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Black Print with a White Carnation Amy Helene Forss University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln University of Nebraska Press -- Sample Books and University of Nebraska Press Chapters 2014 Black Print with a White Carnation Amy Helene Forss Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/unpresssamples Forss, Amy Helene, "Black Print with a White Carnation" (2014). University of Nebraska Press -- Sample Books and Chapters. 242. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/unpresssamples/242 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Nebraska Press at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Nebraska Press -- Sample Books and Chapters by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. BLACK PRINT WITH A WHITE CARNATION Buy the Book WOMEN IN THE WEST SERIES EDITORS Sarah J. Deutsch Duke University Margaret D. Jacobs University of Nebraska, Lincoln Charlene L. Porsild University of New Mexico Vicki L. Ruiz University of California, Irvine Elliott West University of Arkansas Buy the Book Black Print with a White Carnation MILDRED BROWN AND THE OMAHA STAR NEWSPAPER, 1938–1989 Amy Helene Forss UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA PRESS LINCOLN AND LONDON Buy the Book © 2013 by the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska. Chapter 5 was previously published as “Mildred Brown and the De Porres Club: Collective Activism in Omaha, Nebraska’s Near North Side, 1947– 1960” in Nebraska History 91, nos. 3 and 4 (Fall/Winter 2010): 190– 205. Used with permission. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Forss, Amy Helene. Black print with a white carnation: Mildred Brown and the Omaha star newspaper, 1938– 1989 / Amy Helene Forss. pages cm— (Women in the West) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978- 0- 8032- 4690- 4 (pbk.: alk. paper)— isbn 978- 0- 8032- 4955- 4 (epub)— isbn 978- 0- 8032- 4956- 1 (mobi)— isbn 978- 0- 8032- 4954- 7 (pdf ) 1. Brown, Mildred Dee, 1905– 1989. 2. African American women newspaper editors— Nebraska— Omaha— Biography. 3. Newspaper editors— Nebraska— Omaha— Biography. 4. African Ameri- can newspapers— Nebraska— Omaha. 5. Omaha star. I. Title. pn4874.b7815f67 2013 070.92— dc23 [B] 2013024669 Set in Garamond Premier Pro by Hannah Gokie. Designed by A. Shahan. Buy the Book I wish to dedicate this book to family: Reba Shelton, Mildred Brown’s ninety-eight- year- old “country cousin” who othermothered me as a granddaughter, and to my husband, Dave, and my daughters, Leigh, Kim, Megan, and Samantha. Their willingness to listen to me talk endlessly about Mildred Brown and their continuous supply of positive energy made this project a reality. Vi amo. Buy the Book Buy the Book Contents List of Illustrations viii List of Tables viii Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 PART 1. Laying the Foundation 1. A Family of Fighters 21 2. Involving the Community 43 3. Politics of Respectability 59 PART 2. Ensuring Her Success 4. Working within Her Space 83 5. Collective Activism and the De Porres Club 101 6. Restricted Housing and ’Rithmetic 123 PART 3. Transferring Ownership to the Community 7. Changing Strategies for Changing Times 143 8. The Death of an Icon 165 Notes 179 Bibliography 211 Index 233 Buy the Book Illustrations Following page 114 1. Mildred Brown in front of the Omaha Star building 2. Mayor Mike Boyle presenting plaque to Mildred Brown 3. Somerville Courthouse, Somerville, Alabama 4. Louisville and Nashville Railroad Company train station 5. Miles Memorial College, Fairfield, Alabama 6. Malone ame Church, Sioux City, Iowa 7. Downtown Omaha, Nebraska, circa 1900 8. Lynching death of Will Brown 9. Intersection of Twenty- Fourth and Lake Streets 10. Omaha Star newspaper carriers 11. Mildred Brown’s business card 12. Mildred Brown in her Omaha Star home 13. Mildred Brown in her Omaha Star office 14. Father Markoe and Mildred Brown 15. Jewell Building, northern Omaha 16. President Lyndon Baines Johnson and Mildred Brown 17. The Near North Side neighborhood burning 18. Littleton Alston’s bust of Mildred Brown 19. Mildred Brown standing between images of her mother and father Tables 1. Nonwhite- white segregation indices by year 160 Buy the Book Preface Over the past two centuries several dozen black women have improved the newspaper business, but very few of their accomplishments reside in monographs. This book is a step toward rectifying their over- looked situation. It examines the historic life of Mildred Dee Brown, cofounder, owner, publisher, and editor of the Omaha Star newspaper, while telling the story of her times. Through the use of more than 150 oral histories, black weeklies and a few dailies, and documents from city, state, and federal levels of government, this book builds on and contributes to previous studies of African American and women’s his- tory. Brown’s strong family background; deliberate involvement with the black community in Omaha, Nebraska; usage of the politics of respectability; knowledge through practical application and formal education; community collective activism; racial solidarity; and ability to change strategies ensured her status and her newspaper’s longevity in the city’s black enclave. During Brown’s fifty- one- year tenure with the Omaha Star, she successfully challenged racial discrimination, unfair employment practices, restrictive housing covenants, the segregated public school system, and a freeway dividing the minority neighbor- hood. The Near North Side’s matriarch, with her trademark white car- nation corsage, was an iconic leader, and her legacy, the Omaha Star, continues as a source of racial uplift for Omaha’s black community. ix Buy the Book Buy the Book Acknowledgments The adage it takes a village to raise a child is also true for a book. I started with Mildred Brown: I visited her grave, formally introduced myself, and asked for her permission to do this project. Then I con- tacted her relatives, who were scattered throughout the United States. They extended courtesies to me far surpassing Mildred’s southern hos- pitality roots. I cannot say thank you enough to her great- nephews Andrew Battiste and William Brown; her nephew Bennie Drew Brown Jr.; her cousins David Winton, Druella Borders, and William Taylor Breeding for their mental and physical guided tours; her ex- husband’s son, Shirl Edward Gilbert II, and daughter, Rosalyn Gilbert; her othermothered son, Marvin Kellogg Sr.; and grandsons, Marvin Kellogg Jr., Dale Kellogg, and Kenneth Kellogg; sister- in- laws Cath- erine Phillips and Harriet Hannah; and nieces Kathryn Battiste and Marguerita Washington. Their familial stories and reminiscences of Mildred gave me a fairly good idea of her. But Mildred, also known as Miss Brown and to a special few as Millie, was a complicated woman. It took more than 150 interviews to reconstruct her. Many of the interviewees were in their seventies, eighties, and nineties, but they graciously spoke with me for hours at a time and shared their memories, photographs, diaries, and, of course, Omaha Star newspaper clippings. The North Omaha coopera- tion was substantial, and I need to thank several people individually, such as Rudy Smith, Matt Holland, Robert Armstrong, Archie God- frey, Buddy Hogan, David Mason, Warren Taylor, Tommie Wilson, Mary Green Parks, La Veeda Banks, and Cathy Hughes, for consent- ing to multiple interviews; to give a heartfelt hug to Bertha Calloway, xi Buy the Book Robert Samuels, Gwen Foxall, Royce Keller, Shirley Harrison, Kath- erine Fletcher, Bob Rodgers, and Korea Stowdarski for inviting me into their homes and lives; to acknowledge the factual and spiritual guidance from Reverends Reynolds, Vavrina, McSwain, McCaslin, McCullough, and Menyweather- Woods; and to offer an upward post- humous thanks to retired attorney Truman Clare for unraveling pages of Douglas County Courthouse legal jargon with me. I could not have accomplished this book without each named person and the trust and assistance of many others, such as academic mentors Drs. Margaret Jacobs and Harl Dalstrom; archivists John Allison, Joellen ElBashir, Gary Rosenberg, Gordon Rieber, and Les Valentine; Metropolitan Community College’s Randy Schmailzl, Jane Franklin, Dennis Smith, Edie Sample, Jim Van Arsdall, Art Durand, Mary Lyons- Carmona, and Linda Milton; and University of Nebraska Press history acquisi- tions editor Bridget Barry for believing in my project, associate project editor Sara Springsteen for supervising it, and eagle- eyed copyeditor Susan Silver for making it a joy all over again. The community village was filled with numerous industrial and supportive residents. xii Acknowledgments Buy the Book BLACK PRINT WITH A WHITE CARNATION Buy the Book Buy the Book Introduction On June 1, 1984, Mildred Brown slowly walked onto the stage dais of the Red Lion Inn, the finest downtown hotel in Omaha, Nebraska. She looked out at the multitude of white and black citizens facing her and said, “Am I dreaming?” Standing at the podium, serenaded by the sounds of the famous Preston Love Sr. Band, she looked radi- ant in her scarlet red gown and shimmering silver sequined evening jacket. Her trademark oversized white carnation corsage decorated her left shoulder. Brown, the cofounder, owner, publisher, and editor of the Omaha Star black newspaper, was the honored guest of 470 residents of the city of Omaha, most of whom were from northern Omaha, better known as the Near North Side. Harold Andersen, the white editor of the mainstream Omaha World- Herald newspaper, and Ben Gray, a local black television talk show host, served as the dinner’s emcees. The men introduced each other to the interracial crowd. Gray incorrectly introduced Harold Andersen as Harold Washington, who at that time was Chicago’s current and first black mayor. Andersen covered Gray’s faux pas with a clever quip. He asked the television reporter if he wanted to meet his wife, Marian Andersen, as in Mar- ian Anderson, the black operatic singer.
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