Preparação De Carreadores Lipídicos Nanoestruturados a Partir De Cera

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Preparação De Carreadores Lipídicos Nanoestruturados a Partir De Cera UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE PERNAMBUCO Anivaldo Pereira Duarte Junior Preparação de carreadores lipídicos nanoestruturados a partir de cera de carnaúba e óleo de pracaxi contendo dexametasona para tratamento tópico de inflamações cutâneas Recife 2016 Anivaldo Pereira Duarte Junior Preparação de carreadores lipídicos nanoestruturados a partir de cera de carnaúba e óleo de pracaxi contendo dexametasona para tratamento tópico de inflamações cutâneas Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós Gra- duação em Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Programa de Pós Graduação em Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica Orientador: Profa. Dra. Nereide Stela Santos Magalhães Coorientador: Profa. Dra. Roseane Maria Ribeiro Costa Recife 2016 Ficha Catalográfica elaborada Bibliotecária: Mônica Uchôa, CRB4-1010 D812p Duarte Junior, Anivaldo Pereira. Preparação de carreadores lipídicos nanoestruturados a partir de cera de carnaúba e óleo de pracaxi contendo dexametasona para tratamento tópico de inflamações cutâneas / Anivaldo Pereira Duarte Junior. – 2016. 190 f.: il.; tab.; 30 cm. Orientadora: Nereide Stela Santos Magalhães. Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, CCS. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica. Recife, 2016. Inclui referências, apêndices e anexos. 1. Nanopartículas. 2. Inflamação. 3.Dexametasona. I. Magalhães, Nereide Stela Santos (Orientadora). II. Título. 620.5 CDD (23.ed.) UFPE (CCS 2016-187) Anivaldo Pereira Duarte Junior Preparação de carreadores lipídicos nanoestruturados a partir de cera de carnaúba e óleo de pracaxi contendo dexametasona para tratamento tópico de inflamações cutâneas Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós Gra- duação em Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica. Trabalho aprovado. Recife, 20 de maio de 2016. Profa. Dra. Nereide Stela Santos Magalhães (Orientadora) Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Profa. Dra. Beate Santos Saegesser (Examinador externo) Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Profa. Dra. Eliana Martins Lima (Examinador interno) Universidade Federal de Goiás Profa. Dra. Leila Bastos Leal (Examinador externo) Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Dr. Francisco Humberto Xavier Junior (Examinador interno) Programa de Pós Graduação em Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica Recife 2016 Agradecimentos Agradeço primeiramente à Deus e meus pais Anivaldo Pereira Duarte e Ana do Socorro Souza Duarte, pelos ensinamentos, incentivo a sempre buscar conhecimento e o apoio dado em minhas decisões. À minha esposa Patricia Feitosa Silva Duarte, que sempre esteve ao meu lado durante esse período longe de casa e que me proporcionou a alegria de ser pai ano passado. Ao meu filho Lucas Feitosa Duarte, que trouxe, a cada sorriso, alegria para nossas vidas. À Profa. Dra. Nereide Stela Santos Magalhães, pela confiança depositada e pela orientação durante o período em que me acolheu no laboratório. À Profa. Dra. Roseane Maria Ribeiro Costa, pela coorientação e também pelas contribuições dadas em Belém, no período em que desenvolvi uma parte do trabalho na UFPA. À Profa. Dra. Eliana Martins Lima que me recebeu de braços abertos no Farmatec em Goiânia e me deu condições de desenvolver os carreadores lipídicos propostos no projeto deste doutorado. À Profa. Dra. Maria Fernanda Pimentel pelas contribuições valiosas no desenvolvi- mento do planejamento fatorial e pelos ensinamentos sobre o tema. Aos colegas do NanoFarm em Belém e do Farmatec em Goiânia, pela a amizade e os bons momentos de convivência que serão sempre lembrados com carinho. Aos colegas do laboratório de sistemas de liberação controlada (SLC) que ajudaram no desenvolvimento deste trabalho e, acima de tudo, pelo companheirismo e amizade construída durante o período em que trabalhei no SLC. A todos os técnicos e funcionários do LIKA que contribuíram direta ou indiretamente para a conclusão deste trabalho. Muito obrigado! Ice is forming on the tips of my wings Unheeded warnings, I thought, I thought of everything No navigator to find my way home Unladened, empty and turned to stone A soul in tension – that’s learning to fly Condition grounded but determined to try (Pink Floyd. "Learning to fly.") Resumo Carreadores lipídicos nanoestruturados (CLN) são sistemas coloidais que apresentam potencial de uso tópico. A utilização de constituintes de origem natural se apresenta como alternativa aos lipídios sintéticos, por isso a cera de carnaúba e óleo de pracaxi foram utilizados na preparação de CLN contendo dexametasona (DXM) com finalidade de tratar inflamações cutâneas. A caracterização do óleo foi realizada através da determinação da composição de ácidos graxos por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a detector de ionização de chama (CG-FID), densidade, viscosidade dinâmica e cinemática utilizando viscosí- metro rotacional e EHL requerido. A elaboração de diagrama pseudoternário de fases (óleo/tensoativos/água), avaliação da mistura de cera/óleo por DSC e DRX, determinação do coeficiente de partição da DXM em óleo de pracaxi/água e a solubilidade em óleo de pracaxi também foram realizadas. A metodologia analítica por CLAE acoplada a detector UV para quantificação da DXM foi validada e um planejamento experimental fracionado seguido de composto central foi executado com objetivo de obter CLN em torno de 200 nm, PDI ≤ 0,4 e maior eficiência de incorporação da DXM. O perfil e modelo cinético da liberação in vitro foi estabelecido e avaliou-se a penetração e/ou permeação cutânea in vitro da DXM em pele de orelha de porco utilizando células de difusão de Franz. O óleo de pracaxi contém 17 % de ácido behênico e densidade de 0,90−0,85 g/cm3, viscosidade dinâmica de 65,75−7,77 mPa/s e cinemática de 72,99−9,09 mm2/s entre 30−100 ℃.O EHL requerido do óleo de pracaxi foi 8,8 para Tween® 80 e Span® 60 (40:60) e o diagrama pseudoternário apresentou região de emulsão liquida leitosa com proporção de água a partir de 38 % e a ocorrência de nanoemulsão (tamanho de 131,6−258,3 nm) com pro- porção de água de 87,5 %. As misturas lipídicas apresentaram índice de cristalinidade de 71,88 % e 31,93 % em comparação com a cera de carnaúba. O método analítico apresentou parâmetros de validação adequados e a solubilidade da DXM em óleo de pracaxi foi de 190,16 µg/mL. O log P da DXM em óleo de pracaxi/água foi de -0,4250. O CLN composto por DXM (0,15 %), lipídios 10 % (40 % de óleo de pracaxi), tensoativos 5 %, obtido com um ciclo de homogeneização e pressão de 600 bar apresentou tamanho de 173,26 nm, PDI 0,166 e eficiência de incorporação de DXM de 49,30 %. O perfil cinético das formulações CLN-DXM e Gel DXM foi ajustado por modelo linear, com velocidades de 11,59 ± 0,49 µg/cm2/h e 2,42 ± 0,25 µg/cm2/h, respectivamente. Entretanto, a formulação Gel CLN- DXM apresentou perfil cinético melhor ajustado ao modelo de Higuchi, de acordo com a 0;5 2 equação Q = 15; 64:t(2−12h) − 18; 432 (r =0,9903). Os ensaios em pele não apresentaram absorção percutânea. A retenção da DXM no estrato córneo foi de 0,80 ± 0,13, 0,77 ± 0,15 e 0,16 ± 0,03 µg/cm2 e na pele remanescente de 0,96 ± 0,17, 0,49 ± 0,18 e 0,13 ± 0,03 µg/cm2 para as formulações Gel CLN-DXM, Gel DXM e Creme DXM, respectivamente. A formulação Gel CLN-DXM promoveu penetração significativamente maior da DXM nas camadas profundas da pele em comparação às demais formulações, apresentando assim, possibilidade de exercer maior eficácia terapêutica da DXM. Palavras-chaves: Nanopartículas. Inflamação. Dexametasona. Abstract Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) are colloidal systems that have potential for topical drug delivery. The use of natural lipids is an alternative to synthetic lipids and therefore carnauba wax and pracaxi oil were used to obtain dexamethasone-loaded NLC to treat skin inflammation. Pracaxi oil characterization was performed by fatty acids determination using gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Density, kinematic and dynamic viscosities using a rotational viscometer and required HLB value were determined. Furthemore, pseudo ternary phase diagram (oil/surfactants/water), dispersed systems evaluation, wax/oil lipid mixture investigation by x-ray difraction and DSC, DXM partition coeficient in pracaxi oil/water and DXM solubility in pracaxi oil were determined. Analytical method for determining DXM content using HPLC coupled to an UV detector was validated. A fractional factorial and central composite designs to determine a CLN formulation with size around 200 nm, PDI ≤ 0.4 and the best DXM incorporation efficiency was developed. The DXM in vitro release kinetic profile was evaluated and a kinetic model established. In vitro penetration and/or permeation in porcine ear skin using Franz diffusion cells was evaluated. Pracaxi oil contains 17 % of behenic acid and presents a density, dynamic and kinematic viscosities, between 30−100 ℃, of 0.90−0.85 g/cm3, 65.75−7.77 mPa/s and 72.99−9.09 mm2/s, respectively. Pracaxi oil required HLB was 8.8 using Tween® 80 and Span® 60 (40:60) surfactants. Pseudo ternary phase diagram presented a milky liquid emulsion region starting with 38 % of water and the occurrence of nanoemulsion (size of 131.6−258.3 nm) at 87.5 % of water. Lipid mixtures of pracaxi oil/carnauba wax showed crystallinity index varying from 71.88 % to 31.93 % compared with carnauba wax. The analytical method was suitable for DXM determinations and the DXM solubility in pracaxi oil was 190.16 µg/mL. The log P value of DXM in pracaxi oil/water was −0.4250. The CLN consisted of DXM 0.15 %, 10 % lipids (40 % pracaxi oil), 5 % surfactants was obtained with one homogenisation cycle and 600 bar pressure, presented a particle size of 173.26 nm, PDI of 0.166 and DXM encapsulation efficiency of 49.30 %. The kinetic profile of CLN-DXM and DXM gel formulations was fitted by linear model, with speeds of 11.59 ± 0.49 µg/cm2/hr, and 2.42 ± 0.25 µg/cm2/hr, respectively.
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