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Political Parties in New Democracies Political Parties in New Democracies Political Parties in New Democracies Party Organization in Southern and East-Central Europe Ingrid van Biezen Lecturer in Comparative Politics University of Birmingham © Ingrid van Biezen 2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 978-1-4039-0307-5 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2003 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-50853-2 ISBN 978-1-4039-3785-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781403937858 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10987654321 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 To the memory of my grandfather – Voor opa Contents List of Figure and Tables x Acknowledgements xi List of Party Acronyms xiii Introduction 1 Part I Framework 1 The Path towards Democracy: the Institutional Context of Party Formation 15 Party formation and organizational development: three scenarios 16 The path towards democracy 18 The Western European path: from competitive oligarchy to democracy 20 The emergence of new democracies: divergent trajectories 24 2 Party Formation and Organizational Development: Opportunities and Constraints 28 The sequence of organizational development 29 Institutional origins and institutional orientations 33 The weakness of cleavage structures and partisan identities 35 Access to mass media and public funding 38 Strategies of mobilization: electorates versus partisans 43 Conclusion 47 Part II Membership Organizations and Party Structures 3 Portugal 53 Parties and the party system 54 The membership organization 59 The organizational structure 68 The internal distribution of power 73 Conclusion 75 vii viii Contents 4 Spain 77 Parties and the party system 78 The membership organization 83 The organizational structure 93 The internal distribution of power 99 Conclusion 102 5 Hungary 105 Parties and the party system 105 The membership organization 111 The organizational structure 117 The internal distribution of power 122 Conclusion 129 6 The Czech Republic 132 Parties and the party system 133 The membership organization 138 The organizational structure 146 The internal distribution of power 150 Conclusion 152 Part III Cross-National Patterns 7 On the Internal Balance of Power: the Extra-Parliamentary Party vs the Party in Public Office 157 The predominance of the party in public office 157 Assessing public office predominance 159 Internal conceptions of the balance of power 161 Accumulation of mandates 165 The employment of party staff 170 The allocation of state subventions 173 Conclusion 175 8 Financing Parties in New Democracies 177 The legal framework of public funding 178 Restrictions, disclosure and enforcement 182 The relevance of public money 185 The role of society 193 Party finance and party organization 197 Conclusion 199 Contents ix 9 Patterns of Party Organization in New Democracies 202 On the relevance of members, professionals and party leaderships 204 Parties and society: a tenuous relationship 208 Encouraging étatisation through public funding 212 The predominance of the extra-parliamentary executive 214 Conclusion 218 Notes 221 References 231 Index 249 List of Figure and Tables Figure 1.1 Typology of political regimes 19 Tables 3.1 Party membership in Portugal 60 3.2 Party membership in Portugal (% of electorate) 61 3.3 Party membership in Portugal (% of votes) 62 3.4 Composition of permanent executive in Portugal 70 4.1 Party membership in Spain 84 4.2 Party membership in Spain (% of electorate) 85 4.3 Party membership in Spain (% of votes) 86 4.4 Composition of permanent executive in Spain 98 5.1 Party membership in Hungary 111 5.2 Party membership in Hungary (% of electorate and votes) 112 5.3 Local branches in Hungary 118 5.4 Composition of executive committee in Hungary 120 6.1 Party membership in the Czech Republic 139 6.2 Party membership in the Czech Republic (% of electorate and votes) 140 6.3 Composition of permanent executive in the Czech Republic 149 7.1 Public office holders in permanent executives 168 7.2 Party staff in Hungary 171 7.3 Party staff in Spain 171 8.1 Income of Spanish parties, 1988–97 186 8.2 Financing Spanish elections, 1986–96 188 8.3 Income of Hungarian parties, 1990–96 189 8.4 Income of Czech parties, 1995–96 191 8.5 Financing Portuguese elections, 1995–2002 195 x Acknowledgements This book could not have been written without the support of a great number of people. Principal among them is Peter Mair, to whom I owe more than can be expressed here, not only for his encouragement and acute criticisms over the years but also for first instigating my interest in the field of comparative politics and political parties. I also am grateful to colleagues in the Netherlands and abroad, including Joop van Holsteyn, Jonathan Hopkin, Ruud Koole, José Magone, Cas Mudde and Ruben Verheul, on whom I imposed several chapters and who all pro- vided valuable feedback. In addition, from the outset of my research, Petr Kopecky´ has been an invaluable colleague and friend and I have greatly benefited from our stimulating conversations. To all of them, I owe many improvements. I would like to thank Zsolt Enyedi in Hungary and Pavel Hubácˇek in the Czech Republic, who both regularly volunteered to decode docu- ments written in, for me, unintelligible languages. Without their assis- tance, many of the sources on which this research is built would never have been disclosed. I have relied on them for most of the translations from Hungarian and Czech (unless otherwise indicated, all translations from Spanish and Portuguese are mine). In Spain, I am particularly grateful to Elena García-Guereta and Eloy Corchón for sharing ideas and resources on Spanish parties and party financing, and in Portugal to María Asensio and especially Fernando Marques da Costa, who proved to be indispensable and always-available guides to Portuguese politics and politicians. Throughout the stages of the research, I have built up numerous debts with the staff and leaderships of the political parties I have visited. They have been exceptionally helpful in most cases and I want to express my appreciation to all of those who allowed me some of their time for inter- views and to those who helped to disclose the sometimes impenetrable archives. Many thanks are also due to the hospitality of the staff and stu- dents of the Centro de Estudios Avanzados of the Instituto Juan March in Madrid, and especially to José Ramón Montero, to the Instituto de Ciências Sociais of the University of Lisbon, and to the Department of Political Science at the Central European University in Budapest. I am furthermore indebted to the Department of Political Science at the University of Leiden and to my colleagues in the Department of Political xi xii Acknowledgements Science and International Studies at the University of Birmingham, where I would like to thank Jeremy Jennings in particular for his sup- port. I would also like to acknowledge the financial support of the Foundation for Law and Public Administration (Reob), part of the Dutch Foundation for Scientific Research (NWO). Outside the academic world, my gratitude goes to my parents for their continual support and encouragement. I am also grateful to my friends for their company, moral support and their insightful comments. Most especially, I want to thank Giovanni Capoccia for his encouragement and intellectual stimulation. INGRID VAN BIEZEN List of Party Acronyms Acronym Original name English name Czech Republic CˇSS Cˇeskoslovenská Strana Czechoslovak Socialist Party Socialistická CˇSSD Cˇeskoslovenská Czechoslovak/Czech Social Strana Socialní Democratic Party Demokracie/Cˇeská Strana Socialneˇ Demokratická HSD-SMS Hnutí za Samosprávnou Movement for Self-Governing Demokracii – Spolecˇnost Democracy – Society for pro Moravu a Slezsko Moravia and Silesia KDU-CˇSL Krˇest’ansko a Christian Democratic Demokratická Unie – Union – Czechoslovak Cˇeskoslovenská People’s Party Strana Lidová KSCˇ Komunistická Strana Communist Party of Cˇeskoslovenská Czechoslovakia KSCˇM Komunistická Strana Communist Party of Cˇech a Moravy Bohemia and Moravia LSU Liberálneˇ Socialní Unie Liberal Social Union ODA Obcˇanská Demokratická Civic Democratic Alliance Aliance ODS Obcˇanská Demokratická Civic Democratic
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