Sakura Science Plan

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Sakura Science Plan SAKURA SCIENCE Exchange Program SAKURA SCIENCE PLAN Department of Sakura Science Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Science Plaza, 5-3 Yonbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8666 Japan Tel: +81-3-5214-8288 Fax: +81-3-5214-8445 Email: [email protected] URL: https://ssp.jst.go.jp/EN/ Printed in November 2019 SSP HP About Sakura Science Plan Cultivating the Science Leaders of the Future Countries share the future challenge of promoting research and development and transforming results into innovations. In particular, Japan is facing the urgent task of creating a global research environment in cooperating with talented personnel in Asia. In 2014, the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) started the “Sakura Science Plan (SAKURA Invitation by Sakura Science Plan SCIENCE Exchange Program).” Since then, the program has invited talented young foreign human resources for short-term visits to Japan, giving them the opportunity to experience both Japan’s ● Candidates are chosen from students in high schools, universities, graduate schools, cutting-edge science and technology and culture. The program aims for contributing to the followings. researchers and others up to 40 years of age that have never visited Japan from 41 • Strengthening friendly relations between Japan and other countries and regions countries/regions*: East Asia, ASEAN member states, South Asia, Central Asia, Pacific island • Globalization of Japan’s education and research organizations countries and others. *For more details, see Page 6. The goal of the program is ● The exchange program is a short-term stay in Japan (seven days to three weeks) with a variety of • Promoting exchanges with talented young human resources from overseas who could contribute to courses. the future of science and technology, such as continuous research. The program also aims to contribute to the development of science and technology both in Japan and ● Japanese organizations that may accept program participants are universities, technical colleges, high in the world. schools, local public agencies, incorporated associations and others. During the five years from its initial year to fiscal year 2018, the program has invited 26,380 youth to ● JST provides receiving organizations in Japan with financial support (expenses of travel and sojourn). In case of the programs by private companies, only travel costs are provided. Japan from 41 countries and regions. Talented young human resources took part in exchange programs at educational and research institutions in various areas all over Japan. Through this program, the participants are expected to have increased their curiosity and pursuit of scientific discovery, glowing up as future science leaders active on a global scale. In addition, participants all become members in the “Sakura Science Club”, alumni association of Number of invitees by country/region Expansion of Sakura Science Sakura Science Plan after completing the program, so their interactions with one another will continue (FY2014 to FY2018: 26,380) to broaden even after they return to their home countries. Number of invitees* and project budgets Korea Mongolia *Total number of participants in Open Application programs 841 711 and JST Direct Invitation programs Overview of Sakura Science Plan 3% 3% (Hundred million yen) (Person) 25 10,000 Selection of talented Others young human resources Myanmar 975 3,478 20.70 in S&T fields 13% 20 8,000 4% China 18.70 8,904 Taiwan Visit universities Special classes given 34% 1,301 15.00 7,082 and research sites by Nobel laureates 15 6,611 6,000 5% 12.05 Thailand 5,519 Programs implemented 2,854 at receiving organizations 10 4,000 Malaysia 11% 8.10 across Japan 1,461 4,224 5% 2,944 Indonesia India 5 2,000 1,736 Exchange with Japanese youth 2,207 Visit science museum and researchers 7% 8% 0 0 Viet Nam FY2014 FY2015 FY2016 FY2017 FY2018 Exchange proposals based 1,912 on the unique know-how 7% (Unit: person) ■ Project budgets (unit: hundred million yen) of receiving organizations ■ Number of invitees Program Sponsor 1 SAKURA SCIENCE PLAN About Sakura Science Plan Cultivating the Science Leaders of the Future Countries share the future challenge of promoting research and development and transforming results into innovations. In particular, Japan is facing the urgent task of creating a global research environment in cooperating with talented personnel in Asia. In 2014, the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) started the “Sakura Science Plan (SAKURA Invitation by Sakura Science Plan SCIENCE Exchange Program).” Since then, the program has invited talented young foreign human resources for short-term visits to Japan, giving them the opportunity to experience both Japan’s ● Candidates are chosen from students in high schools, universities, graduate schools, cutting-edge science and technology and culture. The program aims for contributing to the followings. researchers and others up to 40 years of age that have never visited Japan from 41 • Strengthening friendly relations between Japan and other countries and regions countries/regions*: East Asia, ASEAN member states, South Asia, Central Asia, Pacific island • Globalization of Japan’s education and research organizations countries and others. *For more details, see Page 6. The goal of the program is ● The exchange program is a short-term stay in Japan (seven days to three weeks) with a variety of • Promoting exchanges with talented young human resources from overseas who could contribute to courses. the future of science and technology, such as continuous research. The program also aims to contribute to the development of science and technology both in Japan and ● Japanese organizations that may accept program participants are universities, technical colleges, high in the world. schools, local public agencies, incorporated associations and others. During the five years from its initial year to fiscal year 2018, the program has invited 26,380 youth to ● JST provides receiving organizations in Japan with financial support (expenses of travel and sojourn). In case of the programs by private companies, only travel costs are provided. Japan from 41 countries and regions. Talented young human resources took part in exchange programs at educational and research institutions in various areas all over Japan. Through this program, the participants are expected to have increased their curiosity and pursuit of scientific discovery, glowing up as future science leaders active on a global scale. In addition, participants all become members in the “Sakura Science Club”, alumni association of Number of invitees by country/region Expansion of Sakura Science Sakura Science Plan after completing the program, so their interactions with one another will continue (FY2014 to FY2018: 26,380) to broaden even after they return to their home countries. Number of invitees* and project budgets Korea Mongolia *Total number of participants in Open Application programs 841 711 and JST Direct Invitation programs Overview of Sakura Science Plan 3% 3% (Hundred million yen) (Person) 25 10,000 Selection of talented Others young human resources Myanmar 975 3,478 20.70 in S&T fields 13% 20 8,000 4% China 18.70 8,904 Taiwan Visit universities Special classes given 34% 1,301 15.00 7,082 and research sites by Nobel laureates 15 6,611 6,000 5% 12.05 Thailand 5,519 Programs implemented 2,854 at receiving organizations 10 4,000 Malaysia 11% 8.10 across Japan 1,461 4,224 5% 2,944 Indonesia India 5 2,000 1,736 Exchange with Japanese youth 2,207 Visit science museum and researchers 7% 8% 0 0 Viet Nam FY2014 FY2015 FY2016 FY2017 FY2018 Exchange proposals based 1,912 on the unique know-how 7% (Unit: person) ■ Project budgets (unit: hundred million yen) of receiving organizations ■ Number of invitees Program Sponsor SAKURA SCIENCE PLAN 2 Two Programs of SAKURA SCIENCE PLAN Open 1) Types of Open Application Program 3) Open Application Period 4) Track Record Application A. Science and Technology Experience Course Applications can be submitted by Japanese organizations For five years from FY2014, 2,237 exchange programs Invitees participate in activities prepared by receiving organizations of at any time during the open application period. There are (from 3,137 applications) were selected, and 21,187 Program Japan (for example, visits, experiments, and discussions). (Participants several deadlines within each fiscal year. Applications of young people were invited. The number of organizations stay in Japan for up to 7 days.) submitted by each deadline will be reviewed for selection in involved in the program No. of sending No. of receiving each application period. has been increasing organizations organizations This Program aims: B. Collaborative Research Activity Course year by year. For the latest schedule, refer to the following: 1,771 320 Participants do joint research on clearly defined subjects at receiving ・ To promote grassroots exchanges in S&T https://ssp.jst.go.jp/form/index.html (only in Japanese) organizations in Japan. (Participants stay in Japan for up to three (Total from FY2014 to FY2018) field at Japanese organizations weeks.) To build Global human networks in S&T ・ C. Science and Technology Training Course Open Application Program implemented across Japan ・ To activate joint research and interactions Participants undergo intensive training at receiving organizations in among young human resources Japan to learn skills and techniques in S&T fields. (Participants stay in Activity reports of Open Application Program are introduced on Activity Reports Japan for up to 10 days.) the Sakura Science Plan website: https://ssp.jst.go.jp/EN/report/nendo.html 2) Process to Implement a Program Program Program Program Contract Provision of The preparation by application to selection by conclusion by expenses Foreign and JST by the the SSP the Japanese (travel and program Japanese Japanese selection organization sojourn) by Exchange Program with China Pharmaceutical Program with 3 Thai universities at High Exchange with high school students from Taiwan organizations organization committee and JST JST begins! University at Gifu Pharmaceutical University Energy Accelerator Research Organization and Singapore in Oyama-city, Tochigi Pref.
Recommended publications
  • Download Issue
    Cell Circuitry || Science Teaches English || The Chicken Genome Is Hot || Magnets in Medicine SEPTEMBER 2002 www.hhmi.org/bulletin Leading Doublea Life It’s a stretch, but doctors who work bench to bedside say they wouldn’t do it any other way. FEATURES 14 On Human Terms 24 The Evolutionary War A small—some say too small—group of Efforts to undermine evolution education have physician-scientists believes the best science evolved into a 21st-century marketing cam- requires patient contact. paign that relies on legal acumen, manipulation By Marlene Cimons of scientific literature and grassroots tactics. 20 Engineering the Cell By Trisha Gura Adam Arkin sees the cell as a mechanical system. He hopes to transform molecular 28 Call of the Wild biology into a kind of cellular engineering Could quirky, new animal models help scien- and in the process, learn how to move cells tists learn how to regenerate human limbs or from sickness to health. avert the debilitating effects of a stroke? By M. Mitchell Waldrop By Kathryn Brown 24 In front of a crowd of 1,500, Ohio’s Board of Education heard testimony on whether students should learn about intelligent design in science class. DEPARTMENTS 2 NOTA BENE 33 PERSPECTIVE ulletin Intelligent Design Is a Cop-Out 4 LETTERS September 2002 || Volume 15 Number 3 NEWS AND NOTES HHMI TRUSTEES PRESIDENT’S LETTER 5 JAMES A. BAKER, III, ESQ. 34 Senior Partner, Baker & Botts A Creative Influence In from the Fields ALEXANDER G. BEARN, M.D. Executive Officer, American Philosophical Society 35 Lost on the Tip of the Tongue Adjunct Professor, The Rockefeller University UP FRONT Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Cornell University Medical College 36 Biology by Numbers FRANK WILLIAM GAY 6 Follow the Songbird Former President and Chief Executive Officer, SUMMA Corporation JAMES H.
    [Show full text]
  • Nobel Laureates Endorse Joe Biden
    Nobel Laureates endorse Joe Biden 81 American Nobel Laureates in Physics, Chemistry, and Medicine have signed this letter to express their support for former Vice President Joe Biden in the 2020 election for President of the United States. At no time in our nation’s history has there been a greater need for our leaders to appreciate the value of science in formulating public policy. During his long record of public service, Joe Biden has consistently demonstrated his willingness to listen to experts, his understanding of the value of international collaboration in research, and his respect for the contribution that immigrants make to the intellectual life of our country. As American citizens and as scientists, we wholeheartedly endorse Joe Biden for President. Name Category Prize Year Peter Agre Chemistry 2003 Sidney Altman Chemistry 1989 Frances H. Arnold Chemistry 2018 Paul Berg Chemistry 1980 Thomas R. Cech Chemistry 1989 Martin Chalfie Chemistry 2008 Elias James Corey Chemistry 1990 Joachim Frank Chemistry 2017 Walter Gilbert Chemistry 1980 John B. Goodenough Chemistry 2019 Alan Heeger Chemistry 2000 Dudley R. Herschbach Chemistry 1986 Roald Hoffmann Chemistry 1981 Brian K. Kobilka Chemistry 2012 Roger D. Kornberg Chemistry 2006 Robert J. Lefkowitz Chemistry 2012 Roderick MacKinnon Chemistry 2003 Paul L. Modrich Chemistry 2015 William E. Moerner Chemistry 2014 Mario J. Molina Chemistry 1995 Richard R. Schrock Chemistry 2005 K. Barry Sharpless Chemistry 2001 Sir James Fraser Stoddart Chemistry 2016 M. Stanley Whittingham Chemistry 2019 James P. Allison Medicine 2018 Richard Axel Medicine 2004 David Baltimore Medicine 1975 J. Michael Bishop Medicine 1989 Elizabeth H. Blackburn Medicine 2009 Michael S.
    [Show full text]
  • 2004 Albert Lasker Nomination Form
    albert and mary lasker foundation 110 East 42nd Street Suite 1300 New York, ny 10017 November 3, 2003 tel 212 286-0222 fax 212 286-0924 Greetings: www.laskerfoundation.org james w. fordyce On behalf of the Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation, I invite you to submit a nomination Chairman neen hunt, ed.d. for the 2004 Albert Lasker Medical Research Awards. President mrs. anne b. fordyce The Awards will be offered in three categories: Basic Medical Research, Clinical Medical Vice President Research, and Special Achievement in Medical Science. This is the 59th year of these christopher w. brody Treasurer awards. Since the program was first established in 1944, 68 Lasker Laureates have later w. michael brown Secretary won Nobel Prizes. Additional information on previous Lasker Laureates can be found jordan u. gutterman, m.d. online at our web site http://www.laskerfoundation.org. Representative Albert Lasker Medical Research Awards Program Nominations that have been made in previous years may be updated and resubmitted in purnell w. choppin, m.d. accordance with the instructions on page 2 of this nomination booklet. daniel e. koshland, jr., ph.d. mrs. william mccormick blair, jr. the honorable mark o. hatfied Nominations should be received by the Foundation no later than February 2, 2004. Directors Emeritus A distinguished panel of jurors will select the scientists to be honored. The 2004 Albert Lasker Medical Research Awards will be presented at a luncheon ceremony given by the Foundation in New York City on Friday, October 1, 2004. Sincerely, Joseph L. Goldstein, M.D. Chairman, Awards Jury Albert Lasker Medical Research Awards ALBERT LASKER MEDICAL2004 RESEARCH AWARDS PURPOSE AND DESCRIPTION OF THE AWARDS The major purpose of these Awards is to recognize and honor individuals who have made signifi- cant contributions in basic or clinical research in diseases that are the main cause of death and disability.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise and Rise of a Biology Superstar
    JAPAN | NATURE INDEX PROFILE: YOSHINORI OHSUMI THE RISE AND RISE OF A BIOLOGY SUPERSTAR Nobel laureate Yoshinori Ohsumi’s persistent study of baker’s yeast spawned an exciting new field, and proves the value of supporting scientists in pursuit of their passion BY TIM HORNYAK biology superstar owes a lot to the humble microorganism that has provided the world with bread and Abooze since antiquity. Yoshinori Ohsumi’s dogged study of yeast’s inner workings spanned PARKS BENJAMIN decades, eventually winning the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his insights into how cells digest and recycle their own components. Autophagy, as these processes are known, is the subject of wide-ranging research in such fields as longevity and cancer. But, few people knew much about Ohsumi before he took the podium at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm in December 2016 to deliver his Nobel lecture in which he extolled yeast’s many lessons, and its “wonderful gifts of sake and liquor.” It’s unusual for the medicine Nobel to go to a single researcher, and Ohsumi’s win high- lighted the importance of individual research in the age of large, international collaborations. Yoshinori Ohsumi’s ground-breaking work on yeast molecules was largely a solo pursuit. “In my time, I would do research because I was interested in a subject, but young people Ohsumi then returned to the University Ohsumi estimates that fewer than 20 papers want to know whether a subject will yield a of Tokyo and in 1988 opened his own lab. on autophagy were published each year when good paper or be beneficial for their career,” He focused on yeast vacuoles, specialized he began, but that tally is now in the thousands.
    [Show full text]
  • Balcomk41251.Pdf (558.9Kb)
    Copyright by Karen Suzanne Balcom 2005 The Dissertation Committee for Karen Suzanne Balcom Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Discovery and Information Use Patterns of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine Committee: E. Glynn Harmon, Supervisor Julie Hallmark Billie Grace Herring James D. Legler Brooke E. Sheldon Discovery and Information Use Patterns of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine by Karen Suzanne Balcom, B.A., M.L.S. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August, 2005 Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to my first teachers: my father, George Sheldon Balcom, who passed away before this task was begun, and to my mother, Marian Dyer Balcom, who passed away before it was completed. I also dedicate it to my dissertation committee members: Drs. Billie Grace Herring, Brooke Sheldon, Julie Hallmark and to my supervisor, Dr. Glynn Harmon. They were all teachers, mentors, and friends who lifted me up when I was down. Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my committee: Julie Hallmark, Billie Grace Herring, Jim Legler, M.D., Brooke E. Sheldon, and Glynn Harmon for their encouragement, patience and support during the nine years that this investigation was a work in progress. I could not have had a better committee. They are my enduring friends and I hope I prove worthy of the faith they have always showed in me. I am grateful to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientific Background: Discoveries of Mechanisms for Autophagy
    Scientific Background Discoveries of Mechanisms for Autophagy The 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is a previously unknown membrane structure that de awarded to Yoshinori Ohsumi for his discoveries of Duve named the lysosome1,2. Comparative mechanisms for autophagy. Macroautophagy electron microscopy of purified lysosome-rich liver (“self-eating”, hereafter referred to as autophagy) is fractions and sectioned liver identified the an evolutionarily conserved process whereby the lysosome as a distinct cellular organelle3. Christian eukaryotic cell can recycle part of its own content de Duve and Albert Claude, together with George by sequestering a portion of the cytoplasm in a Palade, were awarded the 1974 Nobel Prize in double-membrane vesicle that is delivered to the Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries lysosome for digestion. Unlike other cellular concerning the structure and functional degradation machineries, autophagy removes organization of the cell. long-lived proteins, large macro-molecular complexes and organelles that have become Soon after the discovery of the lysosome, obsolete or damaged. Autophagy mediates the researchers found that portions of the cytoplasm digestion and recycling of non-essential parts of the are sequestered into membranous structures cell during starvation and participates in a variety during normal kidney development in the mouse4. of physiological processes where cellular Similar structures containing a small amount of components must be removed to leave space for cytoplasm and mitochondria were observed in the new ones. In addition, autophagy is a key cellular proximal tubule cells of rat kidney during process capable of clearing invading hydronephrosis5. The vacuoles were found to co- microorganisms and toxic protein aggregates, and localize with acid-phosphatase-containing therefore plays an important role during infection, granules during the early stages of degeneration in ageing and in the pathogenesis of many human and the structures were shown to increase as diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline of Immunology
    TIMELINE OF IMMUNOLOGY 1549 – The earliest account of inoculation of smallpox (variolation) occurs in Wan Quan's (1499–1582) 1718 – Smallpox inoculation in Ottoman Empire realized by West. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, the wife of the British ambassador to Constantinople, observed the positive effects of variolation on the native population and had the technique performed on her own children. 1796 – First demonstration of smallpox vaccination (Edward Jenner) 1837 – Description of the role of microbes in putrefaction and fermentation (Theodore Schwann) 1838 – Confirmation of the role of yeast in fermentation of sugar to alcohol (Charles Cagniard-Latour) 1840 – Proposal of the germ theory of disease (Jakob Henle) 1850 – Demonstration of the contagious nature of puerperal fever (childbed fever) (Ignaz Semmelweis) 1857–1870 – Confirmation of the role of microbes in fermentation (Louis Pasteur) 1862 – Phagocytosis (Ernst Haeckel) 1867 – Aseptic practice in surgery using carbolic acid (Joseph Lister) 1876 – Demonstration that microbes can cause disease-anthrax (Robert Koch) 1877 – Mast cells (Paul Ehrlich) 1878 – Confirmation and popularization of the germ theory of disease (Louis Pasteur) 1880 – 1881 -Theory that bacterial virulence could be attenuated by culture in vitro and used as vaccines. Proposed that live attenuated microbes produced immunity by depleting host of vital trace nutrients. Used to make chicken cholera and anthrax "vaccines" (Louis Pasteur) 1883 – 1905 – Cellular theory of immunity via phagocytosis by macrophages and microphages (polymorhonuclear leukocytes) (Elie Metchnikoff) 1885 – Introduction of concept of a "therapeutic vaccination". Report of a live "attenuated" vaccine for rabies (Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux). 1888 – Identification of bacterial toxins (diphtheria bacillus) (Pierre Roux and Alexandre Yersin) 1888 – Bactericidal action of blood (George Nuttall) 1890 – Demonstration of antibody activity against diphtheria and tetanus toxins.
    [Show full text]
  • Lasker Interactive Research Nom'18.Indd
    THE 2018 LASKER MEDICAL RESEARCH AWARDS Nomination Packet albert and mary lasker foundation November 1, 2017 Greetings: On behalf of the Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation, I invite you to submit a nomination for the 2018 Lasker Medical Research Awards. Since 1945, the Lasker Awards have recognized the contributions of scientists, physicians, and public citizens who have made major advances in the understanding, diagnosis, treatment, cure, and prevention of disease. The Medical Research Awards will be offered in three categories in 2018: Basic Research, Clinical Research, and Special Achievement. The Lasker Foundation seeks nominations of outstanding scientists; nominations of women and minorities are encouraged. Nominations that have been made in previous years are not automatically reconsidered. Please see the Nomination Requirements section of this booklet for instructions on updating and resubmitting a nomination. The Foundation accepts electronic submissions. For information on submitting an electronic nomination, please visit www.laskerfoundation.org. Lasker Awards often presage future recognition of the Nobel committee, and they have become known popularly as “America’s Nobels.” Eighty-seven Lasker laureates have received the Nobel Prize, including 40 in the last three decades. Additional information on the Awards Program and on Lasker laureates can be found on our website, www.laskerfoundation.org. A distinguished panel of jurors will select the scientists to be honored with Lasker Medical Research Awards. The 2018 Awards will
    [Show full text]
  • Announcement of the Keio Medical Science Prize 2015
    Press Release September 14, 2015 Announcement of The Keio Medical Science Prize 2015 Keio University annually awards The Keio Medical Science Prize to recognize researchers who have made an outstanding contribution to the field of medicine or life sciences. It is the only prize of its kind awarded by a Japanese university, and 6 laureates of this Prize have later won the Nobel Prize. The 20th Keio Medical Science Prize is awarded to Prof. Jeffrey I. Gordon and Prof. Yoshinori Ohsumi. 1. Laureates Jeffrey I. Gordon, M.D. Dr. Robert J. Glaser Distinguished University Professor Director, Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis “Human gut microbiome and its impact on health and disease” Yoshinori Ohsumi, Ph.D. Honorary Professor, Frontier Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology “Elucidation of molecular mechanism of autophagy” 2. Prize Laureates receive a certificate of merit, medal, and a monetary award of 10 million yen. The award ceremony and commemorative lectures are held at Keio University. 3. Award Ceremony and Events The award ceremony and commemorative lectures will be held on November 25, 2015 at the School of Medicine, Shinanomachi Campus, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan. Award Ceremony and Commemorative Lectures Date: November 25, 2015 14:00-17:30 Venue: Kitasato Memorial Hall, Shinanomachi Campus, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan Language: English and Japanese Simultaneous translation available (English-Japanese/Japanese-English) Admission: Open to the public *Please
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Winners of the Nobel Medicine Prize 1 October 2018
    Recent winners of the Nobel Medicine Prize 1 October 2018 2015: William Campbell (US citizen born in Ireland) and Satoshi Omura (Japan), Tu Youyou (China) for unlocking treatments for malaria and roundworm. 2014: John O'Keefe (Britain, US), Edvard I. Moser and May-Britt Moser (Norway) for discovering how the brain navigates with an "inner GPS". 2013: Thomas C. Suedhof (US citizen born in Germany), James E. Rothman and Randy W. Schekman (US) for work on how the cell organises its transport system. 2012: Shinya Yamanaka (Japan) and John B. Gurdon (Britain) for discoveries showing how adult cells can be transformed back into stem cells. 2011: Bruce Beutler (US), Jules Hoffmann (French citizen born in Luxembourg) and Ralph Steinman (Canada) for work on the body's immune system. Credit: Wikipedia 2010: Robert G. Edwards (Britain) for the development of in-vitro fertilisation. 2009: Elizabeth Blackburn (Australia-US), Carol Here is a list of the winners of the Nobel Medicine Greider and Jack Szostak (US) for discovering how Prize in the past 10 years, after James Allison of chromosomes are protected by telomeres, a key the US and Tasuku Honjo of Japan were awarded factor in the ageing process. Monday for research that has revolutionised cancer treatment: © 2018 AFP 2018: Immunologists Allison and Honjo win for figuring out how to release the immune system's brakes to allow it to attack cancer cells more efficiently. 2017: US geneticists Jeffrey Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael Young for their discoveries on the internal biological clock that governs the wake- sleep cycles of most living things.
    [Show full text]
  • Close to the Edge: Co-Authorship Proximity of Nobel Laureates in Physiology Or Medicine, 1991 - 2010, to Cross-Disciplinary Brokers
    Close to the edge: Co-authorship proximity of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine, 1991 - 2010, to cross-disciplinary brokers Chris Fields 528 Zinnia Court Sonoma, CA 95476 USA fi[email protected] January 2, 2015 Abstract Between 1991 and 2010, 45 scientists were honored with Nobel prizes in Physiology or Medicine. It is shown that these 45 Nobel laureates are separated, on average, by at most 2.8 co-authorship steps from at least one cross-disciplinary broker, defined as a researcher who has published co-authored papers both in some biomedical discipline and in some non-biomedical discipline. If Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine and their immediate collaborators can be regarded as forming the intuitive “center” of the biomedical sciences, then at least for this 20-year sample of Nobel laureates, the center of the biomedical sciences within the co-authorship graph of all of the sciences is closer to the edges of multiple non-biomedical disciplines than typical biomedical researchers are to each other. Keywords: Biomedicine; Co-authorship graphs; Cross-disciplinary brokerage; Graph cen- trality; Preferential attachment Running head: Proximity of Nobel laureates to cross-disciplinary brokers 1 1 Introduction It is intuitively tempting to visualize scientific disciplines as spheres, with highly produc- tive, well-funded intellectual and political leaders such as Nobel laureates occupying their centers and less productive, less well-funded researchers being increasingly peripheral. As preferential attachment mechanisms as well as the economics of employment tend to give the well-known and well-funded more collaborators than the less well-known and less well- funded (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Tasuku Honjo Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
    333 Serendipities of Acquired Immunity Nobel Lecture, December 7, 2018 by Tasuku Honjo Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. INTRODUCTION For a long time, biology was perceived as the lesser of the natural sciences because, unlike physics, deductive reasoning could not be used to solve biological problems. Biology has been full of mystery since I started my career in biological sciences almost half a century ago. Although the basic principles of biology stem from the rules of physics, biological systems have such an extraordinary, layered complexity derived from a tremen- dous number of parameters, beautifully and magically intertwined and controlled to achieve what we call “life”. Paradoxically, we start with a rather limited number (about 20,000) of coding region genes. However, many transcripts can be generated from a single coding gene locus, indi- cating that a single gene can produce many proteins. Furthermore, there are a much higher number of non-coding transcripts that may afect the expression of the coding genes. DNA, RNA and proteins can be chemically modifed by methylation, phosphorylation and acetylation. In addition, at least 20,000 metabolites circulate in our blood. These can also be sensed by cells, interacting with various proteins and infuencing gene expres- sion, thus generating enormously complicated regulatory mechanisms to achieve homeostasis. The origin of metabolites can be traced not only to the biochemistry of our own cells but also to the diverse communities of 334 THE NOBEL PRIZES microbes inhabiting every surface of the body. If we imagine roughly 1013 order of our own cells, each expressing diferent proteins and containing diferent metabolites, in constant dialog with 1014 order of microbial cells, also in diferent metabolic states, the complexity of our biological system exceeds by far the physical and chemical complexity of the universe.
    [Show full text]