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Oregon's Marine Treasures: the Case for Conservation

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Oregon's Marine Treasures: the Case for Conservation Oregon’s Marine Treasures The Case for Conservation Oregon’s Marine Treasures The Case for Conservation Environment Oregon Research & Policy Center Elizabeth Ridlington, Tony Dutzik Frontier Group Brock Howell Environment Oregon Research & Policy Center 2009 Acknowledgments Environment Oregon Research & Policy Center thanks the following individuals for their review of this report: Paul Engelmeyer (National Audubon Society), Ben Enticknap (Oceana), and Dave Lacey (Surfrider Foundation). Carolyn Kramer provided editorial assistance. Thanks to the many photographers who generously shared their work: David Biddle, Steven Billings, David Champion, Sheryl Eldridge, Ignati Grigentch, Tim Heinse, Randall J. Scholten, Brian Tissot (Washington State University) and Paul and Judy Wilcox. This report is made possible with funding from the Lazar Foundation. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of our funders or those who provided editorial review. Any factual errors are strictly the responsibility of the authors. © 2009 Environment Oregon Research & Policy Center Environment Oregon Research & Policy Center is a 501(c)(3) organization. We are dedicated to protecting Oregon’s air, water and open spaces. We investigate problems, craft solutions, educate the public and decision makers, and help Oregonians make their voices heard in local, state and national debates over the quality of our environment and our lives. Frontier Group conducts independent research and policy analysis to support a cleaner, healthier and more democratic society. Our mission is to inject accurate information and compelling ideas into public policy debates at the local, state and federal levels. For additional copies of this report, please visit www.environmentoregon.org. Cover photos: View from Cascade Head: Sheryl Eldridge, Seal Rock, Oregon; Tufted puffin: Paul and Judy Wilcox; Kelp greenling: Steven Billings, Portland, Oregon; Red sea urchin: David Biddle. Layout: Harriet Eckstein Graphic Design Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 Introduction 4 Value of Marine Reserves 6 Creating Marine Reserves in Oregon 7 Oregon’s Diverse Marine Ecosystems 8 Otter Rock 8 Redfish Rocks 9 Cape Falcon 10 Cascade Head 12 Cape Perpetua 13 Cape Arago – Seven Devils 15 Three Arch Rocks 16 Orford Reef 19 Mack Reef 20 Conclusion 22 Notes 24 Executive Summary regon’s territorial waters—ocean resources—resources that are threat- within three miles of shore—are a ened by human activity and long-term Onational treasure. These waters are changes in natural patterns. home to rare species, support the largest seabird population on the West Coast, • The large bull kelp forest that grows draw thousands of visitors each year, and in the Otter Rock and Cape Foul- provide significant ecological and economic weather area provides important shelter benefits to coastal communities. for rockfish. While bull kelp has a But Oregon’s ocean ecosystems are remarkable ability to regrow each spring deeply stressed. A legacy of heavy fishing and summer after damage from winter has depleted fish stocks, while other human storms, it is vulnerable to human inter- activities pose challenges to the rich and ference. Protecting bull kelp forests is varied coastal ecosystems that sustain sea- an important component of maintaining birds, mammals, fish and countless other viable rockfish populations. species. At the same time, changes in ocean currents—possibly linked to global warm- • The kelp-covered reef at Redfish ing—are exacerbating the stresses faced Rocks provides habitat for a variety by species in Oregon’s waters and with of fish that use the kelp forest, rocky potential impacts on humans as well. crevices and steep, rocky terrain for Scientific research shows that the cre- shelter. Marine life living on rocky ation of marine reserves and protected reefs is vulnerable to overfishing and areas can play an important role in revi- destruction of habitat from fishing gear. talizing ocean ecosystems. By creating a network of marine reserves and protected • The nine species of seabirds that nest areas in Oregon’s coastal waters, the state on the rocky cliffs in the Tillamook can protect some of its most valuable and Head area, which extends from Cape important offshore resources. Falcon to Tillamook Rock, are rela- Oregon’s coastal waters include tively protected from direct human a wealth of important ecological contact. However, the birds have been Executive Summary harmed by the low-oxygen “dead northernmost colony of elephant zone” that has formed off the coast seals, a species that was on the edge in recent summers due to shifting of extinction at the beginning of the winds that have altered ocean circula- 20th century. The reef also harbors flat tion patterns. The phytoplankton on abalone, virtually extinct at the south- which small forage fish and krill feed ern end of its range in California and cannot survive in the dead zone. Up common only in southern Oregon. the food chain, birds depend on the Despite concerns among scientists forage fish and krill and are harmed that abalone can easily be overharvest- without phytoplankton survival. In ed, Oregon has allowed the harvesting one recent summer, this caused a large of flat abalone since 2001. number of common murres to die of starvation. • The tufted puffin population at Three Arch Rocks has declined by • Siletz Reef, south of Cascade Head nearly 90 percent since the late 1970s. and off the Lincoln City coastline, The cause of the decline is not clear, is home to many species of rockfish, but rising sea surface temperatures prized by both recreational and com- may be partially to blame by making mercial fishers. Rockfish are slow- it harder for young puffins to grow growing and long-lived, traits that and survive. Better protection of the make them vulnerable to overfishing. ecosystems surrounding Three Arch Unsustainable catch rates in the 1980s Rocks may help to ensure the puf- and 1990s reduced the population of fins’ food supply and enable to them yelloweye rockfish, for example, to just to better survive the effects of global 13 percent of historic levels. Scien- warming. tists estimate that the population may require the better part of a century • At Orford Reef, the large and pro- to recover. Essential to this recovery ductive rocky reef and bull kelp forest is allowing juvenile fish to live undis- supports a rich variety of aquatic life, turbed in their preferred habitat such including red sea urchins. Valued for as the rocky habitat of Siletz Reef and their roe, the red sea urchin popula- other nearshore areas. tion remains depleted after excessive harvesting in the 1990s. • The intertidal area at Neptune State Park and Strawberry Hill, near Cape • Mack Reef is home to a representa- Perpetua and Yachats, depends on tive array of the marine species that food delivered by the upwelling of thrive in Oregon, including a 300- nutrient-rich waters. In 2005, a two- acre bull kelp forest and 11 species of month delay in the upwelling altered seabirds. It is hoped that Mack Reef reproduction of barnacles and mus- would be the southernmost location in sels. Disruptions to the timing and a network of marine reserves, offering strength of the upwelling are among geographic diversity and resilience to the expected impacts of global warm- ensure no single disaster could dam- ing, so the problem could become age all the reserves. more severe in the future. These places could be protected by the • Simpson Reef near Cape Arago and creation of a network of marine reserves, Seven Devils is the West Coast’s areas that are off-limits to fishing, collecting 2 Oregon’s Marine Treasures specimens and other extractive or develop- that may migrate to other, less protected ment activities such as energy generation. areas, helping to rebuild fish, invertebrate The benefits of marine reserves and marine and plant populations elsewhere. protected areas that allow some extractive Oregon should create a network of ma- activities are well established. Scientists rine reserves and protected areas to pro- have studied marine reserves around the tect aquatic ecosystems and the plants and world, and have found that: animals that they support. Earlier efforts to protect individual species, even when • The density of plant and animal popu- designed with the best science available lations increased within reserves on and with the full intention of maintaining average by 166 percent compared to a healthy population for the long term, before the creation of the reserve. have not succeeded. Establishing marine reserves will protect all the species in an • Individual animals grew an average of ecosystem, even if we do not fully under- 28 percent larger. This is significant stand how they depend on each other. because larger fish are able to produce Marine protected areas that allow some more offspring. activities like recreational fishing or com- mercial crab harvest are a valuable addition • The number of species increased by to a network of reserves by protecting ad- an average of 21 percent. jacent habitat areas outside of the reserves from harmful activities and allowing for By protecting an entire area instead of continued sustainable uses. just a single species, marine reserves allow The state has taken the first step to- complete ecosystems to flourish. This may ward creating a network of reserves and make the broader marine ecosystem more protected areas by designating two marine resilient to shifts in natural
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