepsavklaring senere (se side 8). 2 “String bands” refererer til en viss type musikkensembler som var vanlige i den sørøstlige delen av USA, særlig i fjellområdet kalt Appalachia (se side 8), og var ofte bestående av gitar, mandolin, banjo og fele (Neal 2013: 127). Introduksjon albumets mer innoverende tilnærming til bluegrass-musikken kritisert av mange bluegrass- entusiaster for nå å ha tatt avskjed med bluegrass-sjangeren (Stacks 2014: 8). Denne debatten gjør meg interessert i å undersøke hvordan bluegrass blir forstått som en musikalsk sjanger. At bluegrass har blitt forstått som den originale og autentiske countrymusikken kan vise at det ligger en sterk ideologi tilknyttet denne musikken – en ideologi som forstår bluegrass som tradisjonell musikk. Med en slik ideologi som grunnlag kan man da spørre seg hvorvidt en videre utvikling av denne musikken kan bli forstått innenfor rammene
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