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Universidad Agraria Del Ecuador Evaluación De UNIVERSIDAD AGRARIA DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRARIAS CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA EVALUACIÓN DE PROCEDIMIENTOS EN LA CONSERVACIÓN Y GERMINACIÓN IN VITRO DE SEMILLAS DE LA ORQUÍDEA Epidendrum nocturnum (Jacq). TRABAJO EXPERIMENTAL Trabajo de titulación presentado como requisito para la obtención del título de INGENIERO AGRÓNOMO AUTOR APOLO MORENO KELLY VERÓNICA TUTOR PhD. MANCERO CASTILLO DANIEL GUAYAQUIL – ECUADOR 2021 2 UNIVERSIDAD AGRARIA DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRARIAS CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA APROBACIÓN DEL TUTOR Yo, DR. MANCERO CASTILLO DANIEL, docente de la Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, en mi calidad de Tutor, certifico que el presente trabajo de titulación: EVALUACIÓN DE PROCEDIMIENTOS EN LA CONSERVACIÓN Y GERMINACIÓN IN VITRO DE SEMILLAS DE LA ORQUÍDEA Epidendrum nocturnum (Jacq)., realizado por la estudiante APOLO MORENO KELLY VERÓNICA con cédula de identidad N° 095231399-7 de la carrera de INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA, Unidad Académica Guayaquil, ha sido orientado y revisado durante su ejecución; y cumple con los requisitos técnicos exigidos por la Universidad Agraria del Ecuador; por lo tanto, se aprueba la presentación del mismo. Atentamente, DR. MANCERO CASTILLO DANIEL TUTOR Guayaquil, 26 de febrero del 2021 3 UNIVERSIDAD AGRARIA DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRARIAS CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA APROBACIÓN DEL TRIBUNAL DE SUSTENTACIÒN Los abajo firmantes, docentes designados por el H. Consejo Directivo como miembros del Tribunal de Sustentación, aprobamos la defensa del trabajo de titulación: EVALUACIÓN DE PROCEDIMIENTOS EN LA CONSERVACIÓN Y GERMINACIÓN IN VITRO DE SEMILLAS DE LA ORQUÍDEA Epidendrum nocturnum (Jacq)., realizado por la estudiante APOLO MORENO KELLY VERÓNICA el mismo que cumple con los requisitos exigidos por la Universidad Agraria del Ecuador. Atentamente, Ing.Yoansy García Ortega PRESIDENTE Ing. Freddy Veliz Piguave Ing. Antonio Álava Murillo EXAMINADOR PRINCIPAL EXAMINADOR PRINCIPAL Guayaquil, 26 de febrero del 2021 4 Dedicatoria Esto es dedicado a mi Dios que siempre estuvo y está conmigo en los peores momentos de mi vida cuando pensé rendirme. Él me dio la fuerza en cada semestre, a pesar de las dificultades que se presentaron, en el camino, nunca me dejo y a mis padres que sin ellos no hubiera podido realizar este sueño, además sin ellos no sabría cómo seguir y a mi hermana por apoyarme emocionalmente en los momentos que pensé que cambiaría mi vida, en este duro camino que no fue fácil pero ya fue posible. También va especialmente dedicado a esos seres queridos que anhelaron, verme llegar en esta etapa como lo son mi abuela Esperanza y mi bisabuelo Humberto. 5 Agradecimiento Agradezco a Dios por regalarme los días para cumplir este sueño y a mi mamá Carmen Moreno por tantas madrugadas, por apoyarme en todo y darme sus consejos y a mi papá Rogelio Apolo, por ayudarme a cumplir mis objetivos también, la Dra. Ariadne Vega que despertó en mí, el interés en los cultivos in vitro y por su apoyo, finalmente a mis tíos Carmen Apolo y David Apolo que siempre estuvieron prestos a ayudarme, en conseguir la orquídea y semillas para este estudio de importancia para mi tema de tesis. 6 Autorización de Autoría Intelectual Yo, APOLO MORENO KELLY VERÓNICA, en calidad de autor del proyecto realizado, sobre EVALUACIÓN DE PROCEDIMIENTOS EN LA CONSERVACIÓN Y GERMINACIÓN IN VITRO DE SEMILLAS DE LA ORQUÍDEA Epidendrum nocturnum (Jacq).; para optar el título de INGENIERO AGRÓNOMO, por la presente autorizo a la UNIVERSIDAD AGRARIA DEL ECUADOR, hacer uso de todos los contenidos que me pertenecen o parte de los que contienen esta obra, con fines estrictamente académicos o de investigación. Los derechos que como autor me correspondan, con excepción de la presente autorización, seguirán vigentes a mi favor, de conformidad con lo establecido en los artículos 5, 6, 8; 19 y demás pertinentes de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual y su Reglamento. Guayaquil, 25 de febrero del 2021 APOLO MORENO KELLY VERÓNICA C.I. 095231399-7 7 Índice general PORTADA ............................................................................................................. 1 APROBACIÓN DEL TUTOR ............................................................................... .2 APROBACIÓN DEL TRIBUNAL DE SUSTENTACIÓN ........................................ 3 Dedicatoria .......................................................................................................... 4 Agradecimiento ................................................................................................... 5 Autorización de Autoría Intelectual ................................................................... 6 Índice general ....................................................................................................... 7 Índice de tablas .................................................................................................. 10 Índice de figuras ................................................................................................ 11 Resumen ............................................................................................................. 13 Abstract .............................................................................................................. 14 1. Introducción ................................................................................................... 16 1.1 Antecedentes del problema......................................................................... 16 1.2 Planteamiento y formulación del problema ............................................... 16 1.2.1 Planteamiento del problema ................................................................ 18 1.2.2 Formulación del problema ................................................................... 18 1.3 Justificación de la investigación................................................................. 19 1.4 Delimitación de la investigación ................................................................. 20 1.5 Objetivo general ........................................................................................... 20 1.6 Objetivos específicos .................................................................................. 20 1.7 Hipótesis ....................................................................................................... 21 2. Marco teórico ................................................................................................. 22 2.1 Estado del arte ............................................................................................. 22 2.2 Bases teóricas .............................................................................................. 26 2.2.1 Origen de orquídea Epidendrum nocturnum a nivel mundial ............ 26 8 2.2.2 Clasificación taxonómica ..................................................................... 26 2.2.2.1. Raíz .................................................................................................... 27 2.2.2.2. Tallo ................................................................................................... 27 2.2.2.3. Hojas .................................................................................................. 27 2.2.2.4. Flores ................................................................................................. 28 2.2.2.5. Fruto ................................................................................................... 28 2.2.2.6. Semilla ............................................................................................... 28 2.2.3 Distribución geográfica en Ecuador .................................................... 28 2.2.4 Hábitat .................................................................................................... 29 2.2.5 Variedades de especies del género Epidendrum nocturnum ............ 29 2.2.6 Formas de propagación........................................................................ 29 2.2.6.1. Propagación sexual .......................................................................... 29 2.2.6.2. Propagación asexual ........................................................................ 30 2.2.7 Obtención de plantas enteras de manera asexual in vitro ................. 30 2.2.8 Propagación de las especies en peligro de vulnerabilidad ............... 31 2.2.9 Métodos de conservación y germinación de las semillas in vitro ..... 31 2.2.9.1. Conservación de semillas ................................................................ 31 2.2.9.2. Germinación natural ......................................................................... 31 2.2.9.3. Germinación In vitro ......................................................................... 31 2.2.10 Medio Murashige & Skoog ................................................................. 32 2.2.11 Giberelinas (GA3) ................................................................................ 32 2.2.12 Citocininas (BAP) ................................................................................ 32 2.2.13 Agua de coco (AC) .............................................................................. 33 2.2.14 Carbón activado (CA) ......................................................................... 33 2.3 Marco legal ................................................................................................... 33 9 3. Materiales y métodos ..................................................................................... 36 3.1 Enfoque de la investigación .......................................................................
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