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Growing up in Amman: the Effect of Outdoor Physical Qualities On North Carolina State University ABSTRACT Al-Khalaileh, Eyyad Ahmad. Understanding Children’s Environments: the effect of outdoor physical environments on children’s activities and quality of life within Al-Wihdat Palestinian refugee camp and environs in Amman, Jordan (Under the direction of Professor Robin C. Moore) This dissertation examines children's experiences of growing up in urban environments based on research conducted in Amman, Jordan, under the direction of Professor Robin C. Moore of North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. This dissertation represents the most recent addition to the UNESCO-MOST Growing Up in Cities (GUIC) programme and was preceded by three workshops and an international conference in Amman, Jordan, during 2002 and 2003. The purpose of this dissertation is two fold: (1) to understand if the existing outdoor spaces support or limit everyday children’s activities and experiences, necessary for healthy development, within low-material-resource neighbourhood in Amman, Jordan; and (2) to reflect on whether the Growing Up in Cities (GUIC) participatory research model is appropriate and applicable to the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The dissertation focuses on the role of the physical environment in development, specifically the role of neighbourhood outdoor spaces in supporting the everyday activities that are important for normal, healthy development. Two components of children's everyday activity are important to understanding the role of neighbourhood spaces: (1) explorative outdoor environments, and (2) participatory, supportive social networks. The focus of this study was children 10 to 14 years of age living in the Al-Wihdat refugee camp and environs of Amman, Jordan. The research methods applied in this case study include field informal observations (fields notes and photographic); interviews (with participating children, schools and public officials); children’s drawings (cognitive maps), and photographs taken by children. The methods used for this study proved useful in determining a wide variety of issues that the children had considered important and identified through their views, opinions and perceptions. These included macro issues such as pollution, politics, crime, traffic, development, improvement and safety as well as micro issues such as friendships, family relation, television watching, praying, and outdoor activities. The methods also highlighted both differences and similarities among the boys’ and girls’ views, opinions and perceptions of the outdoor environment. The result of data analysis indicated that the outdoors physical environment does not provide the children with reasonably viable explorative opportunities. The data showed that the constraints the existing outdoor spaces impose on children far outweighed the benefits they provided. The study found that a strong social network compensated the children for the lack of supportive physical environment. The children’s views and opinions were mostly about societal and group issues. The trend in the relative importance of the children's views moved from the collective to the individual. The research indicated that there is a clear divide between boys and girls’ outdoors spaces, which means outdoor environment is gendered. While the boys dominated the public spaces, girls retreated to home-oriented sites. By comparison, the gender theme was not a critical issue in the previous GUIC studies. In conclusion, the dissertation proposed a series of recommendations to improve the quality of children’s outdoor spaces in Amman and make Jordanian laws geared more toward children’s well-being. In order to achieve these recommendations, Jordan would have to pass strong child-friendly national legislation and find an effective means of its enforcement. UNDERSTANDING CHILDREN’S ENVIRONMENTS: THE EFFECT OF OUTDOOR PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS ON CHILDREN’S ACTIVITIES AND QUALITY OF LIFE WITHIN AL-WIHDAT PALESTINIAN REFUGEE CAMP AND ENVIRONS IN AMMAN, JORDAN by EYYAD AL-KHALAILEH A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy DESIGN Raleigh 2004 APPROVED BY: _________________________________ ____________________________ Chairperson of Supervisory Committee _________________________________ _____________________________ Personal Biography Eyyad Al-Khalaileh is an urban designer and planner. Since 1991, he has been principal of the Salem Design Group, Raleigh, NC. He received his Bachelor of Art in Architecture (1987) from Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. He obtained his MCRP (Master in City and Regional Planning) and MARCH (Master in Architecture) (1991) from Iowa State University. His master thesis was entitled, “Age Integrated Housing” His current research interests include international sustainable development, children’s environments, impacts of globalisation on inner-city neighbourhoods and urban housing policies (national and international). ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In the Name of Allah; The Most Gracious; The Most Merciful I thank Almighty God, Allah, for His mercy upon my family, my friends and me. It is only by the mercy of Allah that we receive true guidance and the ability to follow the straight path, which leads to success in this life and the Hereafter. I pray that this work will be of benefit to all. This dissertation is dedicated to my wife Rima, who deserves an award for her patience, understanding and prayers during my Ph.D. studies and the writing of this dissertation; and to my daughters Hana and Sara for being very patient, supportive and understanding. I am also grateful to my parents, brothers, relatives and friends in Jordan and the United States who provided moral and spiritual support. I wish to thank my supervisor, Professor Robin Moore, for his encouragement, guidance and support during my entire study. Professor Moore gave me the freedom to pursue this research, even though sometimes it didn't quite fit into the mainstream of on-going projects. In particular, I want to thank him for helping me select the research site and teaching me how to set up the field work, how to look at data for analysis and to find my voice in this research. I also wish to express my gratitude to a group of people who gave their valuable advice and time that enriched my experience and knowledge in various aspects of research. First, I wish to mention Professor Shishir Raval who showed me how to organize my dissertation and approach the data analysis. His very helpful advice and crucial discussions helped me improve the quality of my research. He also helped me with endless advice on various topics in the area of data reduction and analysis. I also thank Professor Deborah Tippett for helping me with various topics of research, particularly case study research processes and for very useful discussions, which led to improvements in my knowledge of child development issues. I am grateful to Professor Frank Smith, who agreed to serve on my committee and provided me with useful advice during my initial struggles with proposal development and data collection methodology. iii In Jordan, I wish to especially thank Dr. Robert Parua - Programme Specialist in Education (UNESCO’s Amman office) for his continuous help with workshops and financial assistance, without which this project could not have been completed. I also wish to thank his staff for their support. Thanks are also due to my colleagues and friends at the University of Jordan for being so patient with me and for creating such a friendly atmosphere; especially to Dr. Omar Amireh from the College of Architecture and his senior students (who are by now professional architects); Rusaila Bazlamit and Hanaan Amro (my trustees and talented research assistants), for making my Ph.D. study possible in the first place. Without their help, this dissertation would have been even more difficult to complete. I also wish to thank the staff of the Department of Palestinian Affairs, UNICEF, UNESCO, the Royal Jordanian Geographic Centre and the greater Amman municipality for providing me with the information needed for this research. I wish to express my gratitude to the UNRWA-Southern Amman School District including the schools superintendent, the participating school principals, and all the teachers for their hospitality, enthusiasm and assistance, which made this research possible. Special thanks to all the young boys and girls of the Al-Wihdat Refugee Camp and surrounding areas, on whose participation and input this research depended. Working with them was an unforgettable experience. I am truly grateful for their optimism, honest opinions and perceptions, which greatly influenced the outcome of this research. Last, but not least, I would like to thank Dr. Cynthia Van Der Wiele and Mr. Ekram Haque for their help in editing the final draft of this dissertation. It is my prayer that Allah will forgive us our ignorance and shortcomings and guide us to the path to Paradise. All praise is for Allah. May the peace and blessings of Allah be upon His last messenger Muhammad, his family, companions, and those following the true guidance. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES IX LIST OF TABLES XI PREFACE XII ABBREVIATIONS FOUND IN TEXT XVI CHAPTER 1: THE FOCUS OF THE CASE STUDY AND ITS CONTEXT 1 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem...................................................................................
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