Estereotipos Raciales Y De Género En El K-Pop: El Caso Español

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Estereotipos Raciales Y De Género En El K-Pop: El Caso Español UNIVERSIDAD DE VALLADOLID Máster en Música Hispana ESTEREOTIPOS RACIALES Y DE GÉNERO EN EL K-POP: EL CASO ESPAÑOL Trabajo Fin de Máster TERESA OLMEDO SEÑOR Realizado bajo la dirección del Prof. Dr. Iván Iglesias Iglesias Julio de 2018 Curso Académico 2017-2018 UNIVERSIDAD DE VALLADOLID Máster en Música Hispana ESTEREOTIPOS RACIALES Y DE GÉNERO EN EL K-POP: EL CASO ESPAÑOL Trabajo Fin de Máster TERESA OLMEDO SEÑOR Realizado bajo la dirección del Prof. Dr. Iván Iglesias Iglesias Julio de 2018 Curso Académico 2017-2018 El tutor La alumna ÍNDICE Listado de ilustraciones ..................................................................................................... 9 Introducción ................................................................................................................... 11 Presentación del tema y justificación .................................................................. 11 Objetivos .............................................................................................................. 13 Estado de la cuestión ........................................................................................... 14 Marco teórico ....................................................................................................... 19 Metodología y fuentes ......................................................................................... 22 Estructura del trabajo ........................................................................................... 23 1. Capítulo 1: Estereotipos de género .......................................................................... 25 1.1. La mujer en Corea del Sur ............................................................................ 25 1.2. Estereotipos y roles de género en el K-pop: feminidad y masculinidad ....... 28 1.2.1. Feminidad ...................................................................................... 28 1.2.2. Masculinidad .................................................................................. 32 1.3. Fanservice, travestismo y homosexualidad en el K-pop .............................. 42 2. Capítulo 2: Estereotipos raciales .............................................................................. 51 2.1. El K-pop en un contexto poscolonial ............................................................ 51 2.2. Elementos transculturales y de hibridación en el K-pop .............................. 54 2.3. Estereotipos raciales y de género en el consumo internacional del K-pop ... 61 2.4. Percepción racial en España ......................................................................... 63 Conclusiones ................................................................................................................... 75 Fuentes ............................................................................................................................ 81 LISTADO DE ILUSTRACIONES Ilustración 1. Foto promocional del mini álbum What is Love? del grupo TWICE ........ 29 Ilustración 2. Foto promocional del álbum reedición The Perfect Velvet del grupo Red Velvet, que incluye el sencillo "Bad Boy” ............................................... 30 Ilustración 3. A la izquierda, dos integrantes del grupo NU'EST promocionando cosméticos. A la derecha, el grupo ASTRO anunciando compresas........ 34 Ilustración 4. Los grupos Big Bang (izq.) y BTS (dcha.) con concepto de chico malo .. 35 Ilustración 5. Los grupos Winner (izq.) y 2PM (dcha.) con concepto de caballero ........ 36 Ilustración 6. Los grupos ASTRO (izq.) y Block B (dcha.) con concepto de chico bueno ................................................................................................................. 36 Ilustración 7. Comparativa entre los carteles de la primera y la segunda temporada del concurso Produce 101 .............................................................................. 37 Ilustración 8. Finalistas del concurso The Unit ............................................................... 38 Ilustración 9. Idols travestidos para una actuación .......................................................... 43 Ilustración 10. Felicitación del presidente Moon Jae In al grupo BTS ........................... 53 Ilustración 11. Ejemplos de apropiación de la cultura afroamericana ............................. 58 Ilustración 12. El grupo T-Ara en su canción “Ya Ya Ya” ............................................. 58 Ilustración 13. Foto promocional del grupo Girls’ Generation para su canción “I Got a Boy” ........................................................................................................ 60 Ilustración 14. Tweet de la empresa Vodafone España hablando del grupo BTS ........... 66 Ilustración 15. Usuario de Twitter criticando al grupo BTS ........................................... 69 10 INTRODUCCIÓN Presentación del tema y justificación Durante la década de 1990, el gobierno de Corea del Sur impulsó una estrategia política de financiación de la cultura y la música concediendo subvenciones a empresas emergentes de la industria cultural. Mediante estas acciones se pretendía depurar la imagen de la cultura coreana y darla a conocer fuera de sus fronteras con el objetivo final de lograr un crecimiento económico. La idea surgió, entre otros motivos, cuando el éxito mundial de la película Jurassic Park, de Steven Spielberg, hizo plantearse al gobierno surcoreano que la cultura podía ser lucrativa y muy rentable, y no solo algo que preservar de generación en generación1. En consecuencia, a finales de los años noventa la cultura popular de Corea del Sur comenzó a tener gran relevancia fuera del país, especialmente entre sus vecinos China y Japón, y a esta expansión se la denominó Hallyu u “Ola coreana”. Este término fue acuñado en un principio por unos periodistas chinos para referirse a la enorme popularidad que tenían las telenovelas coreanas o K-dramas, pero actualmente el Hallyu incluye todo tipo de productos culturales coreanos: telenovelas, cine, moda, arte, gastronomía y, por supuesto, música: el K-pop. El término K-pop, abreviatura de “Korean Popular Music”, se refiere a la música popular urbana de Corea del Sur y abarca diferentes géneros musicales de influencia occidental: pop, rock, hip-hop y r&b, entre otros. Se puede definir como una música orientada al consumo de un público principalmente adolescente y joven, centrada en la producción de estrellas, los llamados idols, y producida en masa por grandes empresas de entretenimiento. Destaca además el aspecto visual en las espectaculares puestas en escena, tanto en actuaciones en directo como en videoclips, y la estética cuidada y llamativa. Cabe indicar que en un comienzo los surcoreanos utilizaban la palabra gayo para referirse a la música producida en su país y diferenciarla de aquella de procedencia 1 Página web de la ONG Asia-Europe Foundation: Kiwon Hong, “Korea, an introduction to cultural policy- Part II”, AsiaEurope Foundation (Marzo 2012), http://culture360.asef.org/magazine/korea-an- introduction-to-culturalpolicy-part-ii/. Inkyu Kang, “The political economy of idols” en K-pop – The International Rise of the Korean Music Industry, ed. por JungBong Choi y Roald Miliangkay (Nueva York: Routledge, 2015): 51. 11 extranjera. El término K-pop se utilizaba entonces fuera de Corea, pero actualmente se ha adoptado también dentro del país2. Las empresas de entretenimiento son uno de los elementos clave en la producción del K-pop. Son empresas que pueden funcionar como agencias de talentos, productoras y sellos discográficos. Existen cientos de ellas, pero las llamadas “Big Three” son las más poderosas: SM Entertainment, YG Entertainment y JYP Entertainment, las tres fundadas en los años noventa por músicos y productores de renombre con años de experiencia. Son las empresas de entretenimiento las que seleccionan a quienes serán las estrellas o idols del K-pop a través de audiciones internacionales a las que se presentan niños y adolescentes de todo el mundo, aunque prefieren a aquellos con rasgos asiáticos o mestizos. Otros métodos de selección son el casting a pie de calle y los concursos de supervivencia. Los jóvenes elegidos se convierten en trainees (aprendices) y deben pasar por un período de duro entrenamiento donde aprenden canto, baile, composición, producción, actuación, modales, idiomas etc. Si el CEO o director ejecutivo decide que están preparados los hace debutar como solistas o en grupos siempre de chicas o de chicos, prácticamente no hay grupos mixtos. Los idols están vinculados a las empresas mediante rígidos contratos de larga duración y han de devolver todo el dinero invertido en su entrenamiento, debut y promociones. En una industria tan masificada y competitiva, es difícil que alcancen el éxito. Aunque el Hallyu comenzó difundiéndose por el este de Asia, poco tiempo después llegó a Occidente, en un proceso en el que los principales responsables no han sido los medios de comunicación de masas, sino la intensa actividad llevada a cabo por la comunidad global de fans en las plataformas online y las redes sociales. El fenómeno “Gangnam Style” del año 2012 constituyó un hito en el reconocimiento mundial del K- pop y, desde entonces, la popularidad de esta industria musical solo ha ido en aumento. Actualmente, el boy group BTS es sin duda el más famoso entre adolescentes y jóvenes de todo el mundo, e incluso ha actuado en premios musicales estadounidenses seguidos internacionalmente como los American Music Awards (AMA) y los Billboard. Mi interés personal por el K-pop me llevó
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