6 X 10.Long.P65

Home , Linda Woodhead, Second scholasticism

Cambridge University Press 052145445X - An Introduction to Christianity Linda Woodhead Index More information

Index

Abelard, 121 apologia, 40 abortion, 351, 352, 409 apostasy and readmission, 42, 46 Acts of the Apostles, 26 Aquinas, Thomas, see Thomas Aquinas Ad extirpanda, 136 Arianism, 46, 47–50, 71, 89, 90, 126 Africa, 395, 397–8 Aristides, 40 African religion, 242 Aristotle, 16–17, 120, 121–2, 229 Aidan, 96 Arius, 46, 47 Alaric the Goth, 86 Armenian monophysite Christianity, 50, Albigensians, see Cathars 73–4 Alexander VI, pope, 291 Arminianism, 223 Alexander of Alexandria, 47, 48 Arnold, Matthew, 369 Alexandrian school, 47, 49–50, 72–4 asceticism, 31, 32, 52, 53–8, 111; see also allegorical interpretation, 20 celibacy Althusius, Johannes, 219 Asia, 294, 395, 398–400 alumbrados, 296 Assumption of Mary, 309 Ambrose, 52, 85 Athanasius, 45, 48, 52, 57, 58 America, colonial, 180, 218, 224, 227; Life of Antony, 55–6 see also United States of America Attila, king of the Huns, 89 American Revolution, 244–6, 302 Augsburg Confession, 265 anabaptism, 180, 189, 193–6, 199, Augustine of Canterbury, 95 200–1, 220–1 Augustine of Hippo, 52, 55, 58, 80, 85–9, Anglicanism, 236, 237–40, 368, 381; see 104, 126 also Church of England Benedict and, 100 Anne, mother of Mary, 154 Erasmus and, 193 Anselm of Laon, 121 Fleetwood and, 240 Anti-Modernist Oath, 310 humanism and, 259 antinomianism, 138 Luther and, 170, 174, 193, 199 Antiochene position, 49–50, 72; see also and Pelagius, 88, 259 Nestorianism rule of, 130, 289 Antony of Egypt, 53, 55–6 scholasticism and, 121–2, 140 apocryphal gospels, 21, 27, 30–2; see also Augustinian canons, 130 Gospel of Thomas Augustinians, 291

423

Index

Augustus (Octavian), Roman emperor, 12 bishops, 32, 37, 213, 272, 282, 289–90 L’Avenir, 315 Bodin, Jean, 301 Avignon, papacy in, 116–17, 274 body, attitudes to, 52–3, 56, 86, 150–1; Avvakum, 325 see also asceticism; sexual activity Azor, Juan, 362 Boehme, Jakob, 226 Boethius, 89 baptism, 25, 45, 173, 193–4 Bologna, 119 adult, 193–4, 200–1, 220 Bolshevik Revolution, 328 infant, 173, 193–4 Boniface VIII, pope, 115–16 Baptist movement, 212, 219, 220–1, 242, Boniface, Apostle of Germany, 95, 96–7 246–7; see also anabaptism Borromeo, Charles, 290 Barclay, Robert, 226 Bradwardine, Thomas, 140–1 Barnabites, 269 Braschi, Giovanni Angelo, see Pius vi Barrow, Henry, 220 Brazil, 397 Barth, Karl, 375–8, 382 Brethren of the Free Spirit, 138 Basil of Caesarea, 48, 100 Britain, 209, 249–50, 257, 391; see also Basilides, 27, 35 England; Scotland; Wales Basle, 177 Browne, Robert, 220 Bede, 97 Bruno, Giordano, 278–80 Beghards, 138 Bucer, Martin, 180 Beguines, 138, 147–51, 152, 196 Bulgakov, Sergei, 327 Belgium, 391 Bulgaria, 329 Bellers, John, 227 Bunyan, John, 204–5, 207, 212, 213, 215 Benedict xv, pope, 306, 390 The Pilgrim’s Progress, 204–5, 207, Benedict of Nursia, 99 213, 215, 228, 252 Rule, 94, 99–100, 104 Burma (Myanmar), 399 Benedictines, 310 Byzantine church, see Eastern Orthodox Bennett, John, 378 churches Berdyaev, Nikolai, 327 Byzantium, see Constantinople Bernard of Clairvaux, 115, 130, 154, 196 Berulle,´ Pierre de, 281, 290 Caesar Augustus, see Augustus Beukelsz, Jan, 196 Caesarius of Arles, 100 Bible, 75 calendar, 45, 126 attitudes to interpretation of, 20, 77, Calovius, Abraham, 362 377 Calvin, John, 179, 180, 185–7, 202, 213, Calvin and, 183–5 228, 280, 292 canon, 11, 21, 32, 37, 45, 173 biblicist radicals and, 200 fundamentalism and, 352, 377 Pilgrim Fathers and, 234 historical and critical study of, 317, 365 and Schleitheim Confession, 200 Luther and, 173–4, 183–5 Calvinism, 161, 189, 198, 218–19, 225, Roman Catholic church and, 270, 271, 362 308 Baptist movement and, 221 translations, 71, 85, 142, 173, 274, 353, Catholicism and, 280–1 394 Lutheranism and, 180–5, 187–9 See also New Testament Methodism and, 223 biblical counselling, 356 Pietism and, 217 biblicist churches, 350–7 Puritanism and, 215 biblicist radicalism, 199–201, 214 Calvinist free churches, 218–19, 236 Puritanism and, 215 Camaldolese order, 269 and spiritual radicalism, 202 Cambridge Platform, 235

424

Index

canon, see under Bible Chopra, Deepak, 35 9 canon law, 93, 115 Christ, see Jesus canonisation, 145; see also saints Christendom, ideal of, 90–1, 102–3, canons regular (Augustinian canons), 130 105–9, 111, 124 Capellari, Bartolomeo, see Gregory xvi Christian Democratic parties, 318–19 capitalism, 184, 336–7, 343, 350, 386, 408 Christianity Cappadocian fathers, 48, 52 change in, 268, 282, 285, 348–50, Capuchins, 269, 270 405–6 Cassiodorus, 89 diversity, 26 Castellio, Sebastian, 225 earliest forms, 20, 25–33, 36 Castiglione, Francesco Saverio, see exclusivism, 9–10 Pius VIII and optimism/pessimism, 302 catechisms, 174, 274, 287, 293, 310 orthodox/catholic/universal, 11 Cathars, 137 and other religions, 9–10 cathedral worship, 35 9 places of inﬂuence/coverage in the Catherine II (‘the Great’), empress of world, 35–6, 62–3, 333, 347, 35 7, Russia, 298, 325 386, 387, 399, 400–1 Catherine of Siena, 147, 151 and power, see power Catholic Christianity/church, 11, 27, and social needs, 386–9, 404–5 29–30, 33–40, 45–52, 56–8 and the state, see under state Constantine and, 43–5 and violence, 87, 96 and education, 70 and western thought, 361 Marcionism and, 32–3 Christians, numbers of, 51, 398, 400–1 and monasticism/asceticism, 56–8 church fathers, 77, 85, 120 and sources, 31, 32 Church of England, 179, 205, 211–14, See also Eastern Orthodox churches; 347 Roman Catholic church and America, 239 Catholic schools, 310 Methodism and, 221–2, 224 celibacy, 110–11, 148, 307 Puritanism and, 215 censorship, 270 See also Anglicanism censuses, religious, 249–50, 340–1 Church of Scotland, 211 Chalcedon, Council of (451), 49–50, Church of Sweden, 211, 347 72–3, 153 churches (buildings), 44, 45, 50, 63–4, change, 124, 268 78, 125, 275–7, 282 charismatic movement, 355, 389, 393, Lady Chapels, 154 394–5, 397–8, 408 See also St Sophia under charitable work, 283, 285, 289; see also Constantinople voluntary work churches (denominations), 264–5, 282 Charlemagne, 96, 105–7 attendance levels, 249–50, 340–1, 348, Charles I, king of Great Britain, 213 35 7 Charles V, Holy Roman emperor, 270, earliest, see earliest forms under 271 Christianity Chaucer, Geoffrey, 147 internal variety, 266 Chiaramonte, Gregorio Barnaba, see mega-churches, 355 Pius VII moving between, 397 Chiesa, Giacomo della, see Benedict XV numbers of adherents, 268, 35 7 children, monasteries and, 130 and the state, see under state China, 75, 294, 295, 399–400 See also charismatic movement; China Inland Mission, 399 Protestantism; schisms; see also choice, 264, 397 individual churches/denominations

425

Index

churchgoing, levels of, 249–50, 340–1, Congo, 391 348, 35 7 congregationalism, 180, 282 circuits, 222 Congregationalism, 219–20, 233–6 Cistercians, 130, 146 Congregations of the Roman Catholic cities, 128, 143, 387; see also church, 274, 293 urbanisation consecrated host, cult of, 275 Civil War, American, 248–9 consistories, 177, 186–7, 188, 228, 280 Civil War, English, 213 Constance, Council of (1414–18), 116 Civil War, Spanish, 304–5, 311 Constantine I (the Great), Roman Clare of Assisi, 148 emperor, 9–10, 25, 39, 43–5 classical culture and learning, 12–14, 42 and asceticism, 52 Catholic church and, 70, 120, 140 and Council of Nicea, 47 humanism and, 192 and Donatism, 46 claustration, 288–9 and Jews, 50 Clement V, pope, 116 reasons for commitment to Clement VII, pope, 116, 269 Christianity, 9–10, 43 clergy, 51, 110, 272–3, 282–3, See also Donation of Constantine 285 Constantinople, 43, 83–4, 320, 321 celibacy, 110–11 patriarchy of, 95 livings, 110 St Sophia, 63–4, 65, 66–7, 78, 79 training/education, 278, 282, 290, Contarini, Gasparo, 269 309–10 contemplation, 17 vestments, 44, 212 contraception, 337, 381, 409 clericalisation, 282 convents, 145, 146, 177 Clovis, king of the Franks, 90 conversion, 85–6, 96–8, 222–3, 234–5, coenobitic monasticism, 53 237, 252, 287, 291 Collegiants, 225 Judaism and, 18–19 Cologne, 149 Coornheert, Dirck Volckertszoon, 225 colonialism, 290–2, 389, 391–2; see also Coptic Christianity (Egyptian decolonisation monophysite Christianity), 50, 73 Columba, 96 Coptic language, 71 Columbanus, 96 Corpus Christi (festival), 176, 275 communion of goods, 26, 200 cosmology, 17, 28–9 communion service, see mass Cotton, John, 235 communism, 311, 312, 320, 327–9, 334, councils, ecumenical, 77; see also 343, 394–5, 400 individual councils community, 383, 405 counselling, 356 compulsion, 87 Course in Miracles, A, 35 9 conciliarists, 300 courts, 177; see also consistories Concordat of Worms (1122), 113 covenant, 185 condescension, 283 creationism, 353, 365 confession, 280, 314, 380; see also creeds, 83 penance Cromwell, Oliver, 213, 220, 221 Confession concerning Christ’s Supper, Crusades, 83, 117–19, 291 265 culture, 101–2; see also classical culture confessional theology, 363, 374 and learning confessions/confessionalisation, 264–5, Curran, Charles, 381 277, 278 Cyril of Alexandria, 49 confraternities, 269–70, 289, 290 czars, see tsars Congar, Yves, 380 Czech Republic, 343

426

Index

Daly, Mary, 385 ecclesiology, 141–4, 273 damnation, 207 Eckhart, Meister, 138, 196–7 Daniel, bishop of Westminster, 96–7 ecumenical councils, 77; see also Darby, John Nelson, 353 individual councils Darwinian theory, 353, 365, 373–4 ecumenism, 381, 393 Daughters of Charity, 289 education, 70, 92–3, 100, 277, 299, 336, Decalogue, 183–4 344–6 decolonisation, 334, 338, 397 churches and, 215, 235, 287–8, 289, deiﬁcation/divinisation, 80–3, 88, 138, 310, 405 323; see also perfectibility for girls/women, 288, 299, 337 democracy, 219, 329; see also See also universities and under clergy egalitarianism Edwards, Jonathan, 247 Denk, Hans, 225, 226 egalitarianism, 221; see also democracy denominations, see churches Egyptian monophysite Christianity Descartes, Rene,´ 363–4 (Coptic Christianity), 50, 73 desert fathers, 53–6, 99 elders, 282 deutero-Pauline letters, 26, 33–5 election/elect, doctrine of, 183, 184, 223 Diatessaron, 32 Elizabeth I, queen of England, 212–13 Diet of Speyer (1529), 162 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 372 Diet of Worms (1521), 171 empiricism, 364 Diocletian, Roman emperor, 43 encomienda, 292 Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite, 196, Encratites, 32 226 encyclopedists, 301 discipline, 125, 340; see also consistories; Engels, Friedrich, 370 excommunication; penance England, 95, 101, 180, 218; see also dispensational premillennialism, 353–4 Britain; Church of England Divini Redemptoris, 312 English Ladies, 288 divinisation, see deiﬁcation Enlightenment, 280, 298, 299, 302, 312, domesticity, 208, 231–3, 250–1, 307–8 334, 335 Dominic, 133 postmodernism and, 382 Dominicans, 119, 133, 148, 287, 291, 310 Ephesus, Council of (431), 153 Donation of Constantine, The, 105, 124, Ephraem, 33 323 Epicurus, 16–17 Donatism, 46–7 Episcopalianism, 236 Donatus, 46 episcopacy, see bishops Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 327 Erasmus, Desiderius, 193–4, 200, 203, double monasteries, 100, 145 220, 259 Duns Scotus, John, 123, 135, 140–1 eremetism, 53, 130, 132, 322 Durkheim, Emile, 366 Escorial palace, 295–6, 297, 299 Dyer, Mary, 235 Essenes, see Qumran groups dyophysitism, 72 Estonia, 343 ethical liberalism, 366–70 Easter, 45 Ethiopian monophysite Christianity, 50, Eastern Orthodox churches, 76–84, 73–4 320–9, 383 eucharist, see mass autocephalous, 268 Eudists, 286, 287 liturgy, 77–80, 81 Europe, 90–1, 107, 164–5, 265, 311 Roman Catholic church and, 118, papacy and, 113 267–8, 320, 329 Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea, 9, 10, 11, westerners and, 35 9 12, 21, 43, 50, 58, 88

427

Index

evangelicalism, 252–6, 258–9, 261, Fox, Margaret, 247 350–2, 354–7, 408 Foy, statue-reliquary of, 98, 99 Catholicism and, 286 France, 95, 188, 273, 299, 302–4 See also missionary activity Francis of Assisi, 133, 318 Everard, John, 226 Francis de Sales, 289, 308 evil, see sin Franciscans, 133–5, 141, 148, 269, 270, evolutionary theory, 353, 365, 373–4 287, 291, 318 exclusivism, 9–10 Marsilius of Padua and, 144 excommunication, 112, 186, 278, 315, scholasticism and, 119, 140, 141 317 Franck, Sebastian, 225 Exsurge Domine, 171 Franks, 90 Fraticelli, 133 fall, doctrine of, 80, 86–7, 88; see also Frederick I (‘the Great’), king of Prussia, original sin 216, 298 Falwell, Jerry, 352 Frederick III (‘the Wise’), Elector of Familists, 225 Saxony, 169, 172 family, Christianity and, 346–7, 351–2, free churches, 218–19, 236 355, 401, 408 free will, 88, 223, 259, 271, 280, 300 in Catholicism, 34–5, 38–9, 123, 273, freedom, 142 313–14 French Revolution, 223, 266, 302–4 in Luther/Lutheranism, 174, 176, friars, 119, 133–5, 148, 268 177–8, 208 Friars Minor, see Franciscans See also domesticity Friends, Society of, see Quakerism fascism, 311, 312 Fulkerson, Mary McClintock, 385 fasting, 45 fundamentalism, 261, 352–4, 377 fathers Pentecostalism and, 394 Catholic church and, 314, 319–20 Luther/Lutheranism and, 177–8 Galatia, 35 See also family Galileo Galilei, 278–80 fathers, church, see church fathers Gasparri, Pietro, 311 fear, 207, 287, 294, 314 Gelasius I, pope, 95 Fell, Margaret, 226, 227 gender issues, see women feminisation of spirituality, 149–54, Geneva, 185–8, 292 176–7, 306, 312–13 Genga, Annibale della, see Leo xii feminism, 255, 256, 351, 385 Germany, 169, 329, 343 feminist theology, 384–6 East, 329, 343 Fenelon,´ François de Salignac de la Gerson, Jean Charlier de, 301 Mothe, 281, 283 Glaber, Ralph, 125 festivals, 45 globalisation, 338, 386 Feuerbach, Ludwig, 369 of Christianity, 386, 387, 389, filioque clause, 83 392–3 Finney, Charles Grandison, 253, 254, 256 gnosticism, 27–31, 35, 36, 38, 46, 152 first communion, 310 medieval mysticism and, 138 First Vatican Council, see Vatican I New Age and, 35 9 Fleetwood, William, 240–1 God Florovsky, Georges, 327 depictions of, 129 force, see compulsion; power; violence female characteristics ascribed to, 30, Formula of Concord, 265 151, 152, 361 Fox, Catherine, 247 Jesus’ teachings on, 22–3 Fox, George, 226 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 328

428

Index

gospels, 21, 22, 27, 30–2 Hesychasm, 82, 323, 327 Diatessaron, 32 hierarchy, 32, 33–4, 37 Gospel of Mary, 30 monasticism and, 56–8 Gospel of Philip, 30 Hildebrand, see Gregory vii Gospel of Thomas, 27, 28, 29, 30–1 Hippolytus, 29, 30 Goths, 48 history, 37, 43, 88, 365 grace, free will and, 88; see also Hobbes, Thomas, 301 justiﬁcation Hobsbawm, Eric, 333 Graham, Billy, 354 Hoffman, Melchior, 195–6 Great Awakenings, 247, 260 Holland, see Netherlands Great Britain, see Britain Holland, Henry Scott, 318 Great Schism, 116–17 ‘Holy Land’, 45 Greek Orthodoxy, see Eastern Orthodox Holy Roman empire/emperors, 105–9, churches 111–16, 169, 268, 297; see also Gregory I (the Great), pope, 93–5, 109, Roman empire 112–13 Holy Week, 45 Regula Pastoralis, 93–4, 112–13 Holy Wisdom, see Wisdom Gregory VII, pope, 109–13, 145 home, sanctiﬁcation of, 307; see also Gregory XVI, pope, 306, 315–16 domesticity Gregory the Illuminator, 74 homosexuality, 136, 351, 352, 409 Gregory of Nazianzus, 48, 49 host, cult of, 275 Gregory of Nyssa, 48 Hugh of St Victor, 121 Gregory of Palamas, 83, 323, 327 Huguenots, 213 Gregory of Rimini, 140–1 human rights, 292, 301, 379, 406 Grimke,´ Angelina, 256 Humanae vitae, 381 Grimke,´ Sarah, 255, 256 humanism, 191–3, 259, 300, 406 Grotius, Hugo, 219 Baptist movement and, 220 Guarani republic, 292 Council of Trent and, 271 guilds, 164, 175, 181 humanitarianism, 227 guilt, 280, 287 Hume, David, 364, 367 Guyon, Jeanne Marie Bouvieres` de la Hungary, 179, 180 Mothe, 281, 283 Hus, Jan, 143, 173 Hussites, 143 Hamilton, Alexander, 249 Hutchinson, Anne, 235 Harvard College, 235 hyperculpabalisation, 280 Hauerwas, Stanley, 383–4 heaven, 126 Iceland, 179 Hecker, Isaac, 316 icons, 80–2 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich von, 373 Idealism, 327, 373–4 Heinzel, Friederike, 363 identity, 264, 266, 307, 321 Helena, empress, mother of Constantine, Ignatius, bishop of Antioch, 33–5, 36, 37, 45 89 hell, 126, 207 Ignatius Loyola, 286, 288, 293–4 Henry IV, Holy Roman emperor, 112 Spiritual Exercises, 294 Henry VIII, king of England, 179, 211, images, 50, 81; see also icons 212 Immaculate Conception, 312 heresy, 50, 135–40, 149, 269, 288–9, 317, Index of Forbidden Books, 270, 278 35 9 India, 74–5, 294, 391, 399 construction of, 137 Indikopleustes, Kosmas, see Kosmas orthodoxy and, 11, 45–52 Indikopleustes

429

Index

individual responsibility, 223 Jews, 50, 136, 139–40, 164 individualism, 181, 333–7, 35 9; see also Joachim of Fiore, 133, 160, 291 subjectivisation John, evangelist, 27 Indo-China, 294 John XXII, pope, 141, 144 Indonesia, 399 John XXIII, pope, 306, 379 indulgences, 126, 170–1, 313 John Cassian, 100 infallibility, 77, 309 John of the Cross, 281 initiation/initiates, 28–9, 234 John of Damascus, 80–2 Innocent III, pope, 115, 133, 137 John Eudes, 286 Innocent IV, pope, 136 John Paul I, pope, 306 Inquisition(s), 136–7, 169, 230, 270, 296 John Paul II, pope, 306, 381 Institute of Mary, 288 Joris, David, 195 intolerance, see tolerance/intolerance Joseph of Nazareth, 308 Iosif of Volokolamsk, 323 Joseph II, Holy Roman emperor, 298–9 Iran, see Persia Joseph (Iosif) of Volokolamsk, 323 Ireland, 96, 266 Josephus, 20 Irenaeus, 36 Judaism, 9–10, 18–20, 23, 38 ‘rule of faith’, 36, 37, 71 Christianity and, 50 Irigaray, Luce, 385 conversion to, 18–19 Islam, 75–6, 118, 398 gnosticism and, 28–9 Crusades and, 117–18 Marcionism and, 32–3 and power, 61, 66, 73, 75, 76, 90, Julian (‘the Apostate’), Roman emperor, 117–18 46, 51 See also Ottomans Julian of Norwich, 151–2, 177 Istanbul, see Constantinople ‘just war’, 117 Ivan, tsar of Russia, 321 justiﬁcation by faith/grace, 170–1, 183–4, 198, 271 James, brother of Jesus, 26 Justin Martyr, 40 James I, king of Great Britain, 213 Justinian I, Roman emperor, 63, 66, 70, James, William, 358 72, 90 Jane Frances de Chantal, 289 Jansen, Cornelius, 281 Kant, Immanuel, 298, 302, 366–7, 368, Jansenism, 281, 295, 300 377 Japan, 294 Karlstadt, Andreas Bodenstein von, 172, Jerome, 85 195, 197–8, 225 Jerusalem, 19 Kebra Nagast, 74 Jesuits, 281, 286–7, 288, 292–5, 298, Khomyakov, Aleksei, 325–7 310, 399 Khrushchev, Nikita, 328 women and, 288–9 Kierkegaard, Søren, 372, 376 Jesus (Christ), 2 Kiev, 84, 328 beliefs about, 23–5, 29–30, 47, 207, Kingsley, Charles, 256 283, 371 Knox, John, 180, 186, 229 depictions of, 129, 154 Koran, 75 life and death, 21–2 Korea, South, 294, 399 Lives of, 368–9 Kosmas Indikopleustes, 74 as mother, 152 Kung,¨ Hans, 381 and power, 2 resurrection, 23, 24 Lady Chapels, 154 sources of information on, 20–1, 22 Lamentabili, 317 teachings, 22–3, 132, 144, 200 Lammenais, Felicit´ e´ de, 315–16

430

Index

land, proportion of population working Ludlow, John, 256 on, 16, 336, 343 Luke, evangelist, 27 languages, 71, 84–5, 120, 142, 169 Luther, Martin, 159–60, 169–79, 189–91, Las Casas, Bartolome´ de, 292 197–8, 199, 202, 208, 270, 280 Lateran Council, Third (1179), 137 biblicist radicals and, 200 Lateran Council, Fourth (1215), 125, 136, Calvin and, 180 139 Erasmus and, 193, 259 Lateran palace (Rome), 43, 275 Fleetwood and, 240 Lateran Treaty (1929), 311 Muntzer¨ and, 194 Latin America, 395–7 Schwenkfeld and, 198 Latvia, 179 and social reform, 172 law, 93, 115, 177 Zwingli and, 180 lay monasticism, 130–2 Lutheranism, 161, 170–1, 174–9, 198, Lazarists (Vincentians), 286, 287 225, 362 Lebanon, 398 Baptist movement and, 220 legates, 113 Calvinism and, 180–5, 187–9 Lejeune, Paul, 308 confessions, 264–5 Lent, 45 Pietism and, 215–18 Leo I, pope, 49 Leo III, pope, 105–6 Machiavelli, Niccolo,` 301 Leo XII, pope, 306, 316 MacIntyre, Alasdair, 383 Leo XIII, pope, 306, 309, 317, 318; see Madrid, Escorial palace, 295–6, 297, also Rerum novarum 299 lepers, 136, 139 magic, 285; see also witchcraft liberalism, 257–61, 266, 315, 378, 406–7, Magisterial Reformation, 161–2, 189, 408 191, 193–4, 211 ethical, 366–70 and anabaptism, 196 Roman Catholic church and, 312, radical reformation and, 199 314–20 See also Calvinism; Lutheranisn liberation theology, 381, 384–6, 395–7 Mani and Manicheism, 61, 73, 85, 86 Lincoln, Abraham, 248 Marcion and Marcionism, 32–3, 35, 36, Lindisfarne Gospels, 101, 102 46 literacy, 92–3, 199, 277 Mark, evangelist, 27, 36 liturgy, 44, 64, 274 marriage, 34–5, 39, 272, 273 doctrine and, 77 Marsilius of Padua, 143–4, 192 Eastern Orthodox, 77–80, 81 Defensor Pacis, 143–4 Living Church, 328 Martin V, pope, 116 Locke, John, 219, 301 martyrs and martydom, 39, 40, 46, 52–3 Logical Positivism, 374 asceticism and, 52, 53 Loisy, Alfred, 317 See also persecution; saints Lollards, 143 Marx, Karl, 249, 370 Lombard, Peter, 121 Mary, Gospel of, 30 Sentences, 120 Mary, mother of Jesus, 152–4, 177, 307, Lossky, Vladimir, 327 308, 312, 313 Louis XIV, king of France, 299 visions of, 312, 313 Louise de Marillac, 289 Mary Magdalene, 30–2, 154 Love, Family of, 225 Mary Tudor, queen of England, 212 Loyola, Ignatius, see Ignatius Loyola mass (eucharist), 25, 78, 272, 380 Luciani, Albino, see John Paul I attendance at, 25, 125, 314, 340, 380 Lucius III, pope, 137 See also ﬁrst communion

431

Index

Mastai-Ferretti, Giovanni Maria, see money, 128; see also material resources; Pius IX poverty material resources, 37–8, 101, 110, 172 monoenergism, 72 Mather, Cotton, 235 Monoimus, 29 matter, spirit and, 17 monophysitism, 72–4 Matthew, evangelist, 27 monopolies, 126–7, 163 Matthijs, Jan, 195, 196 monothelitism, 73 Maurice, John Frederick Denison, 256 Montanists, 32, 35 Maximilla, 32 Montanus, 32 Maximum Illud, 390 Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Maximus the Confessor, 73, 80–2 Baron de la Brede` et de, 301 Mechthild of Magdeburg, 150–1 Montini, Giovanni Battista, see Paul VI media, 169 Moody, Dwight L., 252–3 meeting places, 44; see also churches Moral Majority, 352 mega-churches, 355 Moravianism, 217 Melanchthon, Philipp, 265 Mormonism, 245, 247 Melchiorites, 195–6 Moscow, 321 Melitians, 46 Mott, Lucretia, 256 mendicant orders, see friars Munster,¨ 194, 195–6, 201 Mennonites, 201 Muntzer,¨ Thomas, 194–5, 196, 197 Merici, Angela, 289 Murray, John Courtney, 380 Merkelbach, Henricus, 363 Mussolini, Benito, 311 Methodism, 217, 221–4, 246–7, 287 Myanmar (Burma), 399 Michelangelo, 275 mysticism, 130, 138, 196–8, 247, 280–1, military power, 117, 118–19, 164–5 296, 358, 407; see also spirituality miracles, 80, 247, 312, 398 Mirari vos, 316, 317 Nazism, 312 Mishnah, 19 Nepal, 399 missionary activity, 95–8, 285–6, 290–5, Neri, Filippo, 290 389–92, 397–8, 399–400 Nestorianism/Antiochene position, domestic, 286–90 49–50, 72, 74–5 effect on home churches, 392–3 Nestorius, 49, 72 women and, 390 Netherlands, the, 179, 188, 218–19 See also evangelicalism Nevius, John, 390 Mit brennender Sorge, 312 New Age, 358, 35 9 modernism, 310, 317, 374 New Testament, 27, 85, 317 modernity, 2–3, 5, 333–7, 382 canon of, 11, 21, 45 Protestantism/Catholicism and, 181–2, variation between documents, 22–3 208–9 See also gospels transition to, 162–9, 205–7 New York Female Moral Reform Society, Molina, Luis de, 300 254 monasticism, 52, 53–8, 89, 98–101, Newcastle, Margaret, 228 129–30, 269–70, 310, 322–3 Nicea, Council of (325), 47–8, 71–2 coenobitic, 53 Nicea, Council of (787), 77 double monasteries, 100, 145 Nicholas v, pope, 275 eremetical, 53, 130, 132, 322 Niclaes, Hendrik, 225 ﬁnancing, 101 Niebuhr, Reinhold, 378 lay, 130–2 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 369 Luther/Lutheranism and, 177 Nikon, Russian patriarch, 323–5 See also convents ninety-ﬁve theses, 170

432

Index

Nissiotis, Nikos, 383 law and, 115 Nobili, Robert de, 294, 399 Ockham and, 141 Noldin, Hieronymus, 363 power, 115–16, 268 non-Chalcedonian churches, 50, 73–5 papal legates, 113 Non-Possessors/Possessors, 323 Papal States, 268, 304, 311; see also novenas, 313 Rome nuncios, 274–5 papalists, 300 nuns, 288–9; see also convents; Papias, 21 monasticism Paris, 119, 163 Paris, Matthew, 149 Observants, 270 Parker, Theodore, 260 Ockham, William of, see William of Particular Baptists, 221 Ockham Pascal, Blaise, 281 Octavian, see Augustus Pascendi, 317 Old Testament, God of, 9–10, 28, 32–3 Patrick, Apostle of Ireland, 96 optimism/pessimism, 302 Paul, apostle, 21, 24–7, 28, 31, 33, 35, 52 Oratorians, 290 Calvin and, 184–5 Oratories of Divine Love, 269 Luther and, 170, 171, 173, 184–5 ordination, see clergy and under women See also deutero-Pauline letters Origen, 52 Paul III, pope, 270, 271, 286, 292 original sin, 170, 207; see also fall, Paul VI, pope, 306, 379, 381, 393 doctrine of Paulist fathers, 316 Orthodox churches, see Eastern Peale, Norman Vincent, 35 9, 360 Orthodox churches Pecci, Gioacchino Vicenzo, see Leo xiii orthodoxy Peck, M. Scott, 35 9 establishment of, 45–52 Pelagius, 88, 259 and heresy, 11 penance, 44, 117, 125–6, 280, 314, 380 See also Catholic Christianity Penn, William, 236–7 Ottiger, Ignatius, 362 Pentecostalism, 394–5, 397, 400 Otto I, Holy Roman emperor, 107 and Catholicism, 397 Otto II, Holy Roman emperor, 107 Pepin, see Pippin Otto III, Holy Roman emperor, 102, 107 perfectibility, 223; see also Ottomans, 297, 320–1 deiﬁcation/divinisation Perkins, William, 217 Pacelli, Eugenio, see Pius XII persecution, 10, 40–3, 50, 135–7, 139–40, Pachomius, 53 186, 213, 227, 311, 328; see also paciﬁsm, 220–1, 227 martyrs; witch hunts Padua, 143 Persia, 66, 70, 71, 74 paganism, 42, 45, 46, 50–1, 90, 126 Pertinax, Roman emperor, 15 Christian rededication of sites, 96, 98 pessimism/optimism, 302 See also Roman religion Peter, apostle, 30, 35, 36 paideia, 14 Peter I (‘the Great’), tsar of Russia, 325 Paine, Thomas, 302 Peter de Ghent, 291 Pakistan, 398 Pharisees 19 Palestine, 398 philanthropy, 227 Paley, William, 372–3 Philip, Gospel of, 30 papacy, 92, 94–5, 111–16, 267, 274–5, Philip II, king of Spain, 273, 295–6 304, 309, 310–13 Philip IV, king of France, 116 in Avignon, 116–17, 274 Philippi, 35 election system, 109 Philippines, 399

433

Index

Philo, 20, 52 in medieval society, 127–9, 132, 146, philosophy, 16–18, 71 163–5 Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, 83 military, 117, 118–19, 164–5 Pieta`, 154 monasticism and, 56–8 Pietism, 215–18, 367 and opposition, 70–1 Methodism and, 221, 222 over individuals, 207–8 piety, see spirituality papal, 115–16, 268 Pilgrim Fathers, 233–6 Roman empire and, 12 pilgrimages, 154 See also ecclesiology; hierarchy; Pippin II, 95 state(s); violence Pippin III, 95, 101, 105 predestination, see election Pistis Sophia, 30 premillennialism, dispensational, 353–4 Pius II, pope, 118 presbyterianism, 213 Pius IV, pope, 272, 273 Presbyterianism, 236, see also Calvinism Pius VI, pope, 304, 306 priests, see clergy Pius VII, pope, 306, 310 printing, 169 Pius VIII, pope, 306 Priscilla, 32 Pius IX, pope, 305, 306, 310, 312–13 private property, 123, 319–20 Syllabus of Errors, 264, 266, 305, 306 processions, 176 Pius X, pope, 306, 309–10, 313, 317, Propaganda, the, 293 318 Protestantism, 162 Pius XI, pope, 306, 311, 312, 390 in America, 233–48, 249–61 Pius XII, pope, 305, 306, 310, 312, 314 Catholicism and, 265–7, 271, 273, Plato, 16–18, 120, 226 277–8, 280–5, 302 Platonists and Platonic ideas, 17, 47, 52, organisational structures, 278, 285 196, 225 varieties of, 214–27, 236 Augustine and, 85 See also Calvinism; Lutheranism; Erasmus and, 194 Puritanism; see also individual gnosticism and, 28 churches/denominations plenitudo potestatis, 115–16 Prummer,¨ Dominic, 363 Plymouth Brethren, 353 punishment, see discipline Poland, 180, 266, 329 purgatory, 126 political parties, Christian, 318–19 Puritanism, 205, 212–13, 215, 217, 219, polygamy, 398 233–6 population statistics, 16, 95, 128 Pythagoras, 16–17 Porete, Marguerite, 138 Possessors/Non-Possessors, 323 Quadratus, 40 postmodernism, 310, 317, 333–7, 382–5 Quakerism, 225–7, 235, 236–7, 242, 255, potesta ordinata/potesta absoluta, 115 256, 35 7, 407 poverty, 129, 130–2, 137, 141, 269–70 Quesnel, Pasquier, 281 power, 1–3, 61–2, 73, 93–5, 107–9, 117, quietism, 283 118–19, 265, 267–8, 404 Qumran groups, 19 art and, 101–3 asceticism and, 111 rabbinic Judaism, 19 beliefs about Jesus and, 23–4 radical reformation, 162, 171, 189–202 conversion and, 96–8 radicalism, 223, 227, 266, 267, 302, 318, divine, 28, 140–3 395–7 from on high/from below, 1–3, 26–7, biblicist, see biblicist radicalism 266–7, 280, 356–7, 409 Jesus and, 22 Lutheranism and, 174–9 Luther and, 172

434

Index

Paul and, 26–7 and Eastern Orthodox churches, 118, social gospel movement, 256–7 267–8, 329 spiritualist, see spiritualist radicalism and history, 37 Rahner, Karl, 380 in Latin America, 395–7 rationalism, 278–80, 298, 302, 334, and liberalism, 312, 314–20 363–4 Luther/Lutheranism and, 170–1, 172, Ratti, Achille Ambrogio` Damiano, see 175 Pius XI and modernity, 167, 320 Ratzinger, Joseph, 381 and the non-western world, 390–1, 393 Rauschenbusch, Walter, 256–7 organisation, 125, 273–4, 285 readmission following apostasy, 42, 46 and Pentecostalism, 397 reason, see rationalism and personal spirituality, 132–5 Redemptorists, 310 and politics, 296–300, 303–5, 318–19 Reformation, 160–2, 169–91 and Protestant churches, 265–7, 271, continuing, 205, 211 273, 277–8, 280–5, 302 and modernity, 167–9 reform within, 268–75, 289–90, 349, Roman Catholic church and, 161, 211, 379–81 264–5 and the Reformation, 161, 211, 264–5 See also Magisterial Reformation; and science, 278–80, 365 radical reformation social Catholicism, 318–20 Regula Magistri, 100 theological manuals, 362–3 Reimarus, Hermann, 368–9 and women, see under women relationality, 383 See also Catholic Christianity; relics, 45, 80, 81, 98 missionary activity; papacy religious censuses, 249–50, 340–1 Roman empire, 12–16, 70, 76–7, 80, 84, religious orders 88, 89–91 women’s, 288–9, 310 and Christianity, 39–42, 51, 70–3, 91–2 See also monasticism; see also Jewish rebellions against, 19 individual orders Judaism under, 18–20 Renaissance, 140, 143, 191–3 See also Holy Roman empire Renan, Joseph Ernest, 368–9 Roman religion, 9, 14, 50; see also republicanism, 192 paganism Rerum novarum, 318 Romania, 329 Restoration, English, 213 Romantic liberalism, 370–2 Ricci, Matteo, 294 Romanticism, 302, 334, 335 rigorism, 46–7, 52 Rome, 35–7, 49, 86, 92, 95, 275 Ritschl, Albrecht, 369–70 Lateran palace, 43 Robinson, John, 379 Moscow and, 321 Roman Catholic church, 35–6, 92–3, St Peter’s, 275, 276 123–7, 128–9, 265, 268, 305–14, Vatican palace, 275 380–1 See also papacy; Papal States and ‘alternative spirituality’, 358, 35 9 Roncalli, Angelo Guiseppe, see in America, 236, 246, 316, 344 John XXIII clergy, 110–11, 125 Rothmann, Bernard, 195 communication in, 125 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 301, 302 Congregations, 274, 293 Ruether, Rosemary Radford, 385 control in, 109–17, 124–5, 273–4, Russia, 84, 321–8, 329 278–82 Russian Orthodoxy, see Eastern cults, 275, 312–13 Orthodox churches devotionalism, 312–14 Russian Revolution, 328

435

Index

sabbath, 45; see also Sunday Shakers, 247 sacraments, 98, 125, 193–4, 272, 380 shrines, 45, 98, 154, 312 Luther and, 173, 280 Sillon movement, 318 See also confession; mass Simeon the New Theologian, 82–3, 138, Sacred Heart of Jesus, 283, 313 323 sacredness/sanctification, 45, 283–5, 307; Simon of Thessalonica, 77 see also deification Simon Peter, see Peter Sadducees, 19 Simons, Menno, 201, 221 saints, 88, 89, 145, 146 simony, 110 devotion to, 98, 152–4, 177, 213, 307, simplicity, 200 312 sin, beliefs concerning, 85–8, 121–2, 170, See also relics 193, 200, 223, 280–1, 302, 378–9, Salem, 235 401; see also fall; original sin Sarto, Giuseppe Melchior, see Pius X Singapore, 399 Sattler, Michael, 200 Singulari nos, 316 Schillebeeckx, Edward, 381 Sixtus V, pope, 274 schisms, 49–50, 71–5, 83, 141, 205, 274; slavery, Christianity and, 25, 26, 39, 40, see also churches (denominations); 123, 209, 240–3, 253, 254, 292 Great Schism small groups, 355, 356, 35 9 Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 370–2, 377 Smith, Joseph, 247 Schleitheim Confession, 200 social Catholicism, 318–20 Schmitt, Albert, 363 social ethics, 40, 175 scholasticism, 119–23, 124, 126, 135, social-gospel movement, 256–7, 259 140–3, 301 social mobility, 14–15, 199, 224, 282, 387 humanism and, 192 Society of Friends, see Quakerism Spanish (second scholasticism), 292–5, Society of Jesus, see Jesuits 300–1 sociology, 370 Schweitzer, Albert, 368–9 Socrates, 16–18 Schwenkfeld, Kaspar, 198, 225 Soloviev, Vladimir, 327 science and scientific method, 278–80, Somaschi, 269 299, 301–2, 353, 364–6, 372–4 Sophia, see Wisdom Scofield, Cyrus Ingerson, 353 Sorsky, Nil, 323 Scopes Trial, 353 Soto, Domingo de, 300 Scotland, 96, 180, 187, 211; see also sources of information, 4, 22–3, 26, Britain 97 scripture, see Bible Catholic Christianity and, 31, 32 Seabury, Samuel, 243 humanism and, 192 second scholasticism, 292–5, 300–1 on Jesus, 20–1, 22 Second Vatican Council, see Vatican II Spain, 273, 296–8 secularisation, 339–48, 409 Spanish Civil War, 304–5, 311 self-consciousness, see identity Spanish Inquisition, 136–7, 270, 296 self-examination, 280, 287 SPCK (Society for Promoting Christian seminaries, 290, 309–10 Knowledge), 239 Serbia, 329 Spener, Philipp Jakob, 217 Sergi, Russian patriarch, 328 Speyer, Diet of (1529), 162 Servetus, Michael, 186–7 SPG (Society for the Propagation of the sexual activity, attitudes to, 32, 34–5, 86, Gospel), 239 88 Spinoza, Baruch, 225 gnostics and, 31 spirit, matter and, 17 See also body; celibacy spirituali, 269

436

Index

Spiritualism, 245, 247 Tauler, Johannes, 194, 197, 198, 226 spiritualist radicalism, 196–9, 214, Taylor, Hudson, 399 224–7, 35 7 Temple, William, 378 and biblicist radicalism, 202 Ten Commandments, 183–4 spirituality, 172, 407–8 Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 373 ‘alternative’, 35 7–61, 408 Teresa of Avila, 281, 286–90, 308 feminisation, 149–54, 176–7, 306, terminology, 162 312–13 tertiary orders, 148 personal, 130–5, 35 7–61; see also Tertullian, 33, 147 mysticism Testem benevolentiae, 316 ‘Spirituals’, 133 Thailand, 399 Sri Lanka, 74 Theatine order, 269 Stalin, Joseph, 328 Theodore of Stoudion, 81–2 Stalinism, 312 Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, 89 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 256 Theodosius I (the Great), Roman Stapleton, Robert, 362 emperor, 50 state(s), 91–2, 164–5, 169, 265, 295–302, theology, 361–86 311, 320 liberal/conservative distinction, 375–8, church and, 46, 66–70, 87, 90–1, 381–2 93–5, 178–9, 199, 211, 237, 296–9, sociology and, 370 329, 341–4, 347; see also voluntary status of, 361–2 principle See also trinitarian doctrine cities, 128, 143 Theophilus of Antioch, 40 See also United States of America theses, ninety-ﬁve, 170 statue-reliquary of St Foy, 98, 99 Thirty Years War, 213 Stephen II, pope, 105 Thomas Aquinas, 109, 126, 135–6, 139, Stoics, 17 140, 229, 259 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 254 Calvin and, 185 Strasbourg, 177 Luther and, 170, 185 Strauss, David Friedrich, 368–9 Marsilius of Padua and, 144 Suarez, Francisco, 300, 301 as ‘ofﬁcial’ theologian of Catholic subjectivisation, 3, 5, 333–7, 349, 355, church, 309 35 7–9, 409 Thomas, Gospel of, 27, 28, 29, 30–1 women and, 35 9–61 Tikhon, Russian patriarch, 328 Sublimus Deus, 292 Tillich, Paul, 378–9, 381 Sunday, 45, 187, 343 time Sunday, Billy, 252 structuring, 45, 126 Suso, Heinrich, 194, 197 views of, 124 Sweden, Church of, 211, 347 tolerance/intolerance, 9–10, 18, 50, 75–6, Swiss Brethren, 200; see also anabaptists 118, 213–14, 218, 233, 320, 343 Switzerland, 180 Tolstoy, Leo, 327 ‘swords, two’, 115 Torquemada, Juan de, 362 Syllabus of Errors, 264, 266, 305, 306 towns, see cities Synod of Worms (1076), 112 tradition, 271 Syriac, 71 transcendentalism, 316, 372 Syrian monophysite Christianity, 50, 73 translations of the Bible, see under Bible systematic theology, 362–3 travel, 14 Trent, Council of (1545–63), 265, 270–3, Tanquerey, Adolfe, 362–3 289–90 Tatian, 32 trinitarian doctrine, 47–50, 72–3, 383

437

Index

Troeltsch, Ernst, 370 violence tsars, 84, 321 anabaptists and, 194–6 Turretin, Francis, 362 Catholic Christianity and, 87, 96, 117, ‘two swords’, 115 118–19, 123 See also paciﬁsm; persecution; power UK, see Britain Virgin Mary, see Mary, mother of Jesus Ukraine, 328, 329 virgins, 56–8 Ulm, 177 virtues, 184 ultramontanism, 305–14 visions, 312, 313 Umbanda, 397 Visitandines, 289 Unam sanctam, 115 Vitoria, Francisco de, 300, 301 Underhill, Evelyn, 358 vocation, 130 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Voltaire, 298 327–9; see also Russia voluntary principle, 206–7, 214, 218, Unitarianism, 260, 35 7, 368, 372 219, 233, 350–1 United Kingdom, see Britain voluntary work, 232, 254; see also United States of America, 209, 233, charitable work 243–6, 247–9, 344 Vulgate, 85 and Christian/western civilisation, 258 and Pentecostalism, 394 Waldensianism, 137–8 Protestantism in, 249–61 Waldo, Peter, 137 Roman Catholic church in, 316, 344 Wales, 394; see also Britain See also America, colonial war, ‘just’, 117; see also military power Universal Friends, 247 Ward, Mary, 288–9 universities, 119, 288, 361 Weber, Max, 366 Urban II, pope, 118 weddings, 273 Urban VI, pope, 116 Weiss, Johannes, 368–9 Urban VIII, pope, 289 welfare, 51, 100, 126, 378, 386–9, 400 urbanisation, 336, 343, 387; see also cities Wesley, Charles, 221–2, 223 Ursulines, 269, 289 Wesley, John, 221–3, 232, 251 USA, see United States of America west, the, 90–1, 258, 329, 338, 388 USSR, see Union of Soviet Socialist Whiteﬁeld, George, 221, 224, 246, 251 Republics Wilberforce, William, 253 William of Ockham, 123, 135, 140–2, Valdes, Peter, 137 144, 269 Valentinus, gnostic philosopher, 27, 32, Williams, Roger, 236–7, 246 36 Willibrord, Apostle of Frisia, 95 Vatican I (First Vatican Council, Wimber, John, 355 1969–70), 309 Winthrop, John, 231, 234 Vatican II (Second Vatican Council, Winthrop, Thomasine, 231 1962–5), 305, 349, 365, 379–81, 393 Wisdom (Holy Wisdom), 28–9, 30, 63, Vatican palace, see under Rome 327 Vatican Radio, 310 witchcraft, 230–1, 285 Venn, Henry, 390 as a crime; witch hunts and trials, 187, Versailles, 299 229–31, 232, 233, 235, 285 vestments, 44, 212 Wojtyla, Karol Jozef, see John Paul II Victorines, 196 Wollebius, Johannes, 362 Vincent de Paul, 286, 289 women Vincentians, see Lazarists in alumbrados, 296 Vineyard Christian Fellowship, 355 Augustine on, 87

438

Index

Calvinism and, 188–9 saints, 145, 146, 307 Catholicism and, 40, 56–8, 123, and subjectivisation, 35 9–61 144–9, 281, 288–9, 306–8, 313–14, See also domesticity; family 319–20 Women’s Christian Temperance Union, in earliest Christian groups, 26, 32 254 education, 288, 299, 337 Word, Luther and the, 173–4, 199 evangelicalism and, 355 worker-priest movements, 318 fundamentalism and, 352 World Council of Churches, 393 gnosticism and, 27, 30 Worms, Concordat of (1122), 113 importance to churches, 250–1, Worms, Diet of (1521), 171 267 Worms, Synod of (1076), 112 Luther/Lutheranism and, 172, 174, Wyclif, John, 142–3, 173, 269 175, 176–8, 188–9, 208 Marcionism and, 32 Xavier, Francis, 294 Methodism and, 224 missionary activity, 390 Yannaras, Christos, 383 mystics, 130, 149–54 Yugoslavia, 329 ordination of, 32, 250, 409 Paul on, 25, 26 Zalba, Marcellinus, 363 Pilgrim Fathers and, 235 Zealots, 19 possibilities for independence, 130–2, Zinzendorf, Count Nicholas von, 217 135, 163–4, 337, 35 9–61 Zizioulas, John, 383 Protestantism and, 227–33, 247, Zoroastrianism, 74 250–1, 253–6, 288 Zurich, 177, 200–1 Quakerism and, 226, 227 Zwingli, Ulrich, 161, 180, 189, 191 radicalism and, 267 anabaptists and, 200 under the Roman empire, 15 and Schleitheim Confession, 200

439