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Winter 2011-2012
Winter 11/12 Issue #2 2011/12 Season PNSIA-EF Season Guide Inside 2011-2012 event dates & descriptions Winter Blast Feb 6-7 @ Stevens Pass 2-day Immersion Feb 8-10 @ Mission Ridge an alternative way to Divisional Academy Mar 9-11 @ Whitefish Alpine & Snowboard Exam Modules make V2 skating easy by Don Portman Mar 17-18, Mar 24-25, Mar 31-Apr 1, Apr 7-8 Symposium Apr 13-15 @ Mt Bachelor would you take a lesson from yourself? insight from Manon Burke plus pro tips, children's tips and more... Bergans of Norway is a proud supporter of PSIA-NW www.bergans.com; Bergans North America, Seattle, WA; (206) 329-2088; [email protected] 2 NW Snowsports Instructor contents features contributions 4 Dues Increase Scheduled for Next Season an alternative by Jack Burns, President and 12 Ed Younglove, NW Representative & way to make V2 PSIA-AASI Operations V.P. skating easy 5 Call for Candidates by Don Portman by Mary Germeau, Executive V.P. 6 The Joys of Teaching by Tyler Barnes, Communications V.P. 7 What’s New at Your Northwest Ski Areas 2011-2012 by Scott Kaden, PNSAA President 14 SEASON GUIDE 8 Certification: an Open Memo to the Northwest Division Event Dates & Descriptions by Chris Thompson, Certification V.P. 9 Adaptive Level I & II Get a New Look by John Stevenson, Adaptive Chair 10 In Memory of Joy Lucas by Kathy Hand 20 would you take 11 Excerpt from It Started in the Mountains by Joy Lucas a lesson from yourself? 14 Welcome to the 2011-2012 Season by Kirsten Huotte, Executive Director by Manon Burke 21 Adult Teaching Handbook Review by Ed Kane 24 Snow Pro Tips by Brad Jacobson, Jeremy Riss, Brett Urbach, John Stevenson and Jenn Lockwood 27 Fly on the Wall: An Exam Shadow by Brad Walsh 28 Pink Elephants & Flaming Ducks Children’s Tips by Terry McLeod, Kelly Medler, Caron MacLane and one shared by Joy Lucas 30 Balancing Movements Revisited Senior Moment by Ed Kane Divisional Academy 2011 at Mission Ridge where we were joined by Glen and Kimberly Plake. -
Snow Avalanches J
, . ^^'- If A HANDBOOK OF FORECASTING AND CONTROL MEASURE! Agriculture Handbook No. 194 January 1961 FOREST SERVICE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Ai^ JANUARY 1961 AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 194 SNOW AVALANCHES J A Handbook of Forecasting and Control Measures k FSH2 2332.81 SNOW AVALANCHES :}o U^»TED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE SNOW AVALANCHES FSH2 2332.81 Contents INTRODUCTION 6.1 Snow Study Chart 6.2 Storm Plot and Storm Report Records CHAPTER 1 6.3 Snow Pit Studies 6.4 Time Profile AVALANCHE HAZARD AND PAST STUDIES CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 2 7 SNOW STABILIZATION 7.1 Test and Protective Skiing 2 PHYSICS OF THE SNOW COVER 7.2 Explosives 2.1 The Solid Phase of the Hydrologie Cycle 7.21 Hand-Placed Charges 2.2 Formation of Snow in the Atmosphere 7.22 Artillery 2.3 Formation and Character of the Snow Cover CHAPTER 8 2.4 Mechanical Properties of Snow 8 SAFETY 2.5 Thermal Properties of the Snow Cover 8.1 Safety Objectives 2.6 Examples of Weather Influence on the Snow Cover 8.2 Safety Principles 8.3 Safety Regulations CHAPTER 3 8.31 Personnel 8.32 Avalanche Test and Protective Skiing 3 AVALANCHE CHARACTERISTICS 8.33 Avalanche Blasting 3.1 Avalanche Classification 8.34 Exceptions to Safety Code 3.11 Loose Snow Avalanches 3.12 Slab Avalanches CHAPTER 9 3.2 Tyi)es 3.3 Size 9 AVALANCHE DEFENSES 3.4 Avalanche Triggers 9.1 Diversion Barriers 9.2 Stabilization Barriers CHAPTER 4 9.3 Barrier Design Factors 4 TERRAIN 9.4 Reforestation 4.1 Slope Angle CHAPTER 10 4.2 Slope Profile 4.3 Ground Cover and Vegetation 10 AVALANCHE RESCUE 4.4 Slope -
UNIVERSITY of CALGARY Estimating Extreme Snow
UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Estimating Extreme Snow Avalanche Runout for the Columbia Mountains and Fernie Area of British Columbia, Canada by: Katherine S. Johnston A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CALGARY, ALBERTA AUGUST, 2011 ©Katherine S. Johnston 2011 ABSTRACT Extreme snow avalanche runout is typically estimated using a combination of historical and vegetation records as well as statistical and dynamic models. The two classes of statistical models (α – β and runout ratio) are based on estimating runout distance past the β-point, which is generally defined as the point where the avalanche slope incline first decreases to 10°. The parameters for these models vary from mountain range to mountain range. In Canada, α – β and runout ratio parameters have been published for the Rocky and Purcell Mountains and for the British Columbia Coastal mountains. Despite active development, no suitable tall avalanche path model parameters have been published for the Columbia Mountains or for the Lizard Range area around Fernie, BC. Using a dataset of 70 avalanche paths, statistical model parameters have been derived for these regions. In addition, the correlation between extreme and average snowfall values and avalanche runout is explored. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to Bruce Jamieson for giving me the opportunity to work on this project, and for coordinating the financial support for this project. His thoughtful advice, numerous reviews, and inspirational leadership have helped make this a fantastic experience. My thanks to Alan Jones for providing numerous hours of guidance, mentoring, and thoughtful discussion throughout this project, and for facilitating data acquisition from outside sources. -
Final Report Fhwa-Wy-09/05F Snow Supporting
FINAL REPORT FHWA-WY-09/05F State of Wyoming U.S. Department of Transportation Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration SNOW SUPPORTING STRUCTURES FOR AVALANCHE HAZARD REDUCTION, 151 AVALANCHE, HIGHWAY US 89/191, JACKSON, WYOMING By: InterAlpine Associates 83 El Camino Tesoros Sedona, Arizona 86336 April 2009 Notice This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the use of the information contained in this document. The contents of this report reflect the views of the author(s) who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the Wyoming Department of Transportation or the Federal Highway Administration. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The United States Government and the State of Wyoming do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers’ names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the objectives of the document. Quality Assurance Statement The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provides high-quality information to serve Government, industry, and the public in a manner that promotes public understanding. Standards and policies are used to ensure and maximize the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of its information. FHWA periodically reviews quality issues and adjusts its programs and processes to ensure continuous quality improvement. Technical Report Documentation Page Report No. Government Accession No. Recipients Catalog No. FHWA-WY-09/05F Report Date Title and Subtitle April 2009 Snow Supporting Structures for Avalanche Hazard Reduction, 151 Avalanche, US 89/191, Jackson, Wyoming Performing Organization Code Author(s): Rand Decker; Joshua Hewes; Scotts Merry; Perry Wood Performing Organization Report No. -
Washington Alpine Club
Sahalie Historical Note # 9: Our Neighbors, Washington Alpine Club Right across the road from Sahalie Ski Club is a neighbor organization with a history as long and colorful as our own ‐‐actually even more so on both counts. The Washington Alpine Club was formed in 1916 by a remarkable early character in the outdoor Northwest: Anna Louise Strong. Anna Louise arrived in Seattle that year, a 30‐year‐old Ph.D., author, outdoor enthusiast and radical. She must have been somewhat intimidating ‐‐ a whirlwind in the young pioneer city of Seattle. She immediately organized five summer camping expeditions to Mt. Rainier, each with 40 to 50 participants. This group, known as the Cooperative Campers, formed the origins of the Washington Alpine Club.1 Anna Louise is credited with the first winter ascent of Mt. Hood, and served as a guide (the first female?) on Mt. Rainier. She was elected to the Seattle School Board, joined the Wobblies as a socialist sympathizer, and editorialized in support of the 1919 general strike. She eventually became so radicalized that she moved first to the Soviet Union and then to China, where she hobnobbed Anna Louise Strong c. 1913 (photo from with Mao and was buried with state honors in Beijing when U.W. Special Collections, #UW340) she died there in 1970.2 3 Quite the character, indeed! Her later exploits were so off the charts that “her name was an anathema to many [Washington Alpine] Club members.”4 The Cooperative Campers persisted after the founding whirlwind moved on. Renamed the Washington Alpine Club in 1927, it branched out into promotion of hiking, climbing, skiing and all‐things‐backcountry. -
Lazy J Brochure
LAZY J RANCH Offered Exclusively by TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 LOCATION & ACCESS 2 PHYSICAL & OPERATIONAL 3 ELEVATION, CLIMATE & PRECIPITATION 4 WATER RIGHTS & MINERAL RIGHTS 5 IMPROVEMENTS 7 ZONING & CONSERVATION EASEMENTS 8-9 FAMILY HISTORY 12 AREA HISTORY 13 RECREATION 14 UTILITIES & SERVICES AND TAXES 15 FENCES & BOUNDARY LINES 15 SUMMARY STATEMENT 16 OFFERING PRICE & CONDITIONS OF SALE 17 STATE OF MONTANA MAP 18 INTRODUCTION In the heart of Bridger Canyon in Southwest Montana, the Lazy J Ranch consists of approximately 5,665 deeded acres of alpine and mountain-meadow land. The Ranch is the largest remaining privately-held block of land in this pristine Rocky Mountain setting. Tucked against the famed Bridger Mountain Range, the Ranch possesses dramatic vistas of the Bridger Mountains and nearby Bangtail Range. It is a comfortable fifteen-minute drive on State Highway 86 (Bridger Canyon Road) to downtown Bozeman. The proximity of the Ranch to a commercial airport, private FBOs and interstate travel within a 25-minute drive make it readily accessible year-round. The secluded trout waters of Bridger Creek course through the core of the Ranch for nearly three miles. This quality alpine-fishing stream hosts healthy populations of brook and rainbow trout. The west side of the Ranch borders the Bridger Bowl Ski Resort and approximately three and a half miles of the Gallatin National Forest, providing unlimited hunting and recreational opportunities. The varied ecosystem of mountains, alpine meadows, and grassy creek bottoms offers prime habitat for an abundance of Rocky Mountain wildlife including elk, mule deer, whitetail deer, bear, mountain lion, moose, and upland game birds. -
A Comprehensive Technology Assessment for Highway Avalanche Hazard Management: ‘Choosing the Right Tool for the Job’
FINAL REPORT WYDOT WY-18/03F A Comprehensive Technology Assessment for Highway Avalanche Hazard Management: ‘Choosing the Right Tool for the Job’ Rand Decker, Ph.D., Principal Investigator 83 El Camino Tesoros, Sedona, Arizona 86336 (928) 202-8156 [email protected] Disclaimer Notice This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT) in the interest of information exchange. WYDOT assumes no liability for the use of the information contained in this document. WYDOT does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers’ names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the objective of the document. Quality Assurance Statement WYDOT provides high-quality information to serve Government, industry, and the public in a manner that promotes public understanding. Standards and policies are used to ensure and maximize the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of its information. WYDOT periodically reviews quality issues and adjusts its programs and processes to ensure continuous quality improvement. Quality Assurance Statement WYDOT provides high-quality information to serve Government, industry, and the public in a manner that promotes public understanding. Standards and policies are used to ensure and maximize the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of its information. WYDOT periodically reviews quality issues and adjusts its programs and processes to ensure continuous quality improvement. Copyright No copyrighted material, except that which falls under the “fair use” clause, may be incorporated into a report without permission from the copyright owner, if the copyright owner requires such. Prior use of the material in a WYDOT or governmental publication does not necessarily constitute permission to use it in a later publication. -
Winter Summits
EVERETT MOUNTAINEERS Recommended Winter Summits Snow and weather conditions greatly influence the difficulty of winter scrambles. Because conditions change very quickly, things like road access, avalanche hazard, strenuousness, and summit success can vary a tremendous amount. So these ratings are only a rough comparison of the peaks. Winter scrambling can be a dangerous activity. Be a smart scrambler -- be willing to turn back if conditions are unsafe. Even a slight deviation from the surveyed routes may affect exposure and avalanche hazard considerably. The fact that a peak is listed here does not represent that it will be safe. Exposure Rating Avalanche Rating A: Falling will only get snow on your face. B: Falling may require self arrest, but usually good A: Usually safe in high, considerable, moderate, and low run-out. avalanche conditions. C: Falling requires self arrest, unchecked falls could B: Often safe in moderate and low conditions. be serious. C: Only recommended in low conditions. Note that B-rated slopes could become C-rated when icy. Table of contents by region (peaks within each region listed from West to East): Highway 542 (Mt Baker Highway): Church, Excelsior, Barometer, Herman, Table Highway 20 (North Cascades Highway): Goat, Welker, Sauk, Lookout, Hidden Lake, Oakes, Damnation, Trappers, Sourdough, Ruby Highway 530 (Darrington area): Higgins, Round, Prairie Mountain Loop Highway: Pilchuck, Gordon (Anaconda), Long, Marble, Dickerman Highway 2 (west & east of Stevens Pass): Stickney, Persis, Philadelphia, Frog, Mineral Butte, Iron, Conglomerate Point, Baring, Palmer, Cleveland, Eagle Rock, Evergreen, Captain Point, Windy, Tunnel Vision, Big Chief, Cowboy, McCausland, Union, Jove, Lichtenberg, Jim Hill, Rock, Arrowhead, Natapoc, Tumwater I-90 (west & east of Snoqualmie Pass): Teneriffe, Green, Mailbox, Washington, Web, Kent, Bandera, Defiance, Pratt, Granite, Humpback, Silver, Snoqualmie, Kendall, Guye, Catherine, Margaret, Baldy, Thomas, Amabalis, Hex, Jolly, Yellow Hill, Teanaway Butte Mt. -
Avalanche Protection and Control in the Himalayas
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Defence Science Journal Def Sci J, Vol 35, No 2, April 1985, pp 255-266 Avalanche Protection and Control in the Himalayas N. MOHANRAO Snow & Avalanche Study Establishment, Manali Abstract. The problems of snow avalanches, their prediction and control in the Himalayas have assumed great relevance and importance not only for the Army but also for the progress of the Himalayan States of Jammu & Kashmir. Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, whose upper reaches remain snowbound for nearly six months in a year. The paper discusses br~eflythe gravity of the problem and presents a broad outline of a case-study of avalanche control for Badrinath Temple and Township in Uttar Pradesh undertaken by the Snow & Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE), Manali. This and many other studies undertaken by the SASE illustrate the contribution of Defellce Science to the solution of this major problem affecting communications, tourism and hill development, as a spin-off from Defence Research. The Pirpanjals and the Great Himalayas, besides other ranges, experience heavy snow during the winter months particularly from January to March. The total snowfall is as much as 1500 cm in some years in the Western Himalayas. Storms lasting for several days bringing down at times more than 200 cm of snow in one spell lasting from 3 to 7 days are not uncommon. The problem is further accentuated when high intensities of 8 to 10 cm/hr prevail. The result is a heavy avalanche activity affecting Army posts and movements, communications, villages and winter tourism. -
Spatial Variations in Snow Stability on Uniform Slopes
SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN SNOW STABILITY ON UNIFORM SLOPES: IMPLICATIONS FOR EXTRAPOLATION TO SURROUNDING TERRAIN by Christopher Cameron Landry A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Earth Sciences MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana April 2002 COPYRIGHT by Christopher Cameron Landry 2002 All Rights Reserved ERRATA The author, Christopher C. Landry, wishes to inform readers of the Master of Science thesis titled "Spatial variations in snow stability on uniform slopes: implications for extrapolation to surrounding terrain", published April 2002, of an error in the statistical analyses of project results. T-statistic tests were mistakenly performed at p < 0.10 rather than at p < 0.05. Nonetheless, re-performing the T-statistic analyses at p < 0.05 altered the results only marginally, and the conclusions of the research remain unchanged. Subsequent to the publication of the thesis, and the discovery of this error, a peer- reviewed article was submitted, using an alternative statistical approach, and published in Cold Regions Science and Technology. Readers of the original these are referred to the following article: Landry, C., K. Birkeland, K. Hansen, J. Borkowski, R. Brown and R. Aspinall. 2004. Variations in snow strength and stability on uniform slopes. Cold Regions Science & Technology, Vol. 39, p. 205-218. APPROVAL of a thesis submitted by Christopher Cameron Landry This thesis has been read by each member of the thesis committee and has been found to be satisfactory regarding content, English usage, format, citations, bibliographic style, and consistency, and is ready for submission to the College of Graduate Studies. -
Recco® Detectors Worldwide
RECCO® DETECTORS WORLDWIDE ANDORRA Krimml, Salzburg Aflenz, ÖBRD Steiermark Krippenstein/Obertraun, Aigen im Ennstal, ÖBRD Steiermark Arcalis Oberösterreich Alpbach, ÖBRD Tirol Arinsal Kössen, Tirol Althofen-Hemmaland, ÖBRD Grau Roig Lech, Tirol Kärnten Pas de la Casa Leogang, Salzburg Altausee, ÖBRD Steiermark Soldeu Loser-Sandling, Steiermark Altenmarkt, ÖBRD Salzburg Mayrhofen (Zillertal), Tirol Axams, ÖBRD Tirol HELICOPTER BASES & SAR Mellau, Vorarlberg Bad Hofgastein, ÖBRD Salzburg BOMBERS Murau/Kreischberg, Steiermark Bischofshofen, ÖBRD Salzburg Andorra La Vella Mölltaler Gletscher, Kärnten Bludenz, ÖBRD Vorarlberg Nassfeld-Hermagor, Kärnten Eisenerz, ÖBRD Steiermark ARGENTINA Nauders am Reschenpass, Tirol Flachau, ÖBRD Salzburg Bariloche Nordkette Innsbruck, Tirol Fragant, ÖBRD Kärnten La Hoya Obergurgl/Hochgurgl, Tirol Fulpmes/Schlick, ÖBRD Tirol Las Lenas Pitztaler Gletscher-Riffelsee, Tirol Fusch, ÖBRD Salzburg Penitentes Planneralm, Steiermark Galtür, ÖBRD Tirol Präbichl, Steiermark Gaschurn, ÖBRD Vorarlberg AUSTRALIA Rauris, Salzburg Gesäuse, Admont, ÖBRD Steiermark Riesneralm, Steiermark Golling, ÖBRD Salzburg Mount Hotham, Victoria Saalbach-Hinterglemm, Salzburg Gries/Sellrain, ÖBRD Tirol Scheffau-Wilder Kaiser, Tirol Gröbming, ÖBRD Steiermark Schiarena Präbichl, Steiermark Heiligenblut, ÖBRD Kärnten AUSTRIA Schladming, Steiermark Judenburg, ÖBRD Steiermark Aberg Maria Alm, Salzburg Schoppernau, Vorarlberg Kaltenbach Hochzillertal, ÖBRD Tirol Achenkirch Christlum, Tirol Schönberg-Lachtal, Steiermark Kaprun, ÖBRD Salzburg -
The Design of Avalanche Protection Dams .Pdf
The design of avalanche protection dams. Recent practical and theoretical developments 1-DRAFT some sections still remain to be written, the document shows the intended section structure and contains draft introductory sections, sections about the design of deflecting and catching dams, and braking mounds, sections about impact pressures on walls, masts and other narrow constructions, appendixes about overrun of avalanches at Ryggfonn, loading of obstacles and a subsection about Iceland in an Appendix about laws and regulations July 25, 2006 1 Photographs on the front page: Top left: Mounds and catching dam in Neskaupstaður, eastern Iceland, photograph: Tómas Jóhannesson. Top right: A deflecting dam at Gudvangen, near Voss in western Norway, af- ter a successful deflection of an avalanche, photograph: ? ???. Bottom left: A catching dam, deflecting dam, and concrete wedges at Taconnaz, near Chamonix, France, photograph Christopher J. Keylock. Bottom right: A catching dam and a wedge at Galtür in the Paznaun valley, Tirol, Austria, photograph: ? ???. Contents 1 Introduction 9 2 Consultation with local authorities and decision makers 12 3 Overview of traditional design principles for avalanche dams 13 4 Avalanche dynamics 16 5 Deflecting and catching dams 18 5.1 Introduction . 18 5.2 Summary of the dam design procedure . 18 5.3 Dam geometry . 20 5.4 The dynamics of flow against deflecting and catching dams . 22 5.5 Supercritical overflow . 25 5.6 Upstream shock . 26 5.7 Loss of momentum in the impact with a dam . 31 5.8 Combined criteria . 32 5.9 Snow drift . 34 5.10 Comparison of proposed criteria with observations of natural avalanches that have hit dams or other obstacles .