Ren Leadership: an Interpretive Biography of Bai Fangli

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Ren Leadership: an Interpretive Biography of Bai Fangli University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2009 Ren Leadership: An Interpretive Biography of Bai Fangli Jin Zhou The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Zhou, Jin, "Ren Leadership: An Interpretive Biography of Bai Fangli" (2009). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 1300. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/1300 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. REN LEADERSHIP: AN INTERPRETIVE BIOGRAPHY OF BAI FANGLI By Jin Zhou B.A., The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 2002 M.Ed., The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 2003 M.P.A., The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 2004 Dissertation Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education The University of Montana Missoula, MT June 2009 Approved by: Perry Brown, Associate Provost for Graduate Education Graduate School William P. McCaw, Chair Department of Educational Leadership Roberta D. Evans Department of Educational Leadership Rhea Ashmore Department of Curriculum and Instruction John Matt Department of Educational Leadership Zhen Cao Department of Modern & Classical Languages and Literatures Zhou, Jin, Ed. D., Spring 2009 Educational Leadership Ren Leadership: An Interpretive Biography of Bai Fangli Chairman: William P. McCaw, Ed. D. The purpose of this qualitative interpretive biographical study was to enhance our understanding of leadership by exploring the life of Bai Fangli through the lens of Confucian virtues. This study followed Denzin’s (1989a) qualitative design of interpretive biography by exploring Bai’s epiphanies to offer multiple perspectives on the significance of the epiphanies and their impact on Bai’s life and his influence as a modern Chinese leader. This study was guided by the central question: What is the essence of the life and leadership of Bai Fangli as explored through the lens of Confucian virtues? In order to answer this study’s central question, Denzin’s data analysis procedures were applied for this study. Incorporating Denzin’s data analysis procedures, this study applied three phases of data analysis: (a) document analysis, (b) interview analysis, and (c) combined the analysis of the documents and interviews. Data from documents were gathered from 91 online newspaper articles, 43 photographs, and 8 videoclips. Interview data were gathered during open-ended interviews with 12 purposefully selected participants. An internet-based audio video system, emails, and phone were utilized in this study. Four themes and seven sub virtue themes were combined from these documents and interviews. The lens of Confucian virtues was articulated based on seven sub virtue themes and how they are aligned with the literature review. Bai Fangli’s interpretive biography was then reconstructed and the major themes that have shaped his life were identified. This study enhances our understanding of leadership by articulating Ren Leadership, a universal leadership. Since Bai’s actions demonstrated both Eastern virtues of benevolence and great love [ ren ai ], righteousness [ yi ], rituals [li ], wisdom [ zhi ], trustworthiness [ xin ], fortitude [ yong ], and frugality [ jian ] and Western virtues of prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance, the second finding recognized that moral leadership is applicable to both Eastern and Western world views. The third finding describes an example of a moral leader in China who blended both Eastern and Western virtues. Finally, this study revealed the feasibility of the return of the traditional Confucian virtues in contemporary China. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Writing this dissertation has been the most arduous, magnificent, and unforgettable time in my life. During this period, many people enlightened and helped me in many ways. I would like to express my deepest gratitude and thankfulness to the following individuals: First and foremost is the inspiration and support given to me by my parents. Their constant support and encouragement motivated me to fulfill this research journey with passion and enjoyment. Without them, this research journey would have been more difficult. Special thanks to my Dissertation Committee Chair, Professor Bill McCaw for his guidance, direction, encouragement, and positive affirmations. His rigorous research attitude and meticulous working style deeply influenced me. During this research process, Dr. McCaw constantly opened my mind and elevated my research capabilities. Many thanks to my Dissertation Committee members: Dean Bobbie Evans for her encouragement and critical support. Her encouragement increases my confidence. Dr. Rhea Ashmore for her kind and patient guidance. Dr. Merle Farrier for his guidance and direction. Dr. Zhen Cao for his support, interest, and guidance. Dr. John Matt for his time and commitment. Many thanks to my interviewees: Bai Guofu, Bai Jinfeng, Xu Xiuqin, Bai Song, Bai Huanyi, Bai Guoran, Bai Xiqian, Li Li, Li Jialun, Sun Yuying, Xu Qiming, and Chen Zhaoxiang for their information, support, and motivation. And lastly, my deep appreciation to William Wang for his constant support, guidance, and encouragement. June 2, 2009 Missoula, Montana iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY ....................................................1 Statement of the Problem .........................................................................................5 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................7 Research Questions ..................................................................................................7 Definitions of Terms ................................................................................................8 Delimitations of the Study .....................................................................................14 Limitations of the Study.........................................................................................15 Significance of the Study .......................................................................................15 Summary ................................................................................................................16 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE .....................................................18 Introduction ............................................................................................................18 Contemporary Chinese Issues Related to the Loss of Confucian Moral Values ..........................................................................................................19 The Symptoms of the Moral Belief Crisis .................................................20 The Loss of Moral Ideals, Goals and Ethics ..................................20 The Loss of Moral Emotions .........................................................20 The Distortion of Moral Motivation ..............................................21 The Origins of the Moral Belief Crisis ......................................................22 Official Corruption.....................................................................................23 Fake and Shoddy Goods ............................................................................24 Reversing the Nature of Good and Evil .....................................................25 Contemporary Chinese Issues Calling for Confucian Moral Values ..........................................................................................................26 Governmental Officials Calling for the Traditional Confucian Moral Values ..............................................................................................27 Scholars Calling for the Traditional Confucian Moral Values ..................28 Confucianism, Taoism, & Buddhism.....................................................................29 Historical Review of Confucianism, Taoism, & Buddhism ......................29 Neo-Confucianism .........................................................................30 Confucius (551-479 BCE) .............................................................32 Mencius (370-290 BC) ..................................................................33 Taoism........................................................................................................34 Laozi (604-471 BCE) .....................................................................34 Buddhism ...................................................................................................35 Buddha (563-483 BCE) .................................................................36 Eastern and Western Virtues ..................................................................................38 Eastern Virtues ...........................................................................................38 Benevolence ( Ren ) ........................................................................38 Righteousness ( Yi ) ........................................................................39 Propriety
Recommended publications
  • Performing Masculinity in Peri-Urban China: Duty, Family, Society
    The London School of Economics and Political Science Performing Masculinity in Peri-Urban China: Duty, Family, Society Magdalena Wong A thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London December 2016 1 DECLARATION I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/ PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 97,927 words. Statement of use of third party for editorial help I confirm that different sections of my thesis were copy edited by Tiffany Wong, Emma Holland and Eona Bell for conventions of language, spelling and grammar. 2 ABSTRACT This thesis examines how a hegemonic ideal that I refer to as the ‘able-responsible man' dominates the discourse and performance of masculinity in the city of Nanchong in Southwest China. This ideal, which is at the core of the modern folk theory of masculinity in Nanchong, centres on notions of men's ability (nengli) and responsibility (zeren).
    [Show full text]
  • PACIFIC WORLD Journal of the Institute of Buddhist Studies
    PACIFIC WORLD Journal of the Institute of Buddhist Studies PACIFIC WORLD Journal of the Institute of Buddhist Studies Third Series Number 17 2015 Special Issue: Fiftieth Anniversary of the Bukkyō Dendō Kyōkai Pacific World is an annual journal in English devoted to the dissemination of his- torical, textual, critical, and interpretive articles on Buddhism generally and Shinshu Buddhism particularly to both academic and lay readerships. The journal is distributed free of charge. Articles for consideration by the Pacific World are welcomed and are to be submitted in English and addressed to the Editor, Pacific World, 2140 Durant Ave., Berkeley, CA 94704-1589, USA. Acknowledgment: This annual publication is made possible by the donation of BDK America of Moraga, California. Guidelines for Authors: Manuscripts (approximately twenty standard pages) should be typed double-spaced with 1-inch margins. Notes are to be endnotes with full biblio- graphic information in the note first mentioning a work, i.e., no separate bibliography. See The Chicago Manual of Style (16th edition), University of Chicago Press, §16.3 ff. Authors are responsible for the accuracy of all quotations and for supplying complete references. Please e-mail electronic version in both formatted and plain text, if possible. Manuscripts should be submitted by February 1st. Foreign words should be underlined and marked with proper diacriticals, except for the following: bodhisattva, buddha/Buddha, karma, nirvana, samsara, sangha, yoga. Romanized Chinese follows Pinyin system (except in special cases); romanized Japanese, the modified Hepburn system. Japanese/Chinese names are given surname first, omit- ting honorifics. Ideographs preferably should be restricted to notes.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Philosophical Traditions Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism (+Buddhism in China)
    Primary Sources: Chinese Philosophical Traditions Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism (+Buddhism in China) Confucianism: Confucius (c. 551 - 479 BCE) has been one of the most important thinkers in Chinese culture. Confucius redirected Chinese philosophy toward establishing the correct moral behavior of people within society. Significantly, Confucian thought was founded on the oldest and most respected traditions of Chinese society. Confucius himself claimed that he did nothing new, but in reality he fundamentally changed the direction of Chinese thought. Selections from the Analects (5th Century B.C.E.) On Filial Piety Mang I asked what filial piety is. The Master said, "It is being obedient." Soon after, as Fan Chi was driving him, the Master told him "Mang asked me what filial piety is, and I answer him 'being obedient.'" Fan Chi asked, "What exactly did you mean?" The Master replied, "That parents, when alive, should be served according to ritual; that, when dead, they should be buried according to ritual; and that they should be sacrificed to according to ritual." On Goodness The Master said, "A youth, when at home, should behave well toward his parents, and when abroad, respectfully to his elders. He should be earnest and truthful. He should overflow in love to all, and cultivate the friendship of the good. When he has time and opportunity, after doing those things, he should study the polite arts." Zhonggong asked about perfect virtue. The Master said, "When abroad, behave to everyone as if you were receiving an important guest; treat people as if you were assisting at a great sacrifice; do not do to others as you would not wish done to yourself.
    [Show full text]
  • A Dynamic Schedule Based on Integrated Time Performance Prediction
    2009 First International Conference on Information Science and Engineering (ICISE 2009) Nanjing, China 26 – 28 December 2009 Pages 1-906 IEEE Catalog Number: CFP0976H-PRT ISBN: 978-1-4244-4909-5 1/6 TABLE OF CONTENTS TRACK 01: HIGH-PERFORMANCE AND PARALLEL COMPUTING A DYNAMIC SCHEDULE BASED ON INTEGRATED TIME PERFORMANCE PREDICTION ......................................................1 Wei Zhou, Jing He, Shaolin Liu, Xien Wang A FORMAL METHOD OF VOLUNTEER COMPUTING .........................................................................................................................5 Yu Wang, Zhijian Wang, Fanfan Zhou A GRID ENVIRONMENT BASED SATELLITE IMAGES PROCESSING.............................................................................................9 X. Zhang, S. Chen, J. Fan, X. Wei A LANGUAGE OF NEUTRAL MODELING COMMAND FOR SYNCHRONIZED COLLABORATIVE DESIGN AMONG HETEROGENEOUS CAD SYSTEMS ........................................................................................................................12 Wanfeng Dou, Xiaodong Song, Xiaoyong Zhang A LOW-ENERGY SET-ASSOCIATIVE I-CACHE DESIGN WITH LAST ACCESSED WAY BASED REPLACEMENT AND PREDICTING ACCESS POLICY.......................................................................................................................16 Zhengxing Li, Quansheng Yang A MEASUREMENT MODEL OF REUSABILITY FOR EVALUATING COMPONENT...................................................................20 Shuoben Bi, Xueshi Dong, Shengjun Xue A M-RSVP RESOURCE SCHEDULING MECHANISM IN PPVOD
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Values, Governance, and International Relations: Historical Development and Present Situation
    Ea st Asia +2- Chinese Values, Governance, and International Relations: Historical Development and Present Situation Wawc YeNznoNc Wrrs rnr rnrNn s of globalization and cross-cultural exchange, ex- ploringtherelationship betweenvalucs, governance, andinternational relations is a complex task. This chapter seeks to examine these rela- tionships in the context of Chinese history and present reality Values are the sum total ofpeople's dilferent assessments, attitudes, recognition, and behavior vis-A-vis vadous phenomena or different aspects of a singlc phenomenon. Chinese sociologists and anthropolo- gists generally regard culture as the "customs, traditions, attitlrdes, corcepts, and characteristics which control social behavior" (Yin r 988, 3 8 ), or the "trends of values and modes of behavior which openly or covertly guide or manipulate the material and spiritual production and life o{ society, and the mediun.r for knowledge, beliefs, morality, arts, education, Iaw, the general physiological system, and their n]aterial forms which are shared by society and spread between members oI so- ciety" (fiang et al. r 9 8 7, r ). Values are the core of a given cultural system, and Du Weiming says that the "core of culture is composed of a scries of traditional concepts in general and a system ofvalues in particular" (r 982, rr8). Changes in values are largely the basis of changes in cul ture and they "reflect not only the structure of tllis system, but to a large extent alsopoint the direction in which the characteristics of the system will develop" {Zhang and Cheng r99o, zo9 zro). Political outlook is embodied and reflected in the values of the cul- tural system in the political realm.
    [Show full text]
  • Sciencedirect Tracking Domestic Ducks
    BAI You-lu, China LI Zhao-hu, China WANG Zhi-qiang, China BI Yang, China LI Zhong-pei, China WANG Zong-hua, China BIAN Xin-min, China LIN Er-da, China WEI Qin-ping, China CAI Hui-yi, China LIN Jiao-jiao, China XIA Guang-min, China CAI Xue-peng, China LIN Min, China XIE Bi-jun, China CAI Zu-cong, China LIN Qi-mei, China XIE Cong-hua, China CAO Hong-xin, China LIN Wen-xiong, China XIE Guan-lin, China CAO Wei-xing, China LIU Da-qun, China XU Jian-long, China CHEN Fu, China LIU Qing-chang, China XU Ning-ying, China CHEN Hua-lan, China LIU Tong-xian, China XU Wei-hua, China CHEN Kun-song, China LIU Zhi-yong, China XU Yun-bi, China CHEN Wan-quan, China LOU Yong-gen, China XUE Fei-qun, China CHEN Xue-xin, China LU Cheng-ping, China YANG Han-chun, China CHEN Yan-hui, China LU Tie-gang, China YANG Ning, China CHEN Yong-fu, China LUO Shi-ming, China YE Gong yin, China CHEN Zhi-qiang, China LUO Xu-gang, China YE Xing-guo, China CHENG Shi-hua, China LÜ Jia-ping, China YIN Hong, China DIAO Qi-yu, China MA Rui-kun, China YIN Jun, China DING Yan-feng, China MA Yue-hui, China YU Da-zhao, China Editorial Consultants DONG Han-song, China MA Zhi-ying, China YU De-yue, China CHEN Xiao-ya, China LI Zhen-sheng, China XIANG Zhong-huai, China DONG Jin-gao, China MENG Xian-xue, China YU Jing-quan, China CHEN Zong-mao, China LIU Xiu-fan, China XIE Lian-hui, China DONG Shu-ting, China MU Tai-hua, China ZHANG Ai-min, China CHENG Shun-he, China LIU Xu, China XU Ri-gan, China DU Li-xin, China PAN Gen-xing, China ZHANG Bao-shi, China DAI Jing-rui, China LV Fei-jie,
    [Show full text]
  • The Idea of Filial Piety in Ancient China
    THE IDEA OF FILIAL PIETY IN ANCIENT CHINA How did filial piety effect family patterns in Ancient China? How did filial piety effect Chinese government? WHAT WAS CHINA LIKE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES? ¢ China was also a feudal society during the Middle Ages Considered one of the world’s major powers at the time ¢In Europe = emphasis on land ¢In China = emphasis on loyalty Filial piety WHAT IS FILIAL PIETY? ¢ Filial piety is the idea of putting the family’s needs / interests above one’s own wishes ¢ Unconditionally love and support for parents / other relatives ¢ Show complete obedience towards elders ¢ Deep respect towards family’s past (ancestors) WHO CAME UP WITH THE IDEA OF FILIAL PIETY? ¢ Filial piety was the idea of a Chinese philosopher named Confucius (551-479 BC) ¢ Believed that respect for elders was key to running a good society / government ¢ How might this ideal make sense? CONFUCIUS THE TEACHER “THE GOLDEN RULE” CONFUCIUS TEMPLES CONFUCIUS’ BIRTHDAY (TEACHER DAY) - 9/29 WHEN DID FILIAL PIETY ORIGINATE? ¢ Originated between 200 and 500 AD in ancient China ¢ Chinese emperor actually turned the practice into law ¢ Became the basis for Chinese political science & social code HOW DID FILIAL PIETY IMPACT THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT? ¢ Ancient China was ruled by an emperor Periods of rule were known as “dynasties” ¢ To justify their rule, emperors used the idea of filial piety to create a new philosophy “The Mandate of Heaven” NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH THIS DYNASTY… WHAT IS THE “MANDATE OF HEAVEN”? ¢ The “mandate of heaven” is the Chinese
    [Show full text]
  • The Historical Roots of Technical Communication in the Chinese Tradition
    The Historical Roots of Technical Communication in the Chinese Tradition The Historical Roots of Technical Communication in the Chinese Tradition By Daniel Ding The Historical Roots of Technical Communication in the Chinese Tradition By Daniel Ding This book first published 2020 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2020 by Daniel Ding All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-5782-0 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-5782-6 To Karen Lo: My Lovely Wife and Supporter “Thy fruit abundant fall!” —Classic of Poetry TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One ................................................................................................ 1 Technical Writing in Chinese Antiquity: An Introduction Chapter Two ............................................................................................. 21 The Oracle-Bone Inscriptions (甲骨文): The Earliest Artifact of Technical Writing in China Chapter Three ........................................................................................... 37 Classic of Poetry (诗经): Technical Instructions and Reports Chapter Four ............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Visualization Quality Evaluation Method for Multiple Sequence Alignments
    2011 5th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE 2011) Wuhan, China 10 - 12 May 2011 Pages 1 - 867 IEEE Catalog Number: CFP1129C-PRT ISBN: 978-1-4244-5088-6 1/7 TABLE OF CONTENTS ALGORITHMS, MODELS, SOFTWARE AND TOOLS IN BIOINFORMATICS: A Visualization Quality Evaluation Method for Multiple Sequence Alignments ............................................................1 Hongbin Lee, Bo Wang, Xiaoming Wu, Yonggang Liu, Wei Gao, Huili Li, Xu Wang, Feng He A New Promoter Recognition Method Based On Features Optimal Selection.................................................................5 Lan Tao, Huakui Chen, Yanmeng Xu, Zexuan Zhu A Center Closeness Algorithm For The Analyses Of Gene Expression Data ...................................................................9 Huakun Wang, Lixin Feng, Zhou Ying, Zhang Xu, Zhenzhen Wang A Novel Method For Lysine Acetylation Sites Prediction ................................................................................................ 11 Yongchun Gao, Wei Chen Weighted Maximum Margin Criterion Method: Application To Proteomic Peptide Profile ....................................... 15 Xiao Li Yang, Qiong He, Si Ya Yang, Li Liu Ectopic Expression Of Tim-3 Induces Tumor-Specific Antitumor Immunity................................................................ 19 Osama A. O. Elhag, Xiaojing Hu, Weiying Zhang, Li Xiong, Yongze Yuan, Lingfeng Deng, Deli Liu, Yingle Liu, Hui Geng Small-World Network Properties Of Protein Complexes: Node Centrality And Community Structure
    [Show full text]
  • Virtuous Life, Honored Afterlife and the Evolution of Confucianism
    History in the Making Volume 10 Article 7 January 2017 Virtuous Life, Honored Afterlife and the Evolution of Confucianism Jasmyn Murrell CSUSB Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making Part of the Asian History Commons Recommended Citation Murrell, Jasmyn (2017) "Virtuous Life, Honored Afterlife and the Evolution of Confucianism," History in the Making: Vol. 10 , Article 7. Available at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making/vol10/iss1/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in History in the Making by an authorized editor of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Jasmyn Murrell Virtuous Life, Honored Afterlife and the Evolution of Confucianism By Jasmyn Murrell Abstract: Confucius states that we must not focus on the afterlife, because we know so little of it, and we must focus on everyday life. However, Confucianism holds a philosophy of afterlife, even if it is not outright said or depicted. This paper will aim to prove just that. First, through Confucian ideals of being a dutiful person, to grant yourself an honored afterlife, and second, through how Confucianism influenced other religions such as Buddhism and Daoism, which will show a clear depiction of afterlife by considering death rituals, festivals, commune with ancestors, prayers, tomb decor, and the ideology of Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism – you will begin to see the depiction of afterlife within Confucianism. But also, you will get to see how Confucianism has evolved and took on traits of both Daoism and Buddhism, which in turn is called Neo-Confucianism.
    [Show full text]
  • Bw Monastery Content
    ANNUAL REPORT BW MONASTERY CONTENT: PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE ABOUT US 1 2 & THE YEAR AHEAD 3 LEADERSHIP 4 HIGHLIGHTS OF 2020 PROGRAMMES GOVERNANCE 5 AND ACTIVITIES 6 ABOUT US BW Monastery, previously known as Bliss and Wisdom Society, was set up on 26 July 2002. It was then registered under the Charities Act on 1 April 2003, and renamed to BW Monastery in 2014. BW Monastery works towards combining Buddhism and living, in order to elevate human lives and spiritual minds, establish positive and active living, and to build happy families and harmonious social relationships. In order to achieve the above, we focus on the following four core principles: 1) Propagate Buddhist education for spiritual advancement 2) Promote cultural education 3) Care for the community 4) Compassionate service With these four core principles as a foundation, BW Monastery will continue its efforts on Buddhism and Dharma propagation, contribute towards our country's nation building and social cohesiveness, and a strong emphasis on promoting and preserving traditional culture. UEN Number: T02SS0119L Charities Registration Number: 1674 Registered Address: 1 Woodlands Drive 16 Singapore 737764 Banker: United Overseas Bank Limited Auditor: HLB Atrede LLP Legal Advisor: Sng & Company VISION & MISSION Vision Propagate Buddhist education for spiritual advancement. Promote cultural education and character-cultivation. Serve the community, and advocate strong moral values for a peaceful society, so as to strive towards a robust and wholesome environment for all. Mission To combine Buddhism and living in order to elevate human lives and spiritual minds, establish positive and active living and to build happy families and harmonious social relationships.
    [Show full text]
  • Confucianism: How Analects Promoted Patriarchy and Influenced the Subordination of Women in East Asia
    Portland State University PDXScholar Young Historians Conference Young Historians Conference 2017 Apr 20th, 9:00 AM - 10:15 AM Confucianism: How Analects Promoted Patriarchy and Influenced the Subordination of Women in East Asia Lauren J. Littlejohn Grant High School Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/younghistorians Part of the Asian History Commons, History of Religions of Eastern Origins Commons, and the Women's History Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Littlejohn, Lauren J., "Confucianism: How Analects Promoted Patriarchy and Influenced the Subordination of Women in East Asia" (2017). Young Historians Conference. 9. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/younghistorians/2017/oralpres/9 This Event is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Young Historians Conference by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Confucianism: How Analects Promoted Patriarchy and Influenced the ​ ​ Subordination of Women in East Asia Lauren Littlejohn History 105 Gavitte Littlejohn 1 Introduction Primary sources provide historians insight into how people used to live and are vital to understanding the past. Primary sources are sources of information-artifacts, books, art, and more- that were created close to the time period they are about and by someone who lived in proximity to that period. Primary sources can be first hand accounts, original data, or direct knowledge and their contents are analyzed by historians to draw conclusions about the past. There are many fields where scholars use different forms of primary sources; for example, archaeologists study artifacts while philologists study language.
    [Show full text]