RESEARCH ARTICLE

Copyright © 2017 American Scientific Publishers Advanced Science Letters All rights reserved Vol. 23, 11735–11738, 2017 Printed in the United States of America

Manuscript Controversy Issue Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie Kediri (Historical Studies)

Wisnu∗, SeptinaAlrianingrum, and Artono History Education Department, Faculty of Social Sciences and Law, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, 60231, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia

The books controversy published by Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie concern historian. In many countries the study of these themes are common. In Indonesia, we try to examine these themes in the study of history. The purpose of this study to improve understanding of how to develop a culture of reading. Posts are expected to support these objectives. Research using the historical method, heuristic, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The conclusion of this study manuscripts controversy Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie can enhance the intellectual audience.

Keywords: Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie, Controversy, Manuscript, Kediri, Chinese.

IP: 182.255.1.10 On: Wed, 16 May 2018 03:51:23 1. INTRODUCTION Copyright: American ScientificThrough Publishers the publication of books Javanese thinking in Kediri, Since 1915 efforts Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie in exploring Delivered the byTan Ingenta Khoen Swie at first not just an economic benefit, but have texts have been stored in the memory of the community and side missions that strengthening the existence of Javanese cul- served it back in the form of books that are freely readable by all ture and ideology Javaneseness returns to the Java community as levels of society. There are no longer any secrets of the mystical their native culture and his effort was unwittingly a considerable world/mysticism in the world of science teachers and formal life impact on the emergence of polarization. Books Tan Khoen Swie in the palace. This was revealed by Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie who have a severe impact on the intellectual development of the with writing free to generally known. Java community is the Babad Kediri, Serat Darmogandul,and The texts published by Tan Khoen Swie are outstanding in Suluk Gatoloco. almost all levels of society, especially the books of mysticism, divination, horoscope, legends can be found in every home, in both rural and in the city. Books published by Tan Khoen Swie 2. METHODOLOGY 1 not only the consumption of the readers of a limited circle in Research using the historical method, heuristic, criticism, inter- Kediri, Solo, Yogyakarta, Cilacap, Ngawi, Bojonegoro, Surabaya, pretation, and historiography. This research collects data from and Lumajang (Java) but also widely read by people in outside literature and references from Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie. of Java. It useful for interpreting the society from text and context per- The language used in books published by Tan Khoen Swie spective. The study of literature, is important to explore docu- can be categorized in three versions: the Malay language Latin ments relics Tan Khoen Swie in the form of books or printed alphabet, Latin alphabet Java language, the Java language Java draft. letters, and Dutch. Writing category includes education, history, cuisine, religion, culture, and literature. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Of the various categories of the book, in this study only 3.1. The Development Publishing Chinese focused on the themes of culture, religion and mysticism of Java that have an impact on the emergence of social and political Publishing company in Kediri existence is inseparable from the polarization within the framework of intellectual history. The development of publishing activity in Java since the beginning of books that were examined are: Babad Kediri, Suluk Gatoloco, the twentieth century by various parties, with a background based and Serat Darmogandul, very interesting to be discussed. on political interests. Mentioned since the period of the Dutch press publishing group, the Chinese press, and press the native display the results, issue products with various characters read- ∗Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. ing. Chinese press with strong capital backing were able to show

Adv. Sci. Lett. Vol. 23, No. 12, 2017 1936-6612/2017/23/11735/004 doi:10.1166/asl.2017.10506 11735 RESEARCH ARTICLE Adv. Sci. Lett. 23, 11735–11738, 2017 the face of his publications products with better quality than the Lian, Lunch Soesi Loen, Soesi He Loen, Lunch Soesibeeng, Soesi products of the Dutch press release and press natives.2 Picks use He beeng, Tay Tiong Jong Hak, Tjian Lie Gan (Adjipenerawan- of Malay as the language of communication is a surefire steps to gan), all of which was published in 1929. In progress the next facilitate the publication of products can be consumed as readings lot of published books Java language. This trend which later at various levels of society. Malay language selection is based became the focus of attention, especially concerning issues of for the period of the early twenteeth century has been developing substance and the use of the Java language. What do you mean Malay literature of Chinese and Malay press the Chinese in the Tan Khoen Swie published books Java language? Is there any Dutch East Indies. relation with the movement of nativism which was originally ini- Literature Malay Chinese and Malay press the Chinese are like tiated by Mangkunegaran who advocated for strengthening the two sides of a coin that is difficult to separate. Chinese and Malay culture of Java? Literature Malay Chinese press complement and support each Attendance of Padmosusastro, R. Tanoyo, and Mangoenwid- other. Many Malay Chinese writers concurrently be a journalist, jaja of Kartasura at home Tan Khoen Swie indicated a tendency editor, editorial, publishing company led even the owner of the to publish books Java language. Background origin Tan Khoen press. In fact there which owns the printing press that publishes Swie of Wonogiri also reinforces why Tan Khoen Swie more daily, weekly, monthly or magazines and books of literature.3 interested in publishing books Java language, in addition to the During 1907 until 1923 sprung up printing are managed by reasons the market outlook of consumers most is the people of Chinese people in Malang, Kediri, Bandung, Jombang, Cirebon, Java in various areas, both rural and urban. Pekalongan, and Cilacap. In Malang in 1907 by Kwee Khee In addition the third author of the above, Tan Khoen Swie Khay founded Khay Snelpersdrukkerij Kwee Khee the printing also managed to take advantage of native writers network from of newspapers Tjahaja Timoer. In 1918 another printing Paragon various areas in helping business publication. Some writers are Press was founded by KweeShingTjhiang (1898–1940). Paragon invited to discuss ideas that will be written among others came Press is a printing company at that time was considered the from Yogyakarta, Solo, Bojonegoro, Surabaya, and Lumajang. Likewise, some of the authors of Cilacap and Ngawi often come most modern in Dutch East Indies. Only in the late 1920s and to join. Tan Khoen Swie also supported by Chinese citizens, 1930s Paragon Press print and publish magazines and literature in among them TjoaBoe Sing, Tan Tik Sioe, Sioe Lian, Tjoa Hien Malay including Liberty Magazine and Tjerita Roman. Bandung Tjioe, Tan Soe Djwan. They are writers, journalists, editors and in 1917 stood at Hoa Boe In Kiok led Lie Kim San. Then came publishing Chinese businessmen. Facilities to support the author Tjan (1920), Marie Store (1922) and Sin Bin (1923). In Semarang of major concern Tan Khoen Swie. Tan Khoen Swie into a kind in 1909, Be Kwat Yoe Chinese chamber of commerce secretary presents his artist residence. He built special rooms for a stopover (Shang Hwe) establish Java Ien Boe Kong Sie located in Uptown network writer. This effort is intended to attract writers. Gang 68. It publishes the Malay language newspaper Central Java IP: 182.255.1.10 On: Wed, 16From May 2018 the 03:51:23 hands Padmosusastro, R. Tanojo, and and Java Kong Po in Chinese language. In Batavia Kho Tjeng Bie Copyright: American ScientificMangoenwidjaja Publishers at the beginning of 1916, the printing of books who in 1904 took over Goan Yap Ho many published novelsDelivered and byhave Ingenta been made, among other things Subasita Serat, Serat periodic print-periodic inter alia Sin Po is printed until the paper Pustakaraja, Paramayoga Serat, Serat Nitimani. In a period of has its own printing press. He also scored Magazine Penghiboer six years or more precisely in 1922, has published 103 books. published Jade Lauw Lan in 1913. This shows the dual ownership Subsequently in 1929, rising again 145 books, then in 1936, of printing and publishing company and bookstore by its owner published 167 books.6 Total book published Tan Khoen Swie and the author or interpreter into the current trend. One publica- until 1953,7 when Tan Khoen Swie died, is already 157 books tion that has a tendency like that and that will be discussed in this printed. Last publication entitled “Alamat Ngimpidan Artinya,” paper is Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie Kediri. printed over and over again until 1956, after which no more new books on the market. 3.2. Boekhandel Tan Khoen Swie and the Some of the books belonging to Tan Khoen Swie best seller Publications Product in his day, so experienced several reprints. The books are gen- Name tot Tan Khoen Swie has never mentioned in the historiog- erally in the form of popular science books, such as about raphy of Indonesia. He has a very important contribution to the oriental, mysticism, divination, horoscope, legends, and philoso- intellectual development of Java. He was born in Mount Legong, phy. For example Horoscoop book, The Book of Rama Krishna, Duren Siwo, Wonogiri in 1884,4 and died in Kediri in 1953.5 Kekoeatan Pikiran, divination and Ilmu Pirasat Manusia, Achli During his life, he wrestle mysticism of Java, is fluent in Java, Noedjoem,aswellasAlamat Ngimpidan Artinya. The books writing and reading Javanese alphabet. He is better known as a were published in 1919 and 1956. At that time, the books so the Chinese cultured Java. Experience in the publishing world, he most demanding public. How Tan understand market opportuni- acquired while working in Drukkerijk Sie Dhian Ho Solo. His ties against his books, to the attention of interest. work was introduced by Ki Padmosusastra, poet, Kraton Solo. Some of the texts that originally shaped macapat,byTan Tan Khoen Swie open a publishing company in Kediri Khoen Swie simplified presentation by giving explanatory allegedly because the socio-economic situation in Solo less con- descriptions make it more easily understood. There is no intention ducive. Racial riots between Javanese and Chinese merchants to prioritize the interests of economic gain by Tan Khoen Swie, managed by Firma Sie Dhian Ho, so the publishing activity in but rather a desire to make the book can be sold cheap. Solo disturbed. This prompted him to open a publishing business in another town, namely Kediri. 3.3. Manuscripts Controversy of Kediri The influence of the Chinese in the Malay literary texts pub- 3.3.1. Babad Kediri lished Tan Khoen Swie seen among others in the book, the Van Den Broek,8 has published this text in the language and Prophet Kong Hoe Tjoe, Haw King, Ling Djiat, Ngo Loen, Sioe Javaletters, entitled “De Geschiedenis van Het Rijk Kediri,”

11736 Adv. Sci. Lett. 23, 11735–11738, 2017 RESEARCH ARTICLE written Mas Soema-Sentika (Wedana District Lengkong) in 1902, who interviewed a Butolocaya Jin. Source explanation of Jin which was later published by Tan Khoen Swie in 1922, entitled Butolocaya was used substance Chronicle story Kediri. But the Babad Kadiri and in 1935 under the title the Book of History findings Ricklefs, other states, that is a real Butolocaya.Ifthis of State Kediri. According Ricklefs, Babad Kedhiri is the only is so, what the purpose of writing this chronicle. Scientifically text that has the numbers in writing. But the information can- Butolocaya existence as human beings or real genie needs to be not be taken for granted. This work has the characteristics and verified; uniqueness when compared with other serat babad. (2) the whole substance of the Chronicle story Kediri unaccept- Work babad usually narrated and presented by the author with- able and is contrary to the historical facts around Kediri History. out mentioning the source, the narrator experienced firsthand the Even some of the explanations put forward by the unreasonable events that have occurred. This differs from the Serat Babad and anakron; Kediri written by people who claim to not understand at all the (3) the story of the spread of Islam by Sunan Bonang and intricacies of the events around the Kingdom of Kediri. At the Majapahit conquest by Raden Patah, a very visible element vilify beginning of the explanation of this book, it is mentioned that Islam. in 1832 the colonial government requested information about the history of Mas Ngabehi Purbawidjaya. Because Mas Ngabehi Poerbawidjaja who got the assignment was not to understand the 3.3.2. Suluk Gatholoco history of the town of Kediri, then he or she asked for help from Suluk Gatholoco first published Tan Khoen Swie in 1922 for Ki Dermakandha, a puppeteer klithik to explain it. While Ki Der- the first printing. The introduction to this book, explains the makandha also not acquainted with the history of Kediri, for that time of writing, Monday Paing Jumada 8th, 1862. This paper he asked permission to use the media king jin, Kyai Butalocaya is composed in macapat consists of 12 cantos. Suluk tells the to explain it. human relationship with God, as compared with sex between men The contents of this book do not tell about who first wrote and women. True to its name “Gatholoco,” meaning the male it. However, it should be noted that the figure could be a figure genitals, Gatho: secret tip, loco: who rubbed. In the context of Butalocaya true, or at least this is definitely the name of a real learning, the explanations S. Mulja interesting to observe. The person. It was proved, in 1883, a writer calling himself as Butalo- explanation about the notion Gatholoco, namely Gatho means caya Bramartani of Kediri. He wrote to ask for an explanation sirah “head” and lotjo/loco means devices rubbing “tool to rub,” of Astaguna, 8 symbols of sacred teachings.9 so Gatholoco meaning that the head as the brain’s own intel- The author of the Babad Kedhiri compositions are ligence or intelligence (knowledge) it must be sharpened (with Sumasentika retired from the district Lengkong district officer learning or studying appropriate science was intended). who wrote this book in 1873. In the manuscript Babad Kediri In a historical overview, Suluk written Gatholoco estimated at found notes outlining 18 days of history,IP: 182.255.1.10 each of the 100 On: years Wed,around 16 May 1830. 2018 The 03:51:23 influence of Islamic Sufism is strong enough Copyright: American Scientificand also sharp Publishers criticism of the law, however, suspected the book of age before kings until the time of Buddha, and to the Delivered kingdom by Ingenta Raden Patah in Demak and at the beginning of Surakarta. It is was written not only to resist the flow of Islam, but even against said that the notes were written by Kyai Ngabei Reksadiwirya of Islam, Karel A. Steenbrink10 based on the opinion of Snouck, Kediri. The contents of the summary text presented can be read Rinkes (1911–1913), and Rasyidi (1977). Snouck call Suluk in the article Van Den Broek. Gatholoco “de ketterschedroomerijen van zekeraan opium ver- This work ended in the epilogue by Mas Sumasentika which slaafd Javanschmysticus” (dream full of heresy experts Javanese tells how he wrote the script in 1873 when retired as Wedono; mysticism who cannot live without opium). Rinkes, found this “Without doing anything, I would seek my memory rather than mysticism as excessive criticism of Sufism. While Rasyidi rate, brooding disore day. To satisfy my heart is not happy, I am writ- that the book is an essay that is obscene, who vilify the Prophet ing this book. I added a bit of deception for the sake of the Muhammad and Islam. greatness of his words. Hopefully this can be enjoyed for the When did Suluk Gatoloco began to circulate and be the public reader or listener. Do they believe in it as a hoax on the truth or reading, there is a difference of opinion on this matter. According the truth, I submit to the reader and listener. But all of the past to Carel Poensen, Suluk Gatholoco began to circulate and read mentioned above still (secret?).” the public since February 1872. However, in another version says Babad Sumasentika work depicts a Javanese tragedy. that mysticism Gatoloco estimated to have been in circulation in Sumasenti explains that he has added a few tricks for the sake of 1883, it is proved in a puzzle published in Bramartani. The con- the beauty of his words. So the reader would believe, and they tents of the puzzle, which appears in Suluk Gatoloco on guesses, loved the story, he does not omit anything in writing, “but main- whichever comes first among puppeteer, puppets, screens and tained the old elements.” He did not give more details on the Java blencong. This puzzle was first published in a book in Surabaya Islamic era will end. Indeed, the author of the Suluk Gatholoco in 1889 (Ricklefs: 189). and Serat Darmogandul do it. Carel Poensen, Gatoloco Suluk interested in the content that Finally it can be summarized that the controversy on the Babad seem vulgar. Vulgarity it intended to oppose Islam to Java as Kediri value lies in: described Van Akkeren.11 In his “EenGedrocht en toch De Vol- (1) a method of writing that is not in accordance with the maakte Mens, de Javaansche Suluk Gatolotjo, Dissertation on method of writing the chronicle. In writing the chronicle, the Rijkuniversiteit Utrecht, dated July 13, 1951. author of the chronicle is generally derived from the palace or Value controversy at Suluk Gatholoco not much different from a person who has been appointed as registrar royal chronicles. the Babad Kediri. This script writers were not clear. According Written sources and events witnessed by the writer and the writ- Ricklefs, author Suluk Gatholoco possibility of the non-Muslims. ten consciously. In Babad Kediri, the author was a prosecu- The substance of the dialogue at Suluk Gatholoco have no con- tor Kediri M. Ng. Poerbowidjojo using media klitik puppeteer nection with the historical phenomenon and not supported by

11737 RESEARCH ARTICLE Adv. Sci. Lett. 23, 11735–11738, 2017 historical facts. The explanation put forward by unreasonable and 4. CONCLUSION anakron. Contains elements that vilify Islam. Tan Khoen Swie has never thought to see how the publica- tion will have no effect or not. Just as a candle is lit, but only 3.3.3. Serat Dermagandhul enlighten without knowing that lighting can also be exploited by Serat Dermagandhul did mentioned not clear who is writing. thieves. Although without doubt that the motivation for economic But at the beginning of the manuscript it was written by Ki gain has become part of the living culture Tan Khoen Swie as Kalamwadi mention. Kalamwadi has two meanings: the secret typical Peranakan Chinese ethnicity. Wherever they move and in writer and male genitalia. Based on the content mentioned Ki any field is always associated with the efforts of the profit calcu- Kalamwadi Prejiwati married, “preji” means the female sex. lation. Tan Khoen Swie not deny it, as he wrote in the words of When writing, on December 23, Saturday Legi, month of Ruwah, introduction on some of its early days. Publish texts such contro- 1830. These Serats contain teachings in the form of a dialogue versy has become the choice that has been considered the pros between Ki Kalamwadi with Dermogandhul. Boekhandel Tan and cons, because the manuscript was not only present polemics Khoen Swie published the first printed in 1922. Both Drewes12 intellect among the public, but there are a covert mission, one of and Rasyid13 considered that the Dermogandhul book contains which is joined to educate the people of Java. teachings slandering Islam to vilify scholars (wali Sunan Bonang and Sunan Kalijaga) and praised the former religion. Acknowledgments: This work was supported by History According to Ricklefs14 Serat Dermagandhul a reference text Education Department, Faculty of Social Sciences and Law, Uni- that describes the specific content of the Babad Kediri and Suluk versitas Negeri Surabaya. Gatholoco, hence this script has a higher position than both. Serat Dermagandul is also the final draft is written. These Serats into the teaching material in schools prijajis opened in Probolinggo, References and Notes Magelang, and Bandung in 1879–1880. The history of the fall 1. G. J. Garraghan, A Guide to Historical Method, Fordham University Press, of Majapahit into the main story; where almost completely the New York (1957), pp. 33–37. story was taken from the Chronicle Kediri. Gajah Mada informed 2. L. Suryadinata, Culture Chinese Minority in Indonesia, The Gramedia, Jakarta (1988), pp. 62–63. King Brawijaya on the activities of Arabs in Turkish. 3. B. G. Setiono, In the Whirl of Chinese Politics, The Elkasa, Jakarta (2002), “The king said, very angry, Arab scholars cannot be trusted pp. 339–340. what he said. They claim to be a saint, dressed in white outside 4. T. H. Boen, The Chinese People are Leading the Way in Java, The Biograph- ical Publishing Center, Solo (1935), p. 89. but yellow on the inside. They are not content to stay here but 5. The Java Post, May (1953). also have a fence encircling the banyan tree. Hi patih, you drive 6. The List of Books Supplement Tan Khoen Swie Published in 1922, 1929 and out the Arabs who were in Java whoIP: tried 182.255.1.10 to cause chaos On: in the Wed, 16 1936.May 2018 03:51:23 kingdom. Only in Demak and in NgampelCopyright: I allow them American to stay Scientific7. CatalogusBoaekhandel Publishers Tan Khoen Swie Kediri (1953). 8. P. W. van den Broek, De Geschiedenis van Het Rijk Kediri, Boekhandel, En in Java and adheres to his religion.” Delivered by IngentaDrukkerijk E. J. Brill, Leiden (1902), pp. 1–10. Serat Dermogandul has a value equal to the controversy Babad 9. M. C. Ricklefs, Polarising Javanese Society Islamic and Other Visions, NUS Kediri namely: the author is not clear. Impressing is the result of Press, Singapore (2007), pp. 1830–1840. 10. D. A. Rinkes, TBG 53 17 (1911–1913). plagiarism from a manuscript Babad Kediri. Looks at some of 11. Van Akkeren, Een Gedrocht en Toch de Volmaakte Mens: De Javaansche the same substance with a few verses on the entire text Kediri. Suluk Gatolotjo, Uitgegeven, Vertaald en Toegelicht, ‘s Gravenhage (1951), Similarly, the characters that appear in the story is also exactly pp. 205–206. the same as the chronicle Kediri. Cargo also insulted Islam. 12. G. W. J. Drewes, BKI 122, 309 (1966). 13. H. M. Rasjidi, Document Pour Srvira’l Histoire de l Islam a Java, Paris Publi- An explanation of the events of history also anakron, many of cations de l’Ecole Francaised’Extreme-Orient (1977). which are not based on the facts and written modest. 14. M. C. Ricklefs, Loc. Cit.

Received: 10 August 2016. Accepted: 15 May 2017.

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