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Classification and Characteristics of Pterygoid Process Fracture

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Vol. 117 No. 2 February 2014 Classification and characteristics of pterygoid process fracture associated with maxillary transverse fracture Jingang An, MD,a Fanfan Dai, MD,b Zhipeng Sun, MD,c and Yi Zhang, MDd School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China Objective. This study aimed to classify pterygoid process fractures associated with maxillary transverse fractures. Study Design. Pterygoid process fractures in 100 patients with maxillary transverse fractures were observed 2- and 3-dimensionally using image processing software. Fracture line course and height and sphenoid sinus involvement were recorded. Results. Pterygoid process fractures were classified as follows: class I, vertical (simple separation between medial and lateral plates); or class II, transverse (3 subcategories according to location of fracture line: II-1, within pterygoid fossa; II-2, above pterygoid fossa, not extending to sphenoid sinus floor; II-3, above pterygoid fossa, involving sphenoid sinus floor). Class I fracture was observed on 5 sides (2.7%); II-1, on 125 (66.5%); II-2, on 36 (19.1%); and II-3, on 22 (1.7%). Conclusions. Pterygoid process fractures were predominantly near the upper edge of the pterygoid fossa. Pneumatization of the pterygoid process is a risk in fractures involving the sphenoid sinus floor. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014;117:243-252) The LeFort classification of maxillary transverse frac- study, medical image processing software was used ture remains in wide use after almost a century. The to view 2- and 3-dimensional computed tomogra- common feature of the 3 types of LeFort fracture is phy (CT) images of maxillary transverse fractures that the sphenoid pterygoid process is involved1,2; from different perspectives. The characteristics of indeed, some authorities believe that the presence of a the pterygoid process fractures associated with the pterygoid process fracture almost always predicts the maxillary transverse fracture were observed and presence of a LeFort maxillary fracture.3 However, combined with clinical data to classify pterygoid because it is located deep in the posterior part of the process fracture. maxilla, certain aspects of pterygoid process fracture have not been reported in detail in the literature, MATERIALS AND METHODS owing to the limitations of the imaging techniques The participants were patients with maxillary transverse in the past. An example is the pattern of pterygoid fracture who were admitted to the Oral and Maxillo- process fracture lines associated with maxillary facial Surgery Trauma Center at the School and Hos- transverse fracture: are they also transverse, or do they pital of Stomatology, Peking University, between involve separation between the medial and lateral January 2007 and October 2011. All patients included plates or between the pterygoid process and the in the study met the following criteria: (1) maxillary maxilla? Do the different levels of LeFort fracture fracture was recorded in the medical records and correlate with different levels of pterygoid process confirmed by preoperative CT, and the surgical records fracture? In the previous literature, the characteristics showed that maxillary fracture reduction and fixation of the pterygoid process fracture caused by maxillary were performed; (2) complete clinical data were avail- LeFort I osteotomy were discussed, and some simple able, including detailed medical records, preoperative fi classi cations were made, but literature discussing the facial and occlusal photos, and preoperative CT of the classification of pterygoid process fracture associated 4-8 head; (3) the time between the injury and admittance with maxillary LeFort fractures was rare. In this was less than 2 months, no surgical fracture reduction or fixation had been performed, and the maxillary aAssociate Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology. bResident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology. Statement of Clinical Relevance cAttending Physician, Department of Oral Radiology, Peking Uni- versity School and Hospital of Stomatology. This article summarizes the characteristics of ptery- d Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking goid process fractures associated with maxillary University School and Hospital of Stomatology. fi Received for publication Apr 13, 2012; returned for revision Nov 13, transverse fractures and provides a classi cation for 2013; accepted for publication Nov 26, 2013. pterygoid process fractures. The result can help oral Ó 2014 Published by Elsevier Inc. and maxillofacial surgeons and radiologists under- 2212-4403/$ - see front matter stand the features of pterygoid process fractures. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2013.11.500 243 ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL RADIOLOGY OOOO 244 An et al. February 2014 Table I. LeFort classification and characteristics of bilateral maxillary fractures (89 cases) Single-line fractures Multiline fractures Bilateral consistent Bilateral inconsistent Bilateral consistent Bilateral inconsistent I II III I þ II I þ III II þ III I þ II þ III 14 7 4 13 8 1 3 13 26 15.7% 7.9% 4.5% 14.6% 9.0% 1.1% 3.4% 14.6% 29.2% transverse fracture had been classified according to the Table II. Relationship between maxillary fracture and LeFort classification. pterygoid process fracture (cases) A total of 100 cases met the inclusion criteria for this Unilateral pterygoid Bilateral pterygoid study (86 male, 14 female), with a mean age of 33.7 Type process fracture process fracture Total years (range, 14-59 years). The causes of the fractures Unilateral maxillary 11 0 11 were traffic accidents (75 cases), work-related injuries fracture (13), falls (9), blast injury (2), and violent injury (1). Bilateral maxillary 18889 The mean time from injury to admittance was 19.3 fracture days, with a range of 1 to 50 days. Total 12 88 100 Head CT images were reconstructed using image processing software (Mimics, version 10.01; Materialise, fractures and pterygoid process fractures is shown in Leuven, Belgium), and maxillary LeFort fractures were Table II (c2 test; P < .05). These findings indicate that identified from axial, coronal, sagittal, and 3-dimensional there is a correlation between maxillary fracture and images. Pterygoid process fractures were observed on pterygoid process fracture, unilateral maxillary fracture axial, coronal, and sagittal images. To obtain recon- being associated with unilateral pterygoid process structed 3-dimensional maxillofacial images, the man- fracture and bilateral maxillary fracture with bilateral dible, the cervical vertebrae, and the rear of the skull, pterygoid process fracture. which obstruct views of the pterygoid process from the Based on the characteristics of the pterygoid process posterior and both sides, were removed; the back and fractures observed in this sample, the following classi- sides of both pterygoid processes were then completely fication was established: class I, pterygoid process visible in 3 dimensions. The information obtained from vertical fracture (simple separation between the medial the 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional images allowed us and lateral plates); or class II, pterygoid process trans- to determine the pattern of pterygoid process fracture verse fracture, which was further divided into 3 sub- lines, fracture level, and extension to the sphenoid sinus, categories: II-1, fracture line located within the pterygoid and ultimately to classify pterygoid process fracture fossa; II-2, fracture line located above the pterygoid associated with maxillary transverse fracture. The default fossa, not extending to the floor of the sphenoid sinus; II- threshold (226-3071HU) for bony tissue in Mimics was 3, fracture line located above the pterygoid fossa and used to segment these CT images. involving the floor of the sphenoid sinus (Figures 1 to 5). Statistical analysis was conducted with statistical According to this classification, the 100 cases (188 software (SPSS, version 11.0; SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, sides) comprised 138 sides with simple fractures (73.4%) USA) using the c2 test and the nonparametric Kruskal- and 50 sides with complex fractures of 2 or 3 types Wallis test. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. (26.6%); 48 involved 2 types, and 2 involved 3 types. Thus, there were 240 fracture sites in total (Table III). RESULTS Of the 50 complex fractures, 44 were single transverse The 100 cases had a total of 189 sides with maxillary fractures with separation between the medial and fractures, with unilateral fracture in 11 (11 sides) and lateral plates (Figure 6); 4 were transverse fractures bilateral fracture in 89 (178 sides). The characteristics both above and below the upper edge of the pterygoid of the fracture lines in the 89 bilateral maxillary frac- fossa (Figure 7); and 2 were transverse fractures both tures are shown in Table I. The 189 sides with maxil- above and below the upper edge of the pterygoid fossa lary fractures in this sample corresponded to 188 sides with separation between the medial and lateral plates. with pterygoid process fractures. The pterygoid process The distribution of pterygoid process fractures, fracture was unilateral in 12 cases (12 sides), 11 of including simple and complex fractures, is shown in which had a unilateral maxillary fracture (with 1 case of Table IV. bilateral maxillary fracture), and bilateral in 88 cases Among the 138 sides of simple pterygoid process (176
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  • Bony Framework of the Skull. Sphenoid and Ethmoid. János Hanics M.D

    Bony Framework of the Skull. Sphenoid and Ethmoid. János Hanics M.D

    Bony framework of the skull. Sphenoid and ethmoid. János Hanics M.D. SKELETAL SYSTEM MAIN PARTS OF THE SKULL •Constitute by 22 bones: •neurocranium (8) – UNPAIRED: frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid bones PAIRED: temporal, parietal bones •viscerocranium (14) -UNPAIRED: mandibule, vomer. PAIRED: nasal, maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal concha Their role – formation of cavities, protect viscera, voice formation, initial portions of the gastrointerstinal and respiratory systems, insertion of muscles (mascication, head movements) Cavities: Cranial cavity, Nasal cavity, Paranasal sinuses Oral cavity, Orbit, (Tympanic cavity, Inner ear) Joints between the cranial bones • Synchondrosis, synostosis (cartilagineal and bony connections) • Sutures – Coronal – Sagittal – Lambdoid CALVARIA AND BASE OF THE SKULL Calvaria External aspect of calvaria Base of the skull Internal aspect of calvaria BASE OF THE SKULL (INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ASPECT) FOSSAE CRANII Anterior cranial fossa MIddle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa • Posterior cranial fossa: • Anterior cranial fossa: • Occipital, temporal bones, frontal, ethmoid, lesser parietal bones wings of sphenoid • Middle cranial fossa: sphenoid, temporal bones, parietal bones BONES OF NEUROCRANIUM Parietal bone Frontal bone Temporal bone Ethmoid Sphenoid BONES OF THE SKULL SPHENOID ETHMOID SPHENOID – Form the external and internal aspect of the base of the skull – Connected to frontal, ethmoid, temporal, zygomatic, parietal, maxilla, palatine, vomer and occipital bones – Bordering