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The Berlin West African Conference 1884-1885 and the Ottoman Empire a Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Social Scienc

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The Berlin West African Conference 1884-1885 and the Ottoman Empire a Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Social Scienc THE BERLIN WEST AFRICAN CONFERENCE 1884-1885 AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY AHMET DOĞAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY MARCH 2021 Approval of the thesis: BERLIN WEST AFRICAN CONFERENCE 1884-1885 AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE submitted by AHMET DOĞAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History, the Graduate School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. YaĢar KONDAKÇI Dean Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Ferdan ERGUT Head of Department Department of Prof. Dr. Ömer TURAN Supervisor Department of Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Yonca ĠLDEġ (Head of the Examining Committee) Hacettepe University Department of International Relations Prof. Dr. Ömer TURAN (Supervisor) Middle East Technical University Department of History Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bahar GÜRSEL Middle East Technical University Department of History PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Ahmet DOĞAN Signature: iii ABSTRACT BERLIN WEST AFRICAN CONFERENCE 1884-1885 AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE Doğan, Ahmet M.A., Department of History Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ömer Turan March 2021, 117 pages It is an undeniable fact that Africa continent is important place for history of imperialism. European Powers had interested in Africa for a long time in history. 19th century witnessed many important developments which shape history of world. It is also important for history of Africa. Among many important developments in this century, Berlin West African Conference, or Congo Conference is very crucial for Africa. In literature, this conference is considered as the key development which give a path to partition of Africa. 14 participants attended this conference which was established between November 1884 and February 1885. The Ottoman Empire was one of the participants. Africa continent and the Empire had been in relations for centuries. That’s why the participation of the Empire to the conference is important. In this context, this thesis aims to examine the Berlin West African Conference and the Ottoman participation in this conference. Keywords: The Ottoman Empire, The Berlin West African Conference, Congo, Ottoman Africa, colonialism iv ÖZ 1884-1885 BERLĠN BATI AFRĠKA KONFERANSI VE OSMANLI DEVLETĠ Doğan, Ahmet Yüksek Lisans, Tarih Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Ömer Turan Mart 2021, 117 sayfa Afrika’nın sömürgecilik tarihi için önemi yadsınamaz bir gerçektir. Avrupalı güçler Afrika’ya uzun süre ilgi duydular. 19. yüzyıl dünya tarihini Ģekillendiren birçok önemli olaya tanıklık etmiĢtir. Bu yüzyıl Afrika tarihi için de önemlidir. Bu yüzyıldaki önemli olaylar arasında Berlin Batı Afrika Konferansı, ya da Kongo Konferansı, Afrika için hayati öneme sahiptir. Bu konferans literatürde Afrika’nın paylaĢımına yol açan geliĢme olarak kabul edilmektedir. Kasım 1884 ve ġubat 1885 arasında düzenlenen konferansa 14 ülke katılmıĢtır. Osmanlı Devleti bu katılımcılardan biridir. Osmanlı Devleti ile Afrika arasındaki iliĢki yüzyıllar boyunca devam etmiĢtir. Bu sebeple Osmanlı Devleti’nin konferansa katılımı önem arz etmektedir. Bu kapsamda bu tez Berlin Batı Afrika Konferansını ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin bu konferanstaki katılımını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanlı Devleti, Berlin Batı Afrika Konferansı, Kongo, Osmanlı Afrikası, sömürgecilik v DEDICATION To my beloved mother… vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratefulness to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Ömer Turan for his invaluable guidance, endless patience and support that he showed to me during the writing period of this thesis. Being of his student has been a very instructive experience for me, and I will always remember his contribution not only to this study but also to my personality with a huge thankfulness. I would also like to deliver special thanks to Prof. Dr. Yonca ĠldeĢ. Her courses that I took during my undergraduate education contributed much to my inclination to work in the field of history. I also owe her so much for her endless support even after my graduation. Also, I would like to express deep gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bahar Gürsel who has accepted to become a member of the thesis committee. She has always been very kind and helpful to me since I become a student at METU. Besides, many special thanks go to the academicians who I have found a chance to participate in their courses during my graduate study at the Middle East Technical University. As an outsider of the discipline, their lectures and talks contributed not only to my intellectual improvement but also broadened my horizons in many respects. Also, I am grateful to my friends who endure my everlasting plaints during the writing period of this thesis and support me unconditionally. I will always consider myself very lucky to have such friends. Finally, I would like to express my indebtedness to my mother, Melek Yazar. Without her endless support and faith that she put in me; it would have been impossible for me to write this thesis. Besides, I owe many thanks to my dear sister Pınar Doğan. She always fully supported me, warned me when necessary, and kept me on the right path. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ............................................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ iv ÖZ ................................................................................................................................. v DEDICATION ............................................................................................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................... x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................... xi CHAPTERS 1.INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 2.THE ROOTS OF THE OTTOMAN PRESENCE IN AFRICA ............................. 12 2.1. The Ottoman Provinces in Africa .................................................................... 13 2.2. Ottoman Relations with Local Muslim Powers and Muslim Population in Africa ...................................................................................................................... 21 3.THE BERLIN WEST AFRICAN CONFERENCE 1884-1885 .............................. 32 3.1. An Assessment of General Situation Before the Berlin Conference of 1884- 1885 ........................................................................................................................ 33 3.1.1. New Imperialism ...................................................................................... 33 3.1.2. Policies of Participant States Towards Africa .......................................... 36 3.1.3. Circumstances that Give a Path to the Conference .................................. 47 3.2. Process of the Berlin West African Conference .............................................. 51 3.3. The Plunder of Africa After the Berlin West African Conference ................. 63 4.OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN THE BERLIN WEST AFRICAN CONFERENCE ...... 70 4.1. Situation of the Empire in the 19th Century .................................................... 70 4.2. Participation of the Ottoman Empire in the Berlin West African Conference 74 4.3. The Ottoman Attitude in the Berlin West African Conference ....................... 80 5.CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 91 viii REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 96 APPENDICES A. TURKISH SUMMARY / TÜRKÇE ÖZET ....................................................... 105 B. THESIS PERMISSION FORM / TEZ ĠZĠN FORMU ........................................ 117 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Map illustrating the Ottoman territories in Africa in 1803 ........................ 14 Figure 2. European Possessions in Africa before the 1884-1885 Berlin West African Conference ................................................................................................................. 34 Figure 3. The Conventional Basin of the Congo as Defined by the Berlin Conference ................................................................................................................. 55 Figure 4. Map illustrating the participation of Africa after the Berlin West African Conference ................................................................................................................. 64 x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BOA. HR. SYS. BaĢkanlık Osmanlı ArĢivi: Hariciye Nezareti Siyasi BOA. Ġ. HR. BaĢkanlık Osmanlı ArĢivi: Ġrade Hariciye BOA. Ġ. MMS. BaĢkanlık Osmanlı ArĢivi: Ġrade Meclis-i
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