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To the Memory of Alexander Fuks (1917– 1978), Beloved Teacher of Some of the Participants, Source of Inspiration to Others

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To the Memory of Alexander Fuks (1917– 1978), Beloved Teacher of Some of the Participants, Source of Inspiration to Others TO THE MEMORY OF Alexander Fuks Herman-Text.indd 5 21.04.11 08:43 Herman-Text.indd 6 21.04.11 08:43 CONTENTS Gabriel Herman Preface ................................................................................................................ 9 Moshe Amit Alexander Fuks 1917–1978 ............................................................................... 11 Peter J. Rhodes 1. Appeals to the Past in Classical Athens ........................................................ 13 Robert W. Wallace 2. Integrating Athens, 463–431 BC ................................................................... 31 Gabriel Herman 3. The Problem of Moral Judgment in Modern Historical Writing on Ancient Greece ......................................................................................... 45 Polly Low 4. Athenian Foreign Policy and the Quest for Stability .................................... 67 Shimon Epstein 5. Direct Democracy and Minority Rule: The Athenian Assembly in its Relation to the Demos .......................................................................... 87 Rachel Zelnick-Abramovitz 6. The Guardian of the Land: The Areopagos Council as a Symbol of Stability ..................................................................................... 103 David M. Schaps 7. The Athenians and their Gods in a Time of Crisis ........................................ 127 Alexander Yakobson 8. Political Stability and Public Order – Athens vs. Rome ............................... 139 Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... 157 Contributors ....................................................................................................... 159 Herman-Text.indd 7 21.04.11 08:43 Herman-Text.indd 8 21.04.11 08:43 PREFACE Gabriel Herman This volume originated in an international conference of the same name, Stability and Crisis in the Athenian Democracy, held at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem on 29–30 October, 2008. The conference, organized by Israel Shatzman and the present writer under the auspices of the Hebrew Universityʼs Authority for Re- search and Development, was dedicated to the memory of Alexander Fuks (1917– 1978), beloved teacher of some of the participants, source of inspiration to others. All the articles, barring that of the present writer, were delivered as papers at the conference.1 Comprehensive coverage of the subject matter was never claimed, but all the contributions were composed with the question of the stability of the Athe- nian democracy in mind. Each article was critically reviewed by the remaining participants, at fi rst orally, immediately after delivery, and later by email, following the circulation of the fi nal written versions. As the reader will observe, none of the participants have adopted the view that has lately won some currency in research, namely that Athenian society was much given to lawlessness and feuding, and as such was unstable. In the present writerʼs opinion the reason for this non-concurrence would appear to be the extreme diffi - culty, if not impossibility, of reconciling that view with the picture that emerges from an overview of Athensʼ performance through almost two hundred years of democratic rule (508–322 B. C.), a picture whose details point to unusual stability, as judged by the standard of ancient states. The articles assembled in this volume fall into two groups, in accordance with the questions they address. Wallace and the present writer tackle problems of method, asking which approaches would be the most appropriate (and by implica- tion, the most inappropriate) for assessing the stability of a social system, with the example of classical Athens foremost in mind. Rhodes, Low, Epstein, Zelnick- Abramovitz, Schaps and Yakobson confront the issue of stability head-on, asking how the Athenians coped with the forces which threatened to de-stabilize their so- ciety, in all its multifarious compartments and fi elds of activity. It will be up to the reader to judge the extent to which these authors have succeeded in their enterprise. 1 The paper that I originally delivered, “The Best Few and the Bad Many: Decision Making in the Athenian Democracy” was already committed when the conference took place. It is now published in H. Lohmann and T. Mattern (eds.), Attika – Archäologie einer ʻzentralenʼ Kultur- landschaft (Philippika. Marburger altertumskundliche Abhandlungen 37, Wiesbaden 2010) 231–244. Herman-Text.indd 9 21.04.11 08:43 Herman-Text.indd 10 21.04.11 08:43 ALEXANDER FUKS 1917–1978 Alexander Fuks was born on 30th May, 1917 in Włocławek, Poland. His father, a physician, was a Zionist activist and a leading member of the Jewish community. Young Alexander went to the local Hebrew Gymnasium, and joined the Hashomer Hatzair youth movement. Upon obtaining his General Certifi cate of Education, he was granted a stipend by the Jewish community which made it possible for him to immigrate to what was then Palestine. He studied classical studies, history and phi- losophy at the newly-founded Hebrew University, meeting students from similar backgrounds with whom he would become lifelong friends: Chaim Wirszubski, Joshua Prawer and Samuel N. Eisenstadt. When World War II broke out in 1939, his stipend was discontinued and he had to earn his living doing occasional work. Having completed his M. A. studies summa cum laude in 1942, Alexander Fuks enrolled in a Ph. D. program under the supervision of Prof. Victor A. Tcherikover. He successfully defended his thesis (“The Political Parties at Athens at the End of the Fifth Century B. C.”) in 1946. During this time, he taught Greek and Latin for beginners at the H. U., as well as classes in Greek and Roman History. In September 1950, he obtained a two-year research fellowship to Oxford, which resulted in the publication of The Ancestral Constitution, Four Studies in Athenian Party Politics at the End of the Fifth Century B.C (London 1953). From that time on, Alexander Fuks devoted most of his academic life to re- search, to teaching, and to guiding younger students. His main fi elds of interest were Greek Classical and Hellenistic History, as well as Jewish History in the Hel- lenistic Age. His book, The Athenian Commonwealth, published in Hebrew in1957, was an immediate success. Addressed to the student and the general reader, it fur- nished an admirable, fully-rounded picture of the cityʼs political regime, society and culture. Five editions were published up to 1975. Early in his career Fuks was asked by Tcherikover to join him in his effort to complete the monumental Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum, a project begun during the war. The fi rst volume was published in 1957. Tcherikover was able to read some enthusiastic reviews by the worldʼs leading papyrologists before his sudden death a year later. The second volume appeared in 1960, also under the editorship of Tch- erikover and Fuks, with Menahem Stern assuming the position of third editor for the publication of the third volume in 1964. The collection as a whole was greeted as a landmark in papyrological publications. Fuks spent the last fi fteen years of his life writing an extensive synthesis on social confl icts in late Classical and Hellenistic Greece. He collected a great deal of evidence regarding some seventy cases of revolution or social unrest in the Greek cities, along with details of their ideological background as refl ected in the writings of the Attic Orators and the historians of the age. He published a series of ground- Herman-Text.indd 11 21.04.11 08:43 breaking articles on selected aspects of this vast subject, but contracted a serious disease in 1978 and died unexpectedly before he was able to complete the project. His articles were collected and published posthumously in a volume entitled Social Confl ict in Ancient Greece (Jerusalem and Leiden 1984). Alexander Fuksʼ enthusiasm for ancient history was genuine, and his scholar- ship was of the highest standard. Fellow scholars thought his chief character trait was his exactness or precision, which could most appropriately be encapsulated by the Greek term ajkrivbeia. His perseverance was a source of admiration for his friends and colleagues. His was a radiant personality, gentle and kind to all, his blue eyes smiling onto the world with optimism and courage. A friend in need, a wise counselor and an arbitrator whose affi nity for compromise never induced him to compromise with principles, his counsel was much sought and his friendship highly valued.1 His memory is cherished by all who knew him. Moshe Amit 1 Cf. also SCI 5 (1979/80) 1. Herman-Text.indd 12 21.04.11 08:43 1. APPEALS TO THE PAST IN CLASSICAL ATHENS Peter J. Rhodes I never met Alexander Fuks, but I have read The Ancestral Constitution and other publications of his, and I was pleased and honoured to be invited to take part in this commemoration of him. In the light of that book I chose “Appeals to the Past in Classical Athens” as my topic within our overall theme of Stability and Crisis in the Athenian Democracy.1 I. THE FIFTH CENTURY AND BEFORE Human societies seem to experience periods in which they are confi dently proud that they are doing better than in the past and periods in which they are nostalgically regretful that they are doing less well than in the past. The time of Pericles seems to have been a time when the Athenians were proud of their latest achievements. Thu- cydides represents Pericles as beginning his funeral speech with the standard praise of ancestors, but then adding Particularly worthy are our fathers, who by their efforts gained the great empire which we now possess and We ourselves, who are still alive and have reached the settled stage of life, have enlarged most parts of this empire, and we have made our cityʼs resources most ample in all respects both for war and for peace.2 1 My thanks to the organisers for inviting me to take part, to the British School at Athens for in- viting me to read a version of this paper in November 2008, and to those who listened to me and discussed these matters with me on both occasions – particularly to Dr. S. Epstein for alerting me to an oversight – and to him and other contributors for their comments on my penultimate draft.
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