DOCSLIB.ORG

Federal Communications Commission DA 02-1050 in the Matter Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Federal Communications Commission DA 02-1050 in the Matter Of Federal Communications Commission DA 02-1050 Before the Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554 In the Matter of ) ) File No. EB-02-TC-037 Time Warner Entertainment Company, LP ) ) CUID No.WI0265 (West Allis) Complaint Regarding ) Cable Programming Services Tier ) ORDER Adopted: May 6, 2002 Released: May 8, 2002 By the Chief, Enforcement Bureau:1 1. In this Order we consider a complaint2 against the rates charged by the above-referenced operator ("Operator")3 for its cable programming services tier ("CPST") in the community referenced above.4 The Cable Services Bureau has already issued an order in which it found Operator’s CPST rates in effect through May 14, 1994 to be unreasonable ("Prior Order").5 In the Prior Order, the Cable Services Bureau stated that its findings "do not in any way prejudge the reasonableness of the prices for CPS service after May 14, 1994 under our new rate regulations."6 This Order addresses only the reasonableness of Operator’s CPST rates in effect beginning May 15, 1994. 2. Under the provisions of the Communications Act7 that were in effect at the time the referenced complaints were filed, the Federal Communications Commission ("Commission") was authorized to review the CPST rates of cable systems not subject to effective competition to ensure that rates charged are not unreasonable. The Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 19928 ("1992 Cable Act") required the Commission to review CPST rates upon the filing of a valid complaint by a subscriber or local franchising authority ("LFA"). The filing of a complete and timely complaint triggers an 1 Effective March 25, 2002, the Commission transferred responsibility for resolving cable programming services tier rate complaints from the former Cable Services Bureau to the Enforcement Bureau. See Establishment of the Media Bureau, the Wireline Competition Bureau and the Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau, Reorganization of the International Bureau and Other Organizational Changes, FCC 02-10, 17 FCC Rcd 4672 (2002). 2 The first valid complaint against Operator’s CPST rate in the community referenced above was filed on February 28, 1994. There are no subsequent complaints on file. 3 The term "Operator" includes Operator's predecessors and successors in interest. 4 On December 3, 1997, the Federal Communications Commission received notification, pursuant to 47 C.F.R. § 76.400, of a change of ownership from Marcus Cable Partners, LP to Time Warner Entertainment Company, LP. 5 See In the Matter of Crown Cable Wisconsin, Inc., DA 95-680, 10 FCC Rcd 7923 (CSB 1995); refund plan denied, In the Matter of Marcus Cable Partners, LP, DA 98-2442, 13 FCC Rcd 23411 (CSB 1998). 6 Prior Order at n. 2. 7 Communications Act, Section 623(c), as amended, 47 U.S.C. §543(c) (1996). 8 Pub. L. No. 102-385, 106 Stat. 1460 (1992). Federal Communications Commission DA 02-1050 obligation upon the cable operator to file a justification of its CPST rates.9 The Operator has the burden of demonstrating that the CPST rates complained about are reasonable.10 If the Commission finds a rate to be unreasonable, it shall determine the correct rate and any refund liability.11 3. Operators must use the FCC Form 1200 series to justify rates for the period beginning May 15, 1994.12 Operators may file an FCC Form 1210 to justify quarterly rate increases based on the addition and deletion of channels, changes in certain external costs and inflation.13 Operators may justify their rates on an annual basis using an FCC Form 1240 to reflect reasonably certain and quantifiable changes in external costs, inflation, and the number of regulated channels that are projected for the twelve months following the rate change.14 Any incurred cost that is not projected may be accrued with interest and added to rates at a later time.15 Additionally, an Operator may file an FCC Form 1235 (Abbreviated Cost of Service Filing for Cable Network Upgrades). The FCC Form 1235 allows cable operators to justify rate increases related to significant capital expenditures used to improve rate-regulated services. This option is extended only in cases of significant upgrades requiring added capital investment, such as bandwidth capacity and conversion to fiber optics, and for system rebuilds. Normal improvements and expansions of service remain subject to the usual rate adjustments allowed by filing FCC Form 1210s, 1220s and 1240s. Cable operators that incur increases in operating costs associated with a significant network upgrade will be permitted to charge additional rates as justified by their FCC Form 1235 filing. 4. Upon review of Operator’s FCC Form 1200, we adjusted Line A6 (Monthly Charge per Tier as of 3/31/94) to $10.01 to conform to the maximum permitted rate ("MPR") from Operator's revised FCC Form 393 as adjusted in our Prior Order. Line A1 (Channels per Tier as of 3/31/94) and Line C1 (Channels per Tier as of 3/31/94) were adjusted to 23 channels for the CPST to reflect Operator’s actual channel line-up, in accordance with the channel line-up card provided by Operator. We also adjusted Line C2 (Number of Regulated Non-Broadcast Channels per Tier) to 23 for the CPST for the same reason. Our adjustments reduced Operator’s MPR from $10.55 to $9.36. The Commission’s rules provide for a refund liability deferral period, if timely requested by Operator, beginning May 15, 1994 and ending July 14, 1994, for any overcharges resulting from Operator’s calculation of a new MPR on the FCC Form 1200.16 Operator elected to defer refund liability for overcharges associated with its FCC Form 1200 pursuant to the Commission’s rules.17 However, Operator will incur refund liability from May 15, 1994 through July 14, 1994 for any CPST rates charged above the FCC Form 393 MPR approved by the Commission.18 In the 9 See Section 76.956 of the Commission’s rules, 47 C.F.R. § 76.956. 10 Id. 11 See Section 76.957 of the Commission’s rules, 47 C.F.R. § 76.957. 12 See Section 76.922 of the Commission's rules, 47 C.F.R. §76.922. 13 Id. 14 Id. 15 Id. 16 See Section 76.922(b)(6)(ii) of the Commission's rules, 47 C.F.R. Section 76.922(b)(6)(ii). 17 See Letter dated August 12, 1994 to the Federal Communications Commission from Trudi McCollum Foushee, Vice President, Crown Cable Law and Regulatory Affairs. 18 See Section 76.922(b)(6)(ii) of the Commission's rules, 47 C.F.R. § 76.922 (b)(6)(ii). 2 Federal Communications Commission DA 02-1050 Prior Order, the Cable Services Bureau found that Operator justified an FCC Form 393 MPR of $10.01. Because Operator’s actual CPST rate of $10.27, effective May 15, 1994 through July 14, 1994, exceeds its FCC Form 393 MPR of $10.01, we find Operator’s actual CPST rate of $10.27, effective May 15, 1994 through July 14, 1994, to be unreasonable. 5. Upon review of Operator’s FCC Form 1210 covering the period April 1, 1994 through June 30, 1994, we adjusted Line A2 (Full Reduction Rate per Tier) to reflect Operator’s revised FCC Form 1200 Line K1 (Maximum Permitted Rate) of $9.36. Line C1 (Previous Number of Regulated Channels per Tier) and Line C2 (Current Number of Regulated Channels per Tier) were adjusted to 23 channels for the CPST as noted above. These adjustments reduced Operator’s MPR from $11.15 to $9.96, effective July 1, 1994. Because Operator’s actual CPST rate of $10.27, effective July 15, 1994 through July 31, 1994, exceeds its revised MPR of $9.96, we find Operator’s actual CPST rate of $10.27, effective July 15, 1994 through July 31, 1994, to be unreasonable. Because Operator’s actual CPST rate of $10.55, effective August 1, 1994 through September 30, 1994, exceeds its revised MPR of $9.96, we find Operator’s actual CPST rate of $10.55, effective August 1, 1994 through September 30, 1994, to be unreasonable. 6. Upon review of Operator’s FCC Form 1210 covering the period July 1, 1994 though September 30, 1994, we adjusted Line A2 to reflect Operator’s prior FCC Form 1210 MPR of $9.96. Line C1 and Line C2 were adjusted to 23 channels for the CPST. These adjustments reduced Operator’s MPR from $11.35 to $10.14, effective October 1, 1994. Because Operator’s actual CPST rate of $10.55, effective October 1, 1994 through October 31, 1994, exceeds its revised MPR of $9.96, we find Operator’s actual CPST rate of $10.55, effective October 1, 1994 through October 31, 1994, to be unreasonable. Because Operator’s actual CPST rate of $11.35, effective November 1, 1994 through December 31, 1994, exceeds its revised MPR of $10.14, we find Operator’s actual CPST rate of $11.35, effective November 1, 1994 through December 31, 1994, to be unreasonable. 7. Upon review of Operator's FCC Form 1210 covering the period October 1, 1994 through December 31, 1994, we adjusted Operator's Line A2 to reflect Operator’s prior FCC Form 1210 MPR of $10.14. Line C1 and Line C2 were adjusted to 23 channels for the CPST. These adjustments reduced Operator’s MPR from $11.56 to $10.34, effective January 1, 1995. Because Operator’s actual CPST rate of $11.35, effective January 1, 1995 through March 31, 1995, exceeds its revised MPR $10.34, we find Operator’s actual CPST rate of $11.35, effective January 1, 1995 through March 31, 1995, to be unreasonable.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Medieval Heritage and Pilgrimage Walks
    Medieval Heritage and Pilgrimage Walks Cleveland Way Trail: walk the 3 miles from Rievaulx Abbey, Yorkshire to Helmsley Castle and tread in the footsteps of medieval Pilgrims along what’s now part of the Cleveland Way Trail. Camino de Santiago/Way of St James, Spain: along with trips to the Holy Land and Rome, this is the most famous medieval pilgrimage trail of all, and the most well-travelled in medieval times, at least until the advent of Black Death. Its destination point is the spot St James is said to have been buried, in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. Today Santiago is one of UNESCO’s World Heritage sites. Read more . the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela holds a Pilgrims’ Mass every day at noon. Walk as much or as little of it as you like. Follow the famous scallop shell symbols. A popular starting point, both today and in the Middle Ages, is either Le Puy in the Massif Central, France OR the famous medieval Abbey at Cluny, near Paris. The Spanish start is from the Pyrenees, on to Roncevalles or Jaca. These routes also take in the Via Regia and/or the Camino Frances. The Portuguese way is also popular: from the Cathedrals in either Lisbon or Porto and then crossing into Falicia/Valenca. At the end of the walk you receive a stamped certifi cate, the Compostela. To achieve this you must have walked at least 100km or cycled for 200. To walk the entire route may take months. Read more . The route has inspired many TV and fi lm productions, such as Simon Reeve’s BBC2 ‘Pilgrimage’ series (2013) and The Way (2010), written and directed by Emilio Estevez, about a father completing the pilgrimage in memory of his son who died along the Way of St James.
    [Show full text]
  • A File in the Online Version of the Kouroo Contexture (Approximately
    SETTING THE SCENE FOR THOREAU’S POEM: YET AGAIN WE ATTEMPT TO LIVE AS ADAM 11th Century 1010s 1020s 1030s 1040s 1050s 1060s 1070s 1080s 1090s 12th Century 1110s 1120s 1130s 1140s 1150s 1160s 1170s 1180s 1190s 13th Century 1210s 1220s 1230s 1240s 1250s 1260s 1270s 1280s 1290s 14th Century 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s 1360s 1370s 1380s 1390s 15th Century 1410s 1420s 1430s 1440s 1450s 1460s 1470s 1480s 1490s 16th Century 1510s 1520s 1530s 1540s 1550s 1560s 1570s 1580s 1590s 17th Century 1610s 1620s 1630s 1640s 1650s 1660s 1670s 1680s 1690s 18th Century 1710s 1720s 1730s 1740s 1750s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s 19th Century 1810s Alas! how little does the memory of these human inhabitants enhance the beauty of the landscape! Again, perhaps, Nature will try, with me for a first settler, and my house raised last spring to be the oldest in the hamlet. To be a Christian is to be Christ- like. VAUDÈS OF LYON 1600 William Gilbert, court physician to Queen Elizabeth, described the earth’s magnetism in DE MAGNETE. Robert Cawdrey’s A TREASURIE OR STORE-HOUSE OF SIMILES. Lord Mountjoy assumed control of Crown forces, garrisoned Ireland, and destroyed food stocks. O’Neill asked for help from Spain. HDT WHAT? INDEX 1600 1600 In about this year Robert Dudley, being interested in stories he had heard about the bottomlessness of Eldon Hole in Derbyshire, thought to test the matter. George Bradley, a serf, was lowered on the end of a lengthy rope. Dudley’s little experiment with another man’s existence did not result in the establishment of the fact that holes in the ground indeed did have bottoms; instead it became itself a source of legend as spinners would elaborate a just-so story according to which serf George was raving mad when hauled back to the surface, with hair turned white, and a few days later would succumb to the shock of it all.
    [Show full text]
  • Pobie Bank Reef Special Area of Conservation 2020 Cruise Report (1220S)
    JNCC/MSS Partnership Report Series Report No. 5 Pobie Bank Reef Special Area of Conservation 2020 Cruise Report (1220S) Albrecht, J. & Stirling, D. May 2021 © Crown Copyright 2021 ISSN 2634-2081 For further information please contact: Joint Nature Conservation Committee Monkstone House City Road Peterborough PE1 1JY www.jncc.gov.uk Marine Monitoring Team ([email protected]) This report should be cited as: Albrecht, J. & Stirling, D. (2021). Pobie Bank Reef Special Area of Conservation 2020 Cruise Report (1220S). JNCC/MSS Partnership Report No. 5. JNCC, Peterborough, ISSN 2634-2081. Acknowledgements: We thank the captain, crew and scientists of the MRV Scotia cruise 1220S. JNCC EQA Statement: This report is compliant with the JNCC Evidence Quality Assurance Policy https://jncc.gov.uk/about-jncc/corporate-information/evidence-quality-assurance/ and was reviewed by MSS and JNCC. i Contents 1 Background and introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Pobie Bank Reef Special Area of Conservation ..................................................................... 1 1.2 Aims and objectives ...................................................................................................................... 2 2 Survey design and methods ........................................................................................................ 5 2.1 Survey design.........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • T2 R1.5 Femoral Nailing System
    T2 R1.5 Femoral Nailing System Operative Technique Femoral Nailing System Contributing Surgeons Prof. Dr. med. Volker Bühren Chief of Surgical Services Medical Director of Murnau Trauma Center Murnau Germany Joseph D. DiCicco III, D. O. Director Orthopaedic Trauma Service Good Samaritan Hospital Dayton, Ohio Associate Clinical Professor of Orthopeadic Surgery Ohio University and Wright State University USA Thomas G. DiPasquale, D. O. Medical Director, Orthopedic Trauma Services Director, Orthopedic Trauma Fellowship and This publication sets forth detailed Orthopedic Residency Programs recommended procedures for using York Hospital Stryker Osteosynthesis devices and York instruments. USA It offers guidance that you should heed, but, as with any such technical guide, each surgeon must consider the particular needs of each patient and make appropriate adjustments when and as required. A workshop training is required prior to first surgery. All non-sterile devices must be cleaned and sterilized before use. Follow the instructions provided in our reprocessing guide (L24002000). Multi-component instruments must be disassembled for cleaning. Please refer to the corresponding assembly/ disassembly instructions. See package insert (L22000007) for a complete list of potential adverse effects, contraindications, warnings and precautions. The surgeon must discuss all relevant risks, including the finite lifetime of the device, with the patient, when necessary. Warning: Fixation Screws: Stryker Ostreosynthesis bone screws are not approved or intended for screw attachment or fixation to the posterior elements (pedicles) of the cervical, thoracic or lumbar spine. 2 Contents Page 1. Introduction 4 Implant Features 4 Instrument Features 6 References 6 2. Indications, Precautions and Contraindications 7 Indications 7 Precautions 7 Relative Contraindications 7 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Bresnan Communications ) CSR No
    Federal Communications Commission DA 00-1635 Before the Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554 In the Matter of ) ) CUID No. GA0378 (Richmond Hill) Bresnan Communications ) CSR No. 4746-R ) Complaint Regarding Cable Programming ) Services Tier Rate and Cost of Service ) Showing to Support Basic Service Tier Rate ) ORDER Adopted: July 20, 2000 Released: July 24, 2000 By the Acting Chief, Financial Analysis and Compliance Division, Cable Services Bureau: 1. In this Order we consider a complaint against the October 1, 1995 rate increase of the above-referenced operator ("Operator") for its cable programming services tier ("CPST") in the community referenced above. In this Order we also review the FCC Form 1235 (Abbreviated Cost of Service Filing for Cable Network Upgrades) filed to support the rate Operator was charging for its basic service tier ("BST") in the community referenced above. On February 12, 1996, the City of Richmond Hill petitioned the Federal Communications Commission ("Commission") requesting assistance in reviewing Operator's BST cost of service showing.1 The Commission granted the City's request on July 8, 1996, and agreed to review Operator's FCC Form 1235 abbreviated cost of service showing regarding its BST rate.2 This Order addresses the reasonableness of Operator's October 1, 1995 CPST rate increase and the reasonableness of Operator’s calculated FCC Form 1235 maximum permitted rate ("MPR") for the BST. 2. Under the Communications Act,3 the Commission is authorized to review the CPST rates of cable systems not subject to effective competition to ensure that rates charged are not unreasonable. The Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 19924 ("1992 Cable Act") required the Commission to review CPST rates upon the filing of a valid complaint by a subscriber or local franchising authority ("LFA").
    [Show full text]
  • Attempts at Geopolitical Restauration
    Chapter 4 Attempts at Geopolitical Restauration Apart from aspects of the empire’s internal politics (imperial ideology, divi- sions within the Constantinopolitan court elite, problematic imperial- Venetian relations) our astrological corpus also contains information regarding Baldwin ii’s foreign politics, especially on relations with the Castilian court. The estab- lished view on the Latin empire’s geopolitical position within the Byzantine region (Balkan, Aegean, Asia Minor) under Baldwin ii is that Constantinople and its dependencies were waiting to fall into the hands of the Nicaean em- peror comme un fruit mûr, as Jean Longnon has so eloquently put it: a pas- sive existence with an inevitable outcome.1 This, however, negates the fact that on the diplomatic level the emperor and his entourage in the 1240s and 1250s continued developing one project after another with a range of international partners with the aim at maintaining and ultimately restoring his empire: the 1237–1240 crusade (with papal support), the alliance with Konya in the early 1240s, the Cuman alliance in the 1240s, the diplomatic relations with the Mon- gols in the 1240s and 1250s (which appear to have inaugurated a “Black Sea policy,” as John Giebfried has suggested, although this presumably was pre- dominantly a Venetian attempt to dominate trade in the region), the project involving the Order of Santiago in 1245–1246 (again with papal support), the 1248 campaign in the Constantinopolitan region, the re-establishment of a more active imperial policy vis-à-vis the Latin Orient (Cyprus and Syria- Palestine) in the context of the Seventh Crusade (1248–1254), a possible mar- riage alliance with Trebizond in the 1250s (with the French king Louis ix mediating), and the “grand alliance” between Achaia, Epiros, Sicily, and Con- stantinople in 1257/58–1259.2 This dynamic diplomacy—although not always 1 Longnon, L’empire latin de Constantinople, 186.
    [Show full text]
  • NOTICE to CONGRESS: MONTHLY UPDATE on FLOOD MAPPING Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 and Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2014
    NOTICE TO CONGRESS: MONTHLY UPDATE ON FLOOD MAPPING Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 and Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2014 April 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 2. Background .................................................................................................................... 2 3. Risk MAP Program .......................................................................................................... 3 4. Notification .................................................................................................................... 3 4.1. Estimated Issuance of Preliminary Maps ..................................................................................4 4.2. Estimated Issuance of Revised Preliminary Maps .....................................................................6 4.3. Actions Taken by the Administrator.........................................................................................7 5. Additional Information ................................................................................................. 12 Appendix A: Flood Maps ...................................................................................................... 13 Appendix B: Acronyms......................................................................................................... 18 Appendix C: Resources .......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • SURVEY of CURRENT BUSINESS October 1985
    OCTOBER 1985 / VOLUME 65 NUMBER 10 SUBVEY OF CUBBENT CONTENTS Business Situation 1 U.S. Department of Commerce National Income and Product Accounts Tables 8 Malcolm Baldrige / Secretary Sidney L. Jones / Under Secretary An Advance Overview of the Comprehensive Revision of the for Economic Affairs National Income and Product Accounts 19 Bureau of Economic Analysis Motor Vehicles, Model Year 1985 29 Allan H. Young / Director State Quarterly Personal Income, 1978:1-1985:11 30 Carol S. Carson / Deputy Director Metropolitan Area Projections of Income, Employment, and Population to the Year 2000 32 SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Editor-in-Chief: Carol S. Carson Manuscript Editor: Dannelet A. Grosvenor Managing Editor: Leland L. Scott Staff Contributors to This Issue: Leo M. Bernstein, Robert L. Brown, Carol S. Carson, Gerald F. Donahoe, Douglas R. Fox, Gurmukh S. Gill, John A. Gorman, Linnea Hazeri, Shelby W. Herman, Daniel J. Larkins, Larry R, Moran, Robert P. Parker, Tracy R. Tapscott, Isabelle B. Whiston, Regional Economic Analysis Division SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS. Published monthly by the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the U.S. Department of Commerce, Editori- al correspondence should be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, Survey of Current Business, Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC 20230. Annual subscription: second-class mail—$30.00 domestic; $37.50 foreign. Single copy: $4.75 domestic; $5.95 foreign. First-class mail rates and foreign air mail rates available upon CURRENT BUSINESS STATISTICS request. General SI Mail subscription orders and address changes to the Superintend- Industry S19 ent of Documents, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • TFL 8 Block 2
    Big White Mountain Follows the northerly watershed DL 4196 boundary of Trapping Creek to Ecological Reserve DL 4240 DL 1918S UTM cooordinates. DL 4233 E R/W Plan KAP61097 Follows the westerly watershed DL 1920S DL 1919S boundary of Whitefoot Creek to R/W Plan NKA:P 585491120143 m. UTM coordinates. R/W Plan KAP51549 E: 362188 m. R/W Plan 42584 R/W PlanN 39: 35958 1R0/8W4 P3la nm K.AP85770 DL 1917S DL 1911S E: 362135 m. E R/W Plan KAP61097 N: 5510531 m. Follows the westerly wateshed E: 362313 m. E R/W Plan KAP46608 boundary of Copperkettle Creek 82E.074 R/W Plan KAP88834 E E N:5508959 m. R/W Plan KAP53786 to UTM coordinates. 82E.075 DL 4251 E: 361188 m. R/W Plan KAP84909 N: 5509393 m. DL 1931S 82E.076 R/WN P:5la5n0 K9A3P83517 6m9 . E: 359063 m. R/W Plan KAP85406 R/W Plan KAP84961 Bk AER: /W36 P2la2n8 3288 6m9. DL 1910S N: 5510316 m. N:R /5W5 P0la8n9 K6A3P 6m10.97 DL 4218 DL 4222 DL 2143S DL 4260 DL 4109S E: 356478 m. R/W Plan KAP63486 E: 361016 m. DL 4257 DL 4208Bk C DL 4217DL 4236 N: 5510304 m. DL 4202 DL 4259 DL 4254 DL 1909S R/W Plan KAP83223 E: 357300 m. E Bk B DL 4203 DL 4258 R/W Plan KAP75032Bk BDL 4191 DL 4253 E DL 4248 DL 4186S DL 4228 DL 4219 E Bk B DL 4213 R/W Plan 38869DL 4229Bk AR/W Plan KAP68493 Bk A N: 5508626 m.
    [Show full text]
  • And Roof-Tiles at Orford Castle P. J. Drury, E. C. Norton
    Proceedings of the SUFFOLKINSTITUTE of ARCHAEOLOGYAND HISTORY I - C ; • • • ....... Volume XXXW Part 1 1985 á Proceedings of the SUFFOLKINSTITUTE of ARCHAEOLOGYAND HISTORY I ........ e. lb 4 Volume VONT Part 1 1985 Printedfor the Society by E. & E. PlumridgeLtd, Linton, Cambridge ISSN 0262-6004 TWELFTH-CENTURY FLOOR- AND ROOF-TILES AT ORFORD CASTLE by PI DRURY,F.SA,A.RI.C.S.and E.C. NORTON,M.A.,PH.D. ORFORDCASTLEas built by HernylI consisted of the survivingkeep surrounded by a now lok curtain wall with projecting towers. Its construction can be reliably dated from the Pipe Rolls to between 1165-66and 1172-73.The keepis thought to havebeen completed first,probably by 1167(BrOwn1964, 4-5; Brown etal 1963,11,769-71).It is of a unique type,cylindrical within but polygonal without,with three projecting rectangular towerswhich rise as turrets above the top of the main walls.It preserves its original 12th-centuryform, and later alterations appear to have been minimal. An oven in the north-east turret and a kitchen fireplace in the western projecting tower at first-floor level both incorporate fragments and wasters of ceramic floor- and roof-tiles. As long ago as 1842,it was observed that the oven was constructed of'Norman brick' (Hartshorne 1842,69).The purpose of this short paper is to establish that the tiles in both the oven and the kitchen fireplace form part of the original fabric of c.1165-67,and to discuss their significance in the light of this early date. THERELATIONSHIPOFTHETILESTOTHEFABRIC The north-east turret contains a large oven, consisting of a small firing -chamber at floor level connected by a flue to the baking chamber at a higher level(Pl.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ten Commandments in the Medieval Schools
    The Ten Commandments in the Medieval Schools When, in the generation after Hugh, Peter Lombard (d. 1160), master of the cathedral school at Notre Dame, included the commandments in his highly influential Four Books of Sentences, the position of the Decalogue in the schools’ curriculum was virtually guaranteed. It was made certain early in the thirteenth century, when the Sentences was made the textbook for all students studying the Bible in Paris, which had itself become the European centre for biblical and theological research. See Also: The Ten Commandments: Interpreting the Bible in the Medieval World (Leiden and Boston: E. J. Brill. 2014). By Lesley Smith Harris Manchester College, Oxford University September 2014 There was surprisingly little discussion of the ten commandments in the period between Augustine of Hippo (d. 430) and the schools that grew up in twelfth-century Paris, which specialised in teaching the Bible and theology. It may have been that Augustine was thought to have covered the subject; or perhaps the Decalogue didn’t offer enough interest for commentators who were trained to look for the spiritual senses of the Old Testament text – to find those allegories or typologies which foreshadowed the coming of Christ. But the Paris schools began to read the text in different ways. Hugh (d. 1141), master of the important school at the abbey of St Victor, taught his 1 pupils that understanding the literal sense of the text was the indispensable foundation for all other readings. With that, texts like the Decalogue, solidly grounded in the literal and practical, and which might have seemed too dull for commentators to bother with, became more interesting.
    [Show full text]
  • 1220S™ URO® Primer
    ™ ® 1220S URO Primer GENERAL DESCRIPTION A two-component, fast drying, easy-to-sand urethane primer-filler that delivers good filling properties. SUGGESTED USES For use over properly treated substrates such as aluminum, steel, fiberglass and plastic. Treat bare steel with 5717S™ or 5718S™ conditioners. Treat aluminum with 225S™ or 226S™ conditioners. 1220S™ has outstanding adhesion performance over metal substrates treated with the Metalok® 230S™ Adhesion Promoter or Metalok® 250S™ or 235S™ Pretreatments. COMPATIBLE COATINGS Compatible with all Axalta Transportation topcoat systems. NOT RECOMMENDED FOR Immersion service and marginally treated metal substrates. DRY FILM CHARACTERISTICS Chemical Resistance VERY GOOD Humidity Resistance over treated substrate EXCELLENT Weatherability with appropriate topcoat EXCELLENT Adhesion EXCELLENT Alkali Resistance EXCELLENT Solvent Resistance EXCELLENT The products referenced herein may not be sold in your market. Please consult your distributor for product availability. MIXING MIX RATIO Thoroughly mix prior to activation. The use of a Cyclone® shaker is recommended. Combine components and mix thoroughly. Filter material prior to spray application. Component Volume 1220S™ Primer 4 194S™, 294S™ or 15305S™ Activator 1 ADDITIVES Extend pot life and improve dry time: Add up to 2 oz. of 389S™ Accelerator per activated gallon Increased cure: Add up to 1 oz. 8989S™ Accelerator per activated gallon INDUCTION TIME No induction is required POT LIFE - 70°F (21°C) 1 hour as activated 2 hours with 389S™ Accelerator 45 minutes with 8989S™ Accelerator Page 1 of 3 APPLICATION APPLICATION CONDITIONS Do not apply if material, substrate or ambient temperature is less than 50°F (10°C) or above 110°F (43°C). The substrate must be at least 5°F (3°C) above the dew point.
    [Show full text]