FINAL REPORT International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania
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Trials of the War Criminals
TRIALS OF THE WAR CRIMINALS General Considerations The Fascist regime that ruled Romania between September 14, 1940, and August 23, 1944, was brought to justice in Bucharest in May 1946, and after a short trial, its principal leaders—Ion and Mihai Antonescu and two of their closest assistants—were executed, while others were sentenced to life imprisonment or long terms of detention. At that time, the trial’s verdicts seemed inevitable, as they indeed do today, derived inexorably from the defendants’ decisions and actions. The People’s Tribunals functioned for a short time only. They were disbanded on June 28, 1946,1 although some of the sentences were not pronounced until sometime later. Some 2,700 cases of suspected war criminals were examined by a commission formed of “public prosecutors,”2 but only in about half of the examined cases did the commission find sufficient evidence to prosecute, and only 668 were sentenced, many in absentia.3 There were two tribunals, one in Bucharest and one in Cluj. It is worth mentioning that the Bucharest tribunal sentenced only 187 people.4 The rest were sentenced by the tribunal in Cluj. One must also note that, in general, harsher sentences were pronounced by the Cluj tribunal (set up on June 22, 1 Marcel-Dumitru Ciucă, “Introducere” in Procesul maresalului Antonescu (Bucharest: Saeculum and Europa Nova, 1995-98), vol. 1: p. 33. 2 The public prosecutors were named by communist Minister of Justice Lucret iu Pătrăşcanu and most, if not all of them were loyal party members, some of whom were also Jews. -
British Clandestine Activities in Romania During the Second World
British Clandestine Activities in Romania during the Second World War This page intentionally left blank British Clandestine Activities in Romania during the Second World War Dennis Deletant Visiting ‘Ion Ra¸tiu’ Professor of Romanian Studies, Georgetown University, USA © Dennis Deletant 2016 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2016 978–1–137–57451–0 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2016 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. -
Romania Redivivus
alexander clapp ROMANIA REDIVIVUS nce the badlands of neoliberal Europe, Romania has become its bustling frontier. A post-communist mafia state that was cast to the bottom of the European heap by opinion- makers sixteen years ago is now billed as the success story Oof eu expansion.1 Its growth rate at nearly 6 per cent is the highest on the continent, albeit boosted by fiscal largesse.2 In Bucharest more politicians have been put in jail for corruption over the past decade than have been convicted in the rest of Eastern Europe put together. Romania causes Brussels and Berlin almost none of the headaches inflicted by the Visegrád Group—Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia— which in 1993 declined to accept Romania as a peer and collectively entered the European Union three years before it. Romanians con- sistently rank among the most Europhile people in the Union.3 An anti-eu party has never appeared on a Romanian ballot, much less in the parliament. Scattered political appeals to unsavoury interwar traditions—Legionnairism, Greater Romanianism—attract fewer voters than do far-right movements across most of Western Europe. The two million Magyars of Transylvania, one of Europe’s largest minorities, have become a model for inter-ethnic relations after a time when the park benches of Cluj were gilded in the Romanian tricolore to remind every- one where they were. Indeed, perhaps the aptest symbol of Romania’s place in Europe today is the man who sits in the Presidential Palace of Cotroceni in Bucharest. Klaus Iohannis—a former physics teacher at a high school in Sibiu, once Hermannstadt—is an ethnic German head- ing a state that, a generation ago, was shipping hundreds of thousands of its ‘Saxons’ ‘back’ to Bonn at 4,000–10,000 Deutschmarks a head. -
Turkey's Role in Romanian's Diplomatic Struggle (1St Of
Tarih Okulu Dergisi (TOD) Journal of History School (JOHS) Eylül 2013 September 2013 Yıl 6, Sayı XV, ss. 355-384. Year 6, Issue XV, pp. 355-384. DOI No: http://dx.doi.org/10.14225/Joh305 TURKEY’S ROLE IN ROMANIAN’S DIPLOMATIC STRUGGLE (1ST OF FEBRUARY 1943 - 23RD OF AUGUST 1944) Liliana Boscan ALTIN Ömer METİN Abstract The present study aimed to to focus on the intense diplomatic activity developed by Romania in efforts to negotiate an armistice with the Allies especially between September 1943 and August 1944. Romania which was joined into the Axis Countries upon executing an agreement with Germany would have felt the Soviet threat on its borders upon defeat of Germany in Stalingrad front. On the other hand, although Turkey had saved its neutral position from the beginning of the war, it had tried to support Romania, its ally in the Balkan Pact, in a political dimension in case the risk of Soviet expansion across the Balkans. As Turkey did not desire Romania to be partitioned, it played an active role in regard to making a fare cease-fire agreement between Romanian Government and the Allies. Starting the spring of 1943, the Romanian diplomacy, including here Ion Antonescu Marshal, the King and the opposition parties, engaging in consistent separate peace negotiations with the United Kingdom using the mediation of Turkey. The paper is based on unpublished documents found in the Romanian diplomatic and national archives. Key Words : Turkey, Romania, Second World War, Diplomacy. Romanya’nın Diplomasi Mücadelesinde Türkiye’nin Rolü (1 Şubat 1943 – 23 Ağustos 1944) Dr., The Romanian Association for Middle East Studies. -
KBO Template
International Conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION Vol. XXVII No 1 2021 COOPERATION PLANS BETWEEN SOE AND NKVD REGARDING THE ROMANIAN AREA DURING JANUARY-MAY 1944 Marian ZIDARU Black Sea House Association, Constanța, Romania [email protected] Abstract: The main S.O.E aim seems to have been the utilization of political circles in an endeavour to overthrow the government and get Romania out of the war or at least to bring about the removal of its array from the Russians front, and to deny the national resources to Germany. The USSR has been constant in its disinclination to play with Maniu or associates itself with British planes until they are convinced that some concrete contribution at their war aim would results. They would however be ready to discuss unconditional surrender with the emissary of the Romanian government, capable of putting it into effect. The evolution of these SOE plans will be presented in this article. Keywords: SOE, NKVD, Romania, Antonescu, Maniu 1. Introduction V. D. representative said that they saw no SOE and NKVD had an operative base in difference between the policies of Romania made up of agents and Antonescu and Maniu and that in fact what collaborators. At a meeting, S.O.E. – the Romanians want to be a guarantee from Foreign Office in February 1941, the Russia that the latter would give to representatives of S.O.E. informed that after Romania a large slab of Russian territory in the departure of the members of the return for a vague promise that a successful Bucharest diplomatic mission, their coup d’état would be brought about. -
The Tragicomedy of Romanian Communism
RESEARCH REPORT T O NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARC H TITLE : THE TRAGICOMEDY OF ROMANIAN COMMUNIS M AUTHOR : Vladimir Tismanean u CONTRACTOR : Foreign Policy Researc h Institute PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR : Vladimir Tismanean u COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 903-0 4 DATE : September, 198 9 The work leading to this report was supported by funds provided b y the National Council for Soviet and East European Research . Th e analysis and interpretations contained in the report are those o f the author . a NOTE This report, based on an article to be published i n Eastern EuropeanPolitics andSocieties, is an inciden- tal product of the Council Contract identified on the title page . It is not the Final Report, which wa s distributed in August, 1989 . TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Stalin's Romanian Disciples 1 1 The Comintern and the RCP 1 6 Stalinism for All Seasons 3 4 The Anti-De-Stalinization Platform 3 9 The Road to Absolute Power 43 The Manipulated Manipulator 47 Assault on the Party Apparatus 5 2 Notes 57 The Tragicomedy of Romanian Communis m Vladimir Tismanean u Un monde sans tyrans serait aussi ennuyeux qu'un jardi n zoologique sans hyenes . E . M . Cioran, Histoire et utopi e Now, despite eternal cabals in the inner clique and unendin g shifts of personnel, with their tremendous accumulation o f hatred, bitterness, and personal resentment, the Leader' s position can remain secure against chaotic palace revolution s not because of his superior gifts, about which the men in hi s intimate surroundings frequently have no great illusions, bu t because of these men's sincere and sensible conviction tha t without him everything would be immediately lost . -
CALENDARUL TRADITIILOR 2013 COMPLET.Indd
Serviciul Istoric al Armatei CALENDARUL TRADIŢIILOR MILITARE 2013 Anul IV/2012 CALENDARUL TRADIŢIILOR MILITARE 2013 Periodic de istorie şi cultură militară editat de Serviciul Istoric al Armatei, iinţarea Statului Major General lansat cu prilejul împlinirii a 150 de ani de la înf Editura Centrului tehnic-editorial al armatei Bucureşti, 2012 Editor: Serviciul Istoric al Armatei Documentarişti: Dr. Veronica BONDAR CONSILIUL EDITORIAL: Luminiţa GAVRA General-locotenent dr. Valeriu NICUŢ General-maior dr. Avram CĂTĂNICI Procesare texte: Colonel (r) dr. Petre OTU Comandor dr. Marian MOŞNEAGU Mihaela CĂLIN Colonel dr. Petrişor FLOREA Nicoleta CHIRIACESCU Dr. Cornel ŢUCĂ Mirela CONSTANDA Eleonora DIMA DIRECTOR FONDATOR: Comandor dr. Marian MOŞNEAGU DTP: Mm Cătălin PINTILIE Tudora NECOARĂ COLEGIUL DE REDACŢIE: Redactor-şef: Corectori: Dr. Luminiţa GIURGIU Jenica NICOLAE Eleonora DINCĂ Redactori: Dr. Iulian BOŢOGHINĂ Lucian DRĂGHICI Drd. Teodora GIURGIU Locotenent-colonel Gabriel PĂTRAŞCU Dr. Manuel STĂNESCU Dr. Leontin STOICA Coperta 1: Căsătoria căpitanului aviator Titus Pahone. Coperta 4: Mesajul şefului Marelui Stat Major în „Album militar presintat M.S. Regelui la 10 mai 1891“. Fotografiile provin din fototecile Serviciului Istoric al Armatei, Centrului de Studii şi Păstrare a Arhivelor Militare, Muzeului Militar Naţional „Ferdinand I“, Bibliotecii Naţionale a României şi din colecţiile autorilor ISSN 2066-9402 Editură recunoscută de către C.N.C.S./C.N.A.T.D.C.U. – Panel 4 – „Domeniul ştiinţe militare, informaţii şi ordine publică Orice reproducere din „Calendarul Tradiţiilor Militare 2013“ este interzisă fără aprobarea prealabilă. SUMAR Capitoulul I – FAMILIA MILITARĂ – comandor dr. Marian MOŞNEAGU ................................ 7 Capitolul II – MILITARUL ÎN SOCIETATEA ROMÂNEASCĂ .................................................. 9 MARIAJUL MILITARILOR ROMÂNI – comandor dr. Marian MOŞNEAGU ............................ -
Lucian Pintilie and Censorship in a Post-Stalinist Authoritarian Context
Psychology, 2019, 10, 1159-1175 http://www.scirp.org/journal/psych ISSN Online: 2152-7199 ISSN Print: 2152-7180 Lucian Pintilie and Censorship in a Post-Stalinist Authoritarian Context Emanuel-Alexandru Vasiliu Apollonia TV, Iași, Romania How to cite this paper: Vasiliu, E.-A. Abstract (2019). Lucian Pintilie and Censorship in a Post-Stalinist Authoritarian Context. Psy- The objective of my work is to shed light on the way in which the post-1953 chology, 10, 1159-1175. ideology of the Romanian Communist Party influenced Romanian theatre https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2019.108075 and film director Lucian Pintilie’s career, resulting in a ban to work in Roma- Received: May 21, 2019 nia. Reacting to the imposition of the cultural revolution and against the laws Accepted: June 27, 2019 of coagulating the socialist realist work of art, Lucian Pintilie managed to Published: June 30, 2019 mark the Romanian theatrical and cinema landscape through the artistic quality of the productions and the directed films, replicated by the renown of Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. the imposed interdiction. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International Keywords License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Lucian Pintilie, Censorship, Ideology, Theatre Open Access 1. General Presentation Ceauşescu’s Romania was a closed society, characterised by repression in all fields of human existence: limitations of ownerships rights, hard labour condi- tions and small wages, lacking freedom of movement, bureaucratic obstacles against emigration, violations of the rights of national minorities, contempt for religious faiths and the persecution of religious practices, drastic economic aus- terity, constant censorship in the field of culture, the repression of all dissident views and an omnipresent cult around the president and his family, which con- tributed to the demoralisation of the population. -
Banii, Zvonurile Şi Politica. Reforma Monetară Din Ianuarie 1952
BANII, ZVONURILE ŞI POLITICA. REFORMA MONETARĂ DIN IANUARIE 1952 Valentin VASILE Puterea politico-economică a unei ţări, comunităţi sau regiuni este asigurată într-o măsură covârşitoare de manevrarea resurselor băneşti disponibile, centralizarea veniturilor conferind cârmuitorului sau conducerii colective nenumărate pârghii de control asupra populaţiei. Pe fondul unor schimbări politice radicale, monarhia a fost înlocuită de o nouă formă de conducere statală de esenţă totalitară, iar viaţa cotidiană a românilor s-a desfăşurat pe noi coordonate (dirijism economic, naţionalizare şi pauperizarea unor categorii socio-economice „inamice” noii orânduiri politice). Instaurarea deplină a „dictaturii proletariatului” prin reprezentanţii Partidului Comunist, ulterior Partidul Muncitoresc Român (PMR), nu a liniştit nici masele, nicio parte a noilor nomenclaturişti. Neînţelegerile dintre cei doi poli de putere, gruparea comuniştilor autohtoni din jurul lui Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej şi trioul moscovit (Ana Pauker, Vasile Luca, Teohari Georgescu), au generat o luptă fratricidă pentru hegemonie. Disputa a fost arbitrată de URSS, iar opţiunea generalissimului I. V. Stalin a fost favorabilă lui Dej, aşa cum rezultă din documentele vremii. Deşi Gheorghiu-Dej a fost confirmat la conducerea ţării, disputa cu Ana Pauker nu a fost pe deplin tranşată, liderului comunist reproşându- i-se „sentimentalismul” vizavi de tovarăşa de partid, precum şi faptul că „nu i-a dat la mir”1. Aplicarea unor noi măsuri cu caracter socio-economic, dar şi politic, erau menite să fortifice regimul comunist din România. Printre cererile liderului sovietic s-a numărat şi cea referitoare la înfăptuirea unei noi stabilizări monetare. Caracterul imperativ al noii reforme rezultă univoc din discursul lui Stalin: „Trebuie o nouă reformă monetară. Leul este slab, leul se clatină” (iulie 1951)2. -
2 MO 177 3 Aug 1948
Anul CXVI Nr. 177. 25LM EXEMPLARUL Marti B August 1948. ace 4...."..=1:1112malia.121..ar.,00,<IPr121.LNal REPUDIILICA' POPULAR& ROMAN& MON T R OFIC PARTEA LEGI, DECRETE DECIZIUNI ALE CONSILIULUI DE MIMI' I, DECIZIUNI NINISTERIALE, COMUNICATE, ANUNTURI AMNIA= (DE INTERES MURAL) smanmanill y Desbaterile Partea 1-a sau a 11-a parlamentare Ineerve M. O. ABONAMENTE IN LEI P UBLIC/1, 'IIIIN 11.61 LIMA 1 an13Iun131uni I lungsesiune IN TARA : DECRETEI JURNALE ALE CONSILIULU1 DE MINISTRI: Particulari 3.600 1.800 Pentru acordaree avantafelor Igii pentre Incurajaree Indus- hiel la industriasi ki labricanti &COO wers Autorititi de Stat, Judetel comu- Idem pentru mesertasil mori Wariestl 1.500 nale 3.000 1.500 750 1P incedtentrei depuneri de juriuntlat. 2.000 2.000 ea 625 autorizari pentru infiintiri de biroarl vrnaI Autoriati comunale rurale 2.500 1.250 DEe1ZII: Schiff:bar! de mime 2.nee erice abonati 4.500 500 /N STRAINATATE 8.000 3.000 4.000CITATIILE: Curtilor de Casarle,Contart, Apel, ?tamale at sold 25 part. III-a publici de tin exemplar din anul curent lel. -' .25 part I-22-5 Part. II-a juclecgtoriilor . ,.1 50 anii expirati 50 AMENAJAMENTE DR PXDURts Pfiduri dintre 0 10 ba. Abonarnentul la partea Ill-a (Desbaterile parlamentare) pentru sesIttnile ordinare 1001 20 , . ..... 900 prelungite sau extraordinare se socoteete 1.000 lei lunar (minimum I tuna). 20,01 100 a .... ..A, -` ' 4 500 6 I00,01. 200 a .......... 2.000 Abonamentele Ipublicatiile pentru autorititi elparticularl se platen antlelpet. 00000000 o aces le vor ti insotite de o adresa din partea autoritalllor ei de o cerere timbrati din ,, 500,Oi-10. -
The Rise and Fall of a Jewish Communist
00-C1478-FM 11/22/00 12:42 PM Page i Ana Pauker 00-C1478-FM 11/22/00 12:42 PM Page ii 00-C1478-FM 11/22/00 12:42 PM Page iii Ana Pauker The Rise and Fall of a Jewish Communist Robert Levy UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley . Los Angeles . London 00-C1478-FM 11/22/00 12:42 PM Page iv Frontispiece: Ana Pauker, 1926. Courtesy of Tatiana Bra˘tescu and Gheorghe Bra˘tescu. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2001 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Levy, Robert, 1957–. Ana Pauker: the rise and fall of a Jewish Communist / Robert Levy. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-520-22395-0 (cloth: alk. paper). 1. Pauker, Ana, 1893–1960. 2. Romania— Politics and government—1944–1989. 3. Cabinet officers—Romania—Biography. 4. Communists—Romania—Biography. 5. Jews—Romania—Biography. I. Title. dr267.5.p38 l48 2001 949.803Ј1Ј092—dc21 [b] 99-087890 cip Manufactured in the United States of America 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 10987654321 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ansi/niso z39.48-1992 (r 1997) (Permanence of Paper). ᭺ϱ 00-C1478-FM 11/22/00 12:42 PM Page v To Mary and Isaac Rosenberg 00-C1478-FM 11/22/00 12:42 PM Page vi Last, but most certainly not least, there was Ana Pauker.... I have always felt when I was with her that she was like a boa constrictor which has just been fed, and therefore is not going to eat you—at the moment! Heavy and sluggish as she seemed, she had all that is repellent and yet horribly fascinating in a snake. -
Holocaust in Romania
Matatias Carp: Holocaust in Romania Facts and Documents On The Annihilation of Romania’s Jews 1940-1944. Edited by Andrew L. Simon ISBN 0-9665734-7-1 Library of Congress Card Number: 00-102297 Translated by Sean Murphy This selection and the translation is based on the following editions: Atelierele Grafice SOCEC & Co., S.A.R. Bucuresti, 1946 and Societatea Nationala de Editura si Arte Gratice “ Dacia Traiana ”, Bucuresti, 1947,1948. The original title of the book: Matatias Carp CARTEA NEAGRA Suferintele evreilor din Romania, 1940-1944. Printed by Light ning Print, Inc., La Vergne , TN 37086 Published by Simon Publications, P.O. Box 321, Safety Harbor, FL 34695 Contents Pref ace to the Eng lish Edi tion 1 In tro duc tion 7 Fore word to the Orig i nal Edi tion 11 Part 1. The Iron Guard 15 The His tory of Anti-Se mitic Per se cu tion in Ro ma nia , 1940-1944 15 Some Sta tis ti cal Data on the Jew ish Pop u la tion: 16 An Out line of the Suf fer ing of Ro ma nian Jews 21 Those Re spon si ble for the Atroc ities 47 The Iron Guard Gov ern ment 53 Part 2. The Po grom in Iasi 79 His tor i cal Re view 79 Ini tia tive, Or ga ni za tion and Aims 84 Se lected Doc u ments 113 Part 3. Transnistria 145 His tor i cal Re view 145 The Mas sa cres in Bessarabia, Bucovina and Dorohoi County 159 Camps and Ghettos in Bessarabia 178 De por ta tions from Bucovina , Dorohoi County and the Chernovitz Ghetto 189 Mur ders in Odessa and in the Counties of Berezovca and Golta 194 De por ta tions in the Spring and Au tumn of 1942 201 Life and Death in Transnistria 209 Re pa tri a tion 223 Se lected Doc u ments 229 Preface to the English Edition You have just opened the pages of an extraor di nary doc ument.