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The Routledge Handbook of Language and Politics

Ruth Wodak, Bernhard Forchtner

Jürgen Habermas

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315183718.ch3 Simon Susen Published online on: 22 Aug 2017

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The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:43 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315183718, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315183718.ch3 democracy. of model deliberative a of advocate an is Habermas Jürgen that acknowledged widely is It Introduction contemplation aimed at theconstruction of symbolically mediated and materially relevant in processesofdeliberation. Acts of collective deliberation are processes of intersubjective One ofthe most fundamental features ofdemocracy is that it allows human beings to engage 1. sesn bt te aiiy n te sfles f aemss communication-theoretic Habermas’s of usefulness account ofdemocracy. the and validity the both assessing chapter The law. constitutional (10) concludes byaddressinganumberofissuesthatarisewhen confrontedwiththetaskof and will-formation (9) regulation, communicative (8) (7) sovereignty, rationality, (6) state, the (5) citizenship, (4) self-determination, (3) elements are ten thefollowing that reciprocity, (2) deliberation, (1) democracy: of account multifaceted Habermas’s to central toillustrate seeks it specifically, More language. in interest his to linked inseparably is democracy with concern Habermas’s that demonstrate to aims chapter This democracy. of construction the to vital are which practices, motivated whose political constitution is reflected in the socio-ontological significance of discursively use, Language Symbolic forms emerge in relation to spatio-temporally contingent modes of existence, (Konsensbildung). consensus-formation irrespective of its towards quasi-transcendental features, is embedded in the orientation pragmatics of interaction. (Verständlichkeit ‘strong’ intelligibility towards orientation ‘weak’ our in only not itself manifests communicative action of emancipatorypotential the Thus, another. one with agreements reach to capacity deliberative the with us equips another one understand (Einverständnisse agreements reaching of exercise of seeking mutual co-existential understanding the (Verständigung ), in we engage anticipate that we we time are every capable view, of point Habermasian a From language. locate the normative grounds ofdeliberative democracy in the rational foundations of

Democracy anddeliberation 1 In essence, Habermas’s discourse ethics constitutes a systematic attempt to attempt systematic a constitutes ethics discourse Habermas’s essence, In Between democraticdeliberation and deliberativedemocracy ). Put differently, our communicative ability to ability communicative our differently, Put ). Jürgen Habermas bt lo n our in also but ) Simon Susen 3 43 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:43 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315183718, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315183718.ch3 judicially confined social relations but, rather, its rather, members’ activeparticipationincollectiveprocessesofconsensus-oriented deliberation. but, relations social confined judicially society is not simply its formal commitment to producing and protecting organised democratically a of cornerstone normative the then added), italics 137, p. 1994, way ofasocialcontractbutonthebasisdiscursivelyachieved 1994, p. 137, italics added) and if, as a result, ‘the legal community constitutes itself not by ‘a Habermas, following If, 2014b). Susen, also cf. 116–117; 110–111, pp. 2010c, Susen, (cf. community regulate behaviouralandideologicalreferencepointssharedbymembersofagiven key institutionsenjoyaconsiderabledegreeoflegitimacy in termsoftheir capacity to by a shift from an arbitrarily ruled collective entity to a discursively constituted order, whose sense, this In responsibility. shared of force transperspectival the by guided is history of course purposive organisationandnormative habitualisation of societycanweensurethatthe processes ofcollective deliberation. Only insofaraswedeliberate collectively over the constructed realities. precondition for guaranteeing the relative stability of symbolically mediated and relationally particular community, whose capacity to develop a senseofsolidarity constitutes a of deliberative forms ofdemocracy is togive a rationally grounded voice to members of a founded onthemutually dependent wills of interconnected actors. Oneofthemain objectives be basedsolelyontheself-referential motivations of isolatedindividuals; rather, theyare of distinctiveness anthropological built intoexperiences ofintersubjectivity. Democratic decision-making processes can never the substantiating of weight communicative reason fromthecognitivecapacity of thesubjecttorecognitive potential the move we added), mentality of citizens to the following If, the from reason communication. practical of effectiveness the justifying of burden of the ‘shift we Habermas, frameworks context-sensitive require that to interaction Morespecifically, tocontemplate. and ponder deliberate with others obliges us to navigate our waythrough situations of purposeful to reflect, To to co-ordination. means action then, of deliberate, dynamics empowering potentially by shaped arrangements pn t cpct t icroae ad o epn t, h dmns f t members’ its of 44 demands the to, respond to and incorporate, intersubjectively negotiatedsearchforcontext-specific formsofvalidity. to capacity its upon normativity for the daily construction of reality. The overall stability of of society background is contingent justified rationally and structured communicatively sustained, collectively other’s linguistically articulated reflections, in ordereach to provide society withreciprocate the solidity of a to need also we but actions, embedded socially other’s each reciprocate fact that humanexistence is aconditionofdiscursivereciprocity : notonlydoweneedto we co-ordinate our actions reciprocally. The whole point of democracy of is to do justice to the relations on social depend reciprocity; that is,we canshapethedevelopment of societydemocratically only insofaras build democracy to beings of human systems permits Indeed, it that relations based onreciprocity . is democracy of feature central further A 2. Simon Susen language, defence oftheintersubjectivist assumptions underpinningpost-metaphysical sociologies of atomistic presuppositions underlyingtraditional philosophies ofconsciousnessandthe

Democratic modes of social organisation cannot dispense with rationally determined Democracy andreciprocity the ‘linguistic turn’ 3 ishomologicaltothe‘deliberative turn’ insocialreality elcs h cnrc mdl (Habermas, model’ contract the replaces discursive ordeliberative model 2 inthesocialsciences,whichismotivated bytherejection of the ’ (Habermas, 1998b, p. 386, italics 386, p. 1998b, (Habermas, deliberative forms of politics’ substantive capacity to enhance its ’ (Habermas, agreement’ , whichischaracterised 4

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:43 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315183718, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315183718.ch3 integration. is central tosuccessfulbondingprocessesgenerating empowering dynamicsofsocial the as Just solidarity and autonomy of 104–105). confluence the deliberation, collective of processes democratic pp. 2009b, Susen, cf. added; discursively motivated reciprocity between subjects is crucial to the functioning of italics 141, p. 1994, (Habermas, , p. 89), p. (ibidem, law’ international classical of the public autonomy of enfranchised citizens individual and collective freedom: ‘the individual liberties of the subjects of private law and Democracy, then,isinconceivable withoutreciprocity because oftheinterdependence of democratic framework: self-determination ofcollectivesisworthlessifnotsupportedbyindividuals. the self-determination of individuals is pointless ifnotgranted bycollectives, just asthe self-determination are two complementary moments in the human striving for autonomy: and collective forms ofself-determination based on mutual understanding and agreement, it allows for the emergence of both individual Another significant feature of democracy is that, due to its capacity to foster social relations 3. on thenormativepowertheyobtainthroughmutuallyestablishedcodesoflegitimacy. and exchanginglegitimacy claims: thevalidity of collectively co-ordinated actionsdepends intersubjectively constituted processderivedfromtheco-existential necessityofarticulating an by maintained is added) italics 384, p. 2005, (Habermas, claims’ validity to responding ‘the Thus, deliberation. communicative of spheres small-scale validity illustrates that even large-scale systems ofpolitical representation hinge upon meaning-laden nature of society. Our constant exchange of linguistically uttered claims to collective self-determination obtains not only capable of self-determination reality. circumscribed a territorially of domain the within function bonding their affirm to power institutional various on draw to need democracy of forms genuine words, other In ih t sl-eemn ter cin, hy r ette t fl te pc of historical space the fill to entitled are they actions, indeterminacy withtheself-empowering forceofautonomy. their self-determine to right define what one does and where one goes – individually or collectively. If subjects are granted to the capacity legitimate the designates self-direction and self-determination to right the essence, In societies. organised democratically of agenda the in inscribed is autonomy

olwn Hbra, hr ae or odtos o sbet’ re soito wti a within association free subjects’ for conditions four are there Habermas, Following the of indicative is validity of modes mediated symbolically for quest quotidian Our According to Habermas’s account of autonomy, however, the right to both individual and To the extent that ‘[t]he identity requirement for the determination of a collective subject Democracy andself-determination d. c. b. a.

the creationofaneconomicandsocial the constructionofa the formationofamoreorlessclearlydefined the consolidationofaneffectivepolitical 6 and economic resources of a given society to claim that they have the legitimate citizenry andself-direction , and Idvda sl-eemnto ad collective and self-determination Individual . force butalso milieu. 8 is fulfilled by the therighttobothindividual and collective apparatus, reciprocally ‘self’, (see Habermas,2003,pp.88–89) legitimacy 9 ae ah te possible’ other each make reciprocity sovereign territorial state insofarasitscarriers political Jürgen Habermas ofraisingand 7 , cultural, 45 5

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:43 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315183718, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315183718.ch3 multicultural and socialrightsconstitute integral elements of moderndemocracies. oilgcl esetv – r o prmut motne () h cnoiain f the of consolidation the (a) importance: paramount neoliberal of are – perspective sociological contemporary context,weneedtofaceupthreehistorical processes, which–froma of citizenry. models differentiated of establishment the without inconceivable is democracy of systems high levelsofsocietal complexity, it is hardtodenythat the genealogy of large-scale by posed challenges multiple the addressing of issue the Notwithstanding 2010b). Susen, (see citizenship of forms complex require society of forms complex extent what to and are (cf. Habermas,2003,p.88). freedom cannotberealisedwithoutacommitment to theconstruction of democratic citizenry both personalandcollectivesovereignty. are 46 a. be cannot democracy of pursuit the world, modern the disconnected from ‘the struggle In for, and attainment discrimination. of, citizenship’ social of of modern democracies to protecting their citizens from both hidden and overt mechanisms cultural, sexualandhuman–rightsisillustrated in thecommitment of anincreasingnumber instance, for – further over struggle the of also relevance present-day The 68). see p. 2009, Turner, 202; p. [1990], 1994 Turner, (see system welfare the and parliament the courts, existence of threeinstitutions that arecentral to thefunctioning of modernsociety: the law to According different forms ofcitizenship. on dependence its is society modern in democracy of component key further A 4. Simon Susen represent vitalingredientsoflatemoderndemocracies. rights human and sexual and social rights, but also several other rights, such ascultural, differentialist our species-constitutive resources from ourcapacity to develop a senseofindividual and social responsibility by mobilising course ofhistorythroughcommunicative processes ofcritical intersubjectivity is indivisible and self-determination, then, areintimately intertwined because ourability to shapethe linguistic processes ofsocialintegration, thatis,fromeveryday intersubjectivity emerges from the exercise of communicative freedom, and thus cannot be divorced from the And added). italics 331, p. 1998, (Preuss, democracy’ and hencecannotbeseparatedfromthediscursiveprocessesofwill-formation, i.e., from ‘Communicative power is the power that emerges from the exercise of political autonomy, sense, self-government rests uponbothcommunicative power andpolitical power. this In communication. of processes in embedded are self-determination of assertions For

When reflecting upon the relationship between democracy and citizenship inthe andcitizenship democracy between relationship the upon reflecting When It is far from uncontroversial, however, what the main elements of a democratic citizenry The historical significance of civil, political and social rights manifests itself inthe itself manifests rights andsocial political civil, of significance historical The Democracy andcitizenship economic reification processes. systems have the capacity to undermine, rather than to reinforce, the detrimental effects of increasingly If, under the actively anddirectly rjc, b te mrec o a of emergence the (b) project, politics(see conceptions of citizenship, neoliberal model, citizenship has been converted into a privatised affair of an commodified society, the question remains to what extent modern democratic involved in discursiveprocessesofopinion-andwill-formation. ibidem, pp.260–262). 10 15 through which we, as human beings, acquire a sense of sense a acquire beings, human as we, which through

universalist 11 numerous rights – that is, not only civil, political ol ad c te ie of rise the (c) and world post-communist conceptions of citizenship, 13 political poweristhethat 14 –the ideal of democratic 12 codn to According civil, political . Democracy –

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:43 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315183718, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315183718.ch3 for thelegitimateconsolidation ofthestate’sdiscursivelynegotiatedautonomy. established sovereignty, and the pluralistic elasticity of modern democracy is a prerequisite the modern polity is a precondition for the legitimate affirmation of the state’s institutionally within a given society (cf. Susen, 2010c, pp. 110–111, 116–117). The territorial integrity of of themonopolymeanspolitical modern democracyisthepossession of predominant feature a that recognise to need we italics added), 410, p. 1995, Thompson, possession ofthemonopolymeansviolence the is state modern the of feature ‘distinctive a that accept to need we as Just organisation. dissociate thepossibilityofcollective deliberation from thenecessityofpolitical concepts of the to impossible is it intertwined, intimately bureaucratic are polity’ ‘the –toexamine of question the and ‘democracy’ large-scale of implausible ubiquity perhaps, –or, the ‘democracy’ and ‘the state’ in isolation from one another. To the degree by that the question of difficult characterised is it world organisations, a in that, interpretations Both illustrate [1992]-a). 1996 Habermas, example, for (see, democracies modern ‘sovereign the modern societies (Habermas, 2003, p. 89, italics in original). From a Habermasian standpoint, such astatelooklike,intermsofbothitsideologicaloutlookandinstitutionalset-up? political state, then another controversial question arises, namely the following: What should democracy inthemodernworldcanberealisedonlythroughconstructionofalegitimate is apredominant–and,indeed,appropriateconsensusaccordingtowhich,theidealof of modern democracies is inextricably linked to the consolidation of legitimate states. If there advanced civilisational formations. From a historical point of view, it appears that the creation democracy andthe which to degree the concerns regard this in question the precisely, More society. modern of question of the extent to which democracy and One ofthemostcontroversialissuesincontemporarysocialandpoliticaltheoryis 5. ofthe thecomplexification to led has dynamic relationshipbetweendemocracyandcitizenship. society of differentiation increasing the short, In b. to theideaofboth individualandcollective relation its is democracy of constitution the around debates from arising issue key Another 6. c.

From a Weberian perspective, ‘the Democracy andthestate Democracy andsovereignty eo’ n te ur-ainl rsue ‘rm bv’ n wrd hrceie b an by characterised world a in intensified degreeofinterdependencelocalandglobaldevelopments. above’ ‘from pressures supra-national the and below’ ‘from demands intra-national the both with cope to capacity the have systems democratic more ever an of affair the in If, If, following If, pursuit ofsocialstability,economicprosperityanddevelopmentalelasticity. complexity into anempoweringresource,ratherthanadisempoweringobstacle,inthe systems have the capacity to translate the presence of advanced levels of cultural democratic modern extent what to remains question the society, a culturally fragmented post-communist context, citizenship has been transformed into a universalised rpeet a idsesbe ore f oiia lgtmc in legitimacy political of source indispensable an represents Rechtsstaat’ multicultural foundations of highly of highly state canbeconsideredtwointerdependentfoundations society, the question remains to what extent modern extent what to remains question the society, globalised agendas, citizenship has been turned into a hybridised affair of affair hybridised a into turned been has citizenship agendas, sovereign territorial state’ constitutes a cornerstone of sovereignty constitute two irreducible components the state constitute two irreduciblecomponents ihn gvn ertr’(is & (Hirst territory’ given a within . 18 16 Jürgen Habermas

17

19 discourse 47 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:43 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315183718, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315183718.ch3 a. 48 b. Simon Susen

cultivated modesofsovereignty. – isinconceivable withouttheemergence of linguistically anchored anddiscursively terms Habermasian in understood – democracy differently, Put 2015b). 2009a, Susen, construction of personal autonomy and the development of a sense of responsibility (cf. the right andthewill value of democracy – intheHabermasian sense –dependsonitscapacity to defendboth discursively mediated forms of critical intersubjectivity. in ourselves In immersing by other sovereignty words, individual of the degree empowering an acquiring in interest human our follow to us permits undiscussed the discuss to and unquestioned hypostatized and responsibility (Mündigkeit on autonomy in ‘dependence interest ‘human our from pursue to us enables liberation 313) 310, pp. (ibidem, social powers’ and personal in added) italics the natureofhumanlinguisticality( pursuit of individual and collective forms of sovereignty (Eigenständigkeit our of significance can bedistinguished: sovereignty collective underlying levels key two essence, In nation-states. of sovereignty [1965/1968], p.311;seealsoSusen,2007,pp.37,40,69,72,82,251). 1987 Habermas, (see (Mündigkeit) accountability and responsibility individual on based is democracy level, the this promote aimed at convertingthephilosophical ideal of personalautonomy intoasocialreality At to society. given and a protect of members to the capacity of its individual sovereignty on depends democracy of legitimacy The h lgtmc o dmcay eed o is aaiy o rtc ad o rmt the promote collective to and world, modern protect the In society. given to a of members capacity the by enjoyed its collective sovereignty on depends democracy of legitimacy The italics in original; on this point, see also Susen, 2015a, pp. 126, 127, 133, 134, 216, 134, 133, 127, 126, 225, 229). pp. 2015a, Susen, also see point, this on original; in italics 410, p. 1995, Thompson, & (Hirst the capacity for sovereignty came fromwithout’ degree significant a ‘to that fact the acknowledge to need we within’, ‘from emanates collective differently, sovereignty. Hence,ratherthan presumingthatthecapacity for sovereigntysimply Put legitimacy. political sovereignty is consolidated and sustainedonthebasisofbothinternal and integrity territorial respective means. The latter, by contrast, is derived from nation-states’ by virtue of both de jure former enablesagivengovernmenttoassumethesupreme commandovercivilsociety The bodies. political other to relation in legitimacy claim to capacity body’s political legitimacy in relation to aparticular society, external assertive, normative and expressivevalidity claims. our ability torepresent, to regulate and torelate to particular aspects ofreality by raising species a as – we Habermas, capable of speechandaction – possesslanguage-constitutive interests , whichpermeate late the to According [1965/1968]). 1987 esp. Habermas, (see knowledge of forms critical and hermeneutic technological, of, use making and generating, by reality of aspects particular critique to and comprehend to control, – possessknowledge-constitutive interests, whichmanifest themselves inourability to cognitive interest’ (Habermas, 1987 [1965/1968], pp. 310, 314, 310, pp. [1965/1968], 1987 (Habermas, interest’ cognitive ‘emancipatory Our Whereas action and cognition of capable species a as – we Habermas, early the to According sovereigntyistypically associated with nationalsovereignty, that is,the oeegt ses rm pltcl oys aaiy o claim to capacity body’s political a from stems sovereignty internal species-constitutive interests, weareobligedtorecognise that the internal sovereigntyandexternal toindividual sovereignty, which isindispensable to boththe – that is, legal – and de facto – that is, coercive – institutionalised )’ (ibidem, p. 311). Our linguistic capacity to question the Sprachlichkeit ). 20 Owingtothesocio-ontological sovereignty is reflected in a in reflected is sovereignty mutual recognition . emancipatory and external ) is built into oftheir

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:43 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315183718, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315183718.ch3 a. of – interrelateddimensionsof resource the empowering can mobilise we communicative rationalitytodetermineboththeconstitutionandevolutionofsociety. claims, abletoraise validity beings discursively justifiable aslinguistic a that, rationally of theconviction construction by the is motivated to reality configured ascribed primacy paradigmatic The democracy. be conceivedofasapropositionforsetprinciplesorientedtowardsdeliberative rationality Democracy, in theHabermasian sense, has another crucial ingredient: communicative 7. society thatisshapedbydiscursivelyconstitutedandmorallyvaluablemodesofagency. a of construction the for necessary elements two are sovereignty and democracy brief, In discursively organised society. structured co-ordination of ouractions within the sphere of reality lies at the heart of every potential of communicative rationality, because the symbolically mediated and intelligibly This is the point at which e. d. c. b.

In order to make sense of the discursive nature of democracy, we need to reflect upon five Democracy andcommunicativerationality species –arecapableofreaching agreements. communicative species –arecapable ofmutualunderstandingand thatwe–asadiscursive a as – we that demonstrates presence its such, as (agreement): reach anEinverständnis Communicative rationality is the principal socio-ontological force behindourabilityto each other. subjects capable of speechandaction,wemake senseoftheworldbymaking Verständlichkeit Communicative rationality is bothameans and anendofourorientation towards worldly objectivitywiththenormativityoflifeworldlyintersubjectivity. of givenness the reality with the meaning-ladenness of language and thereby imbue to permeate the facticity of to us allows it such, as (understanding): search forVerstehen Communicative rationality is the maindrivingforceguidingourspecies-constitutive understanding. to attribute meaning tothem by virtue of intersubjective also practices oriented towards mutual but actions, our co-ordinate to only not us permits it such, as (communication): Communicative rationality enables ustoengageinprocessesofVerständigung claims tovalidity. rational capacity to attribute meaning totheworldbyvirtueoflinguistically articulated our from derived is it such, as (reason): Communicative rationality is basedonVerstand communication processesbetweendifferentsocieties. co- totransnational tocommit prepared operation and transcultural dialogue, both of which are central are to generating fruitful polities different as insofar only work intersubjectivity oriented towards collective deliberation. Externally, democracy can the membersofagivensocietyarewillingtoengageindiscursiveformscommunicative as insofar only work can democracy Internally, matter. also aglobalandtransnational democracy is neversimplyalocalornational inextricably linked toitsexogenousconditioning, we arecompelledtoconcedethat f teeoe w acp ta te emnl edgnu pwr f oeegt is sovereignty of power endogenous seemingly the that accept we therefore, If, . Indeed, Habermas’s plea for an (intelligibility): as such, its existence is symptomatic of the fact that, as that, fact the of symptomatic is existence its such, as (intelligibility): democracy comes into play. Democracy rests uponthe empowering communicative rationality ethics foundedoncommunicative rationality affair, but always, at least in principle, in least at always, but affair, . 22

Jürgen Habermas can 49 21 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:43 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315183718, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315183718.ch3 e. b. d. c. a. 50 both contains positive andnegativeaspects: it that in ambivalent as perceived be may which 138), p. 1994, Habermas, by driven (see is function democracy fact, oneofthelessobviousdimensionsdemocracy is itsregulative of running the that suggest exclusively empowering – notably, deliberative, communicative and discursive – to forces. In optimistic overly be would It 8. conditions fortheunderstanding-orientedco-existenceofinterdependentsubjects. inclusive mutually two are rationality communicative and democracy deliberative short, In without which there wouldbenomeaningful organisationofsociety. collective entity with a framework of legislative regularity express a demand for normativity, validity and normativity: rationally justified claims to validity that are aimed at equipping a of intertwinement the is normalisation of practices regulative and justification of practices legislative of interdependence functional the in itself manifests what Indeed, regulation. of strategies can be employed to shape the development of a given society by specific patterns can be brought forward to make a case for a particular kind of legislation, different collective also a regulative process of normalisation. Just as ‘different types of reason’ (ibidem, p. 139) of everymoderndemocracy. (see p. 139) and the legitimacy claims of legal norms imposed upon ordinary actors by the system of Gemeinschaft, and macro-sociological of experiences issues, tangible emerging people’s from from people’s arising intangible concerns, experiences micro-sociological both of terms in forms life human organising in consists democracy of function key a 138), p. (ibidem, ‘both are supposed to protect the autonomy of all participants and affected persons equally’ if and 138) p. (ibidem, conflicts’ interpersonal regulate to serve both law and ‘morality If Simon Susen qq qq

, p. 139), but 139), p. (ibidem, justification’ of practice ‘legislative a only not is then, Democracy, Gesellschaft Democracy andregulation Democracy is unimaginable without agreements, including–ifnecessarytheagreementtodisagree. resource ofbothsmall-scale and large-scale organisation is notviolence but thesearchfor resource ofactionco-ordinationisnotegotistic self-referentiality but mutualintelligibility Democracy is unimaginable without Verständlichkeit of significationisnottheacceptancefacticitybutstruggleover Democracy is impossible without Verstehen:indemocratic societies, the ultimate resource resource ofargumentationisnotmonologuebut Democracy isunthinkable without Verständigung:indemocratic societies, theultimate resource ofjustificationisnotfaithbut Democracy is inconceivable without existence can triggerinconveniently On thenegative its existenceallows fortheestablishment of relatively On thepositive forms ofbothsmall-scaleandlarge-scalesocialinteraction. stable –formsofbothsmall-scaleandlarge-scalesocialinteraction. ibidem, p. 139) form a dual regulative totality that permeates the praxeological horizon . The validity claims of moral commands raised in the lifeworld (see side,the regulative function of democracy is illustrated in thefact that side, the regulative function of democracy is reflected in the fact that its Einverständnis: in democratic societies, the ultimate reason. rigid Verstand: indemocratic societies, the ultimate – and,hence, excessively synchronised– dialogue. : indemocratic societies, the ultimate predictable normativity – and,thus,fairly 23 . ibidem, . Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:43 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315183718, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315183718.ch3 sense: following the in different fundamentally are will-formation of modes non-democratic and discursive resourcesinherentinlinguisticallymediatedpracticesofintersubjectivity. entities capableofspeechandactioncandeterminethecoursehistorybymobilising equipped Hermeneutically rationality. communicative upon drawing by but authority, of democracy istoguaranteetheregulationofsociety–notbyrelyinguponarbitraryforms perspectival determinacy oftheir claimstovalidity by engaginginthedialogical exercise of challenge that requires actors who participate in practices of argumentation to the are examine discursive negotiation and consensus-orientedcommunication – constitutes a normative to need democracy, of theorists critical sociological implications of thefactthat collective will-formation –asaprocess basedon as we, what words, other In claims todiscursivevalidity. or deliberative question – that is, both to recognise and to relativise – the perspectival determinacy of their of models as operate are farfromstraightforward and canbesuccessfulonlytotheextent that people areableto to supposed are they representative participation. Collective processes ofdemocratic will-formation, however, whether of question the will- of processes collective in non ofgenuine articulations of democracy – notwithstanding qua involved formation, then, isasine actively and directly be to right universal The collective The construction of democracy is inextricably linked to the formation of both individual and 9. as legitimacy tolegislativepatternsofnormalisation. well as justification of patterns moral to the betterargumentwhichgivesvalidity the forceful forceofsymbolicorphysicalviolencebut,onthecontrary,forceless not is it sense, Habermasian the in understood society, democratic a In rationality. claims tojudiciallegitimacysubjectcriticalscrutinybyvirtueofcommunicative people’s this context,isitscapacitytomakebothordinaryclaimsmoralvalidityandinstitutional stipulates that of umbrella realm legislative concrete a interactions intheabstractrealmofGesellschaft. The distinctive power of democracy, in the as in operates interactions former people’s the regulate Gemeinschaft, to serves latter the whereas qq qq

p 139): p. (ibidem, morality’ than structure complex more a has ‘law sense, this In Democracy andwill-formation religious, cultural,ethnic,‘racial’orgender-specific–grounds. collective from excluded be may society decision-making processes on relatively arbitrary – for example, economic, of ideological, groups or members some latter, the and, In opinion their express to right the has consequently, toparticipateinbothprivateandpublicdebates. society of member every former, the In supported bydifferenttypesofreason the commands, moral of claim is – itself justification of practice legislative the like – norms validity legal of claim legitimacy normative focused clearly the unlike And upon depends complicated networkofdiscoursesandbargaining–notsimplyonmoraldiscourses. legislature democratic the of will-formation and opinion- the Thus wills. Put differently, democratic power is expressed in . (Habermas, 1994,p.139,italicsadded) 24 n hr, n motn fnto of function important an short, In will power. Yet, democratic Jürgen Habermas transcend the 25 51 a Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:43 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315183718, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315183718.ch3 p 11. ut s euaie rcse o fra lgsain r acoe in anchored are legislation formal of lawdepends onitscapacity to gain legitimacy through democratic procedures basedon of processes regulative democracy’ as communicative processes ofinformalco-operation, thelong-termacceptability of therule and Just law of 141). rule the p. between relation (ibidem, ‘internal an is there addition, in but, communicative practices. abstract superstructure oflegislative imperatives in the concrete infrastructure of the locate we then 140), p. 1994, (Habermas, morality’ to complement functional a as law ‘positive regard we If engagements. sustained communicatively of processes socialisation actors, whosequotidianperformancesaremediatedbylinguisticallyorganisedprocesses. formation cannot dispense with the communicative practices accomplished by human of ‘social integration’ (see resources are mobilised to shape the linguistic development whose of interactions society communicative ‘from of below’, sphere through ordinary processes the also but 237), 67–68, pp. 2007, Susen, (see integration’ ‘functional of processes through above’, ‘from society systemic sphereofadministrative structures putinplacetodetermine the development of the only the not concerns of 776) p. 2001b, self-constitution (Habermas, constitutional state [Verfassungsstaat]’ democratic the of interpretation discourse-theoretic ‘the Hence, lifeworld. the of force communicative the through below’, ‘from society build who those of right a rather, but, state, the of force systemic the through above’, ‘from society govern everyday reality. Will-formation, in the democratic sense, isnotaprivilege of thosewho who those be also should decide overthecontext-laden roles ofboththeindividualandcollective aspects oftheir society up make who those view, of point democratic a From people’. the by is society ‘all that fact the to justice do to means 2001) Ferrara, cf. 768; p. assimilative, adaptiveandpurposiveimmersioninthelifeworld. decide. Our discursiveproblematisation of theworldcannotbeseparatedfromour we havelearnedto we decideiscontingentuponwhathavelearnedtowantandhow Collective will-formation is alwaysamatter of social life-formation: what wewantandhow when experiencing boththe material and the symbolic dimensions oftheir lifeworlds. they are exposed, and by the socio-culturally specific horizons in which they are embedded, communicative which in ways actors make rational judgements are inevitably shaped by the normative standards to which manifold The experience. of realm the from dissociated interpret, to explain and toassessdifferent kinds of situation principles and convictionswillmobilise standards, backgrounds, peoplewithdifferent communicative intersubjectivity. Different 52 Simon Susen system, and lifeworld between relationship tension-laden the in entrenched is 139–141) pp. 1994, view, the complementary connection between morality and law (see, for example, Habermas, of normative frameworks foundedonconstitutional legality consolidation the through regularity interactional solidify to necessity systemic the reflects modern of context society, the institutional inscription of practical prescriptions into consolidated democracies the In society. given a of members between place taking interactions and institutions democratic function: democratic practices allowfortheregulation – and,thus,forthenormalisation – ofthe regulative a has democracy above, elucidated As 10. Yet, not only is there an intimate link between the rule of law and everyday intelligibility, To accept that in democratic systems ‘all government is by the people’ (Habermas, 2001b,

Democracy andconstitutionallaw 27 forthe institutionalisation of legislative arrangements cannot be divorced from the ibidem, pp. 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 237, 258). In brief, collective will- different types of reasontodescribe, of toanalyse, types different . The world of reason cannot be . From a Habermasian point of point Habermasian a From . 26 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:43 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315183718, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315183718.ch3 3. 2. 1. Following thestructureofforegoingstudy,theseissues canbesummarisedasfollows: democracy. of account communication-theoretic Habermas’s of usefulness the and validity address anumberofissuesthatarisewhenconfrontedwiththetaskassessingboth to endeavours section concluding This democracy. of conception Habermas’s underlying components principal the identify to sought has enquiry preceding The deliberation. and collective decisions that are derived from intersubjective processes of reflection, justification and individual both take to competence the with equipped are action and speech of capable is society Subjects capacity. emancipatory communicative people’s in embedded is an that power deliberative the on of construction the view, inconceivable without the sustained attempt to bring about a solid form of of democracy based point sovereignty, Habermasian (6) a state, From the (5) citizenship, (4) (7) communicative rationality, (8) regulation, (9) self-determination, will-formation and (10) constitutional law. (3) reciprocity, (2) are particularly important to Habermas’s multifaceted account elements ten of that demonstrate to aimed democracy: has chapter This (1) language. in interest his deliberation, to linked inseparably is democracy with concern Habermas’s analysis, previous the in illustrated As Conclusion legitimacy withindemocraticallyorganisedsocieties. self-government co-exist as twocomplementary preconditions for theattainment of political the function of constitutional law toensure that individual self-government and collective is It autonomy. civic of assertion the upon contingent is autonomy personal of affirmation Miteinandersein this in light to comes resources ithasfromtheother’( democracy and constitutionalism complementary relationship between private and civic autonomy: each side isfedby of interdependence ‘[t]he constitutionally legitimated democracies and democratically legitimated constitutions: private andcivicautonomyarecomplementary and mutually dependent elements of long as all persons do not enjoy an equal freedom’ so (Habermas, free is individual 2001b, no person: each p. of autonomy equal 779). the protects law legitimate Put also so differently, morality, ‘[l]ike us, reminds Habermas As reasonability. and accountability transparency,

If the If and institutionalpatternsareshot throughwithpowerrelations. government andself-realisation – especially in lightofthefactthat behavioural,ideological actor notonlytheformalright to,butalsothesubstantive resources for,autonomy,self- scrutiny, however,towhatextent itisachievable to granteveryindividual or collective of possibility the without democracy no is There detrimental impactuponthepoliticalagendassetunder banner ofdemocracy. such asclass,ethnicity, gender, ageandability – ceasetohavebothadetermining and a be challenged inordertobuildasocietywhich fundamental sociological variables – of structures obvious, however,towhatextent asymmetrical and power-ladenmodesofreciprocity can and dynamics both without democracy no is There and representative which –owingtotheir demographic and systemic complexity – tendtorelyonindirect what extent There is no democracy without processes of processes without democracy no is There (being-there) of every member of humanity cannot be detached from the from detached be cannot humanity of member every of (being-there) Dasein direct and deliberative models of democracy are viable in large-scale societies, (being-with-one-another) experienced by all members of society, then the then society, of members all by experienced (being-with-one-another) formsofpoliticalparticipation. ibidem, p.780). deliberation 28 . It remains open to open remains It self-determination. . It is far from clear, however, to however, clear, from far is It . reciprocity Jürgen Habermas I i not is It . 53

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(reason), ontological forces ofVerstand throughout history. evolve they as forms life mediated symbolically inhabits that contestability the reflecting laden andtension-ladenrealities manifests itselfintheemergence ofnormativities, Constitutional legality is bynomeans a guarantee of social, political or moral legitimacy. societies without democracy no is There (understanding), ideological andinstitutionalheterogeneity. by high levels of internal cultural diversity and, hence, by advanced degrees of behavioural, and, on theotherhand,duties and obligations it isfeasibletostrikeahealthybalance between, ontheonehand,rightsandentitlements There is no democracy without hr i n dmcay without democracy no is There performativity, withnosenseofdirection,letaloneanunderlyingteleology. hitherto self-empowered humanity to anassemblage of constantly changing parameters of increasing interconnectedness, the pivotal sources ofagencyappear tohaveshiftedfroma alone the factual, powertomake decisions as genuinely autonomous entities. In anage of evident, however, towhat extent, inaglobal network society, actors have the potential, let or collective, internal or external, real or imagined forms ofsovereignty, it is farfrom There is no democracy without possibility. consolidation of a highly differentiatedthe society history, human of course the in not, or whether is question the fundamentally, more which specific areas ofin and socialdegree lifewhat theto statesimply should,not oris shouldthen, not,question, haveThe thepolity. righta toor intervene; state a to equivalent ordinating their actions and managing their affairs may bebothviableanddesirable tocreate a societywhosemembersarecapable of co- issues that remain crucial in this respect, however, is the question of the extent to which it There is no democracy without a limited horizon of context-specific modes of individual or collective agency. The agency. orcollective of individual modes construction ofvalue-laden context-specific of horizon limited judgements and decisionsare universally defensible, rather than applicable only to the formation, however, does not reveal anything about the extent to which their views, beliefs, subjects capable ofspeechandactionareengaged inprocessesofopinion-andwill- and controversy,butalsorupture,frictionhostility. only not (c) also misrepresentation, distortion and but manipulation; disengagement; obscurity, (e) and not only incomprehensibility disagreement, unintelligibility, discrepancy only and not (d) bewilderment; and silence also but misunderstanding, misinterpretation andmisconception, but alsoconfusion,perplexity miscommunication, only not (b) fanaticism; and madness also but faith, and belief only not (a) following: the the as such is democracy, of however, elements – central, influential vastly yet, less – uncomfortable No seemingly of democracy. function of construction the in role foundational There is no democracy without capable ofundermininghumanempowerment,autonomyand self-realisation. converted into oppressive mechanisms of normalisation, habitualisation and disciplination however, istowhatextent democratically controlled processes ofregulation can be without democracy no is There h fc ta smtig s ea, oee, os o mk i legitimate. it make not does however, legal, is something that fact The . Verständlichkeit , meaning-laden, sovereignty citizenship. It is a matter of debate, however, to what extent will-formation . The question that poses itself in this context, this in itself poses that question The regulation. at least not in highly differentiated highly in not least at constitutional law – state (intelligibility) and (intelligibility) communicative rationality – atleastnotinlarge-scale societies. Oneofthekey . Irrespective of whether we reflect on individual (communication), Verständigung –notably in societies that are characterised . The mere fact that, in democratic societies, without perspective-laden without apolity can beconsidered a realistic (agreement) play a play (agreement) Einverständnis relyingonaninstitutional entity T b eat te socio- the exact, be To . , interest-laden Verstehen , power-

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11 10 12 4 3 2 1 8 7 6 5 9

(2001); Habermas (1988 [1967/1970]); Habermas (1976); (1992); Bourdieu (1993 [1984]); Fairclough (1995); Fillmore (1985); Gebauer (2005); Goldhammer On [1985]); Habermas(1992[1988]);(2004).Cf.Rorty(1967b). On 244, 288n.159);Taylor(1991[1986]);Wellmer(1977[1976]). (2013e); Susen (2013d); Susen (2013c); Susen (2013a); Susen (2010c); Susen Rorty (1967a); Rorty (1979); Rigotti (1996); (1967b); Rossi-Landi (1974 [1972]); Lafont May Schöttler (1997); Susen (2007: (1993); (1992); chapters 1–4); Susen (2009a); Lee Lafont [1993]); (2002); (1999 König Lafont & (1997); Krämer (2002); Krämer [1994]); (1997 Kirk (2002); On Power (2001); Pellizzoni (1998); Sintomer(1999);Susen(2009a);(2010c:110–111,116–117);Young(1997b). (1993); Habermas Johnson (2005); [1992]-b); Kies (1996 Eriksen & & Janssen Habermas (2005); Habermas Cooke(2000); (1998); (1998b); Günther (2005); (2004); &Searing Festenstein (2003); Conover Weigård (2005); Brookfield instance: for See, 201 n.84,311);Young(1997a). 198, 194, 193, 124, 118, 91, 90, 84, 81, 72, 52, 51, 41, 23, (2007: Susen 384); (2005: Habermas (2009a); Susen(2010c:110–111,116–117);Young(1997b). Janssen & Kies (2005); Johnson (1993); Pellizzoni (2001); Power (1998); Sintomer (1999); Susen (1998); Habermas (1996 [1992]-b); Habermas (1994: 137); Habermas (1998b); Habermas (2005); Conover & Searing (2005); Cooke (2000); Eriksen & Weigård (2003); Festenstein (2004); Günther Italics added to ‘self-determination to added Italics (2010d); Susen(2011b);(2012a);(2013d);(2013e); Susen(2014a). & Susen (2014); Holloway & Susen (2013); Susen (2008a); Susen (2008b); Susen (2009a); Susen On this point, see, for instance, Susen (2010a: 151–158, 198–208). See also, for instance: Browne On (2013e: 330,331);Susen(2014b:91,92,94,95,96,97,99,100). Susen 87); n. 235 218, 213, 200, (2013d: Susen 82); 80, 77, 75, 71, 70, 69, 64, 63, 60, 57, 53, 49, (2011c: Susen 58); 57, 55, 46, (2011b: Susen 116); 115, 114, 112, 111, 110, 109, 108, 106, 104, 253, 257, 263, 286); Susen (2009b: 99, 100, 102, 103, 105, 113, 114, 115, 117, 119); Susen (2010c: On On Susen (2013e);(2014[2012]);(2015b);(2017). (2013d); Susen (2012b); Susen (2011a); Susen (2010c); Susen (2009a); Susen (2013); Susen & [2009]); Boltanski, Rennes & Susen (2010); Boltanski, Rennes & Susen (2014 [2010]); Holloway (2014 Celikates & Honneth Boltanski, example: for also, See 10). Chapter esp. (2007: Susen See 5, respectively). On [1963]), Marshall(1981)andTurner (2009). On this point, see Susen (2010b: 262–265) and Susen (2015a: Chapter 5). See also Marshall (1964 (2011b); Susen(2012a);(2013d); Susen(2013e);(2014a);Young(1997b). Susen (2008a); Susen (2008b); 331); Susen (2009a); Susen (2010a: (1998: 151–158, 198–208); Susen (2010d); Susen Preuss (2013); Susen & Holloway 88–89); (2003: Habermas (2014); Susen in theoriginalversion. necessary, todefine–thenormativeparametersunderlyingtheirexistence conventions and principles are not only entitled challenge livesareshaped–ifnotgovernedbycustoms, of ensuringthatthosewhose politics upontherelative arbitrariness ofeverydayoccurrences;rather,itinvolvesthe Genuine democracy is not simply a matter of imposing the lawfulness of procedural legality. of systems founded constitutionally by above’ ‘from imposed are that standards What is more, grass-roots democracy can dispense with the formalised rules, criteria and the ‘linguistic turn’, see, for example: Apel (1976); Bohman (1996); the concepts of ‘indeterminacy’ and ‘autonomy’, see Susen (2015a: esp. Chapter 4 and Chapter the relationship between democracy and reciprocity the link between ‘validity claims’ and‘legitimacy claims’, see, for instance: Susen (2007: 248, the relationship between se fr ntne Hbra (1987 Habermas instance: for see, Habermas’s conception of ‘postmetaphysical thinking’, the relationshipbetweendemocracy andself-determination , see, for example: Brookfield (2005); Brookfield example: for see, democracy and deliberation, ’ and ‘self-direction and ’ but also empowered to negotiate – and, if ’ is italicised is ‘sovereign territorial ’ state ’; , see, for example: Habermas (1994: 141);

Hacking (1975); se fr xml: rwe & Browne example: for see, ,

Bourdieu (1982); Bourdieu

Hacking (1982); Jäger

Susen (2015a: 34, (2015a: Susen Jürgen Habermas themselves. 55 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:43 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315183718, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315183718.ch3 23 22 20 13 56 21 18 17 16 15 14 19 Simon Susen

20) Jhsn 19) MCrh (93; uhat (09 19]; rus 19) Steinhoff (1998); Preuss [1994]); (2009 Outhwaite (1973); McCarthy (1991); Johnson (2003); a); Habermas (1990 [1983]); Habermas (2001 [1984]-a); Habermas (2001a); Heath (2001); James Habermas (1970); Habermas (1985 [1984]); Habermas (1987 [1981]-b); Habermas (1987 [1981]- (1998); Günther (2003); Grant (1997); Gamwell (2003); Weigård & Eriksen (1989); Callinicos & McLean (2003); Apel (1990 [1985]); Benhabib & Dallmayr (1990); Bjola (2005); Breen (2004); On 276, 304,305,307,308,314). 54, 67, 69, 70, 72, 86–87, 97 n. 54, 107, 108, 110, 112, 116, 118, 119, 125, 161, 253, 255, 256, 260, Cf. Susen (2013d) and Susen (2013e: 326). Cf. also, for instance, Susen (2007: 20, 49, 51, 52, 53, Susen (2007:37,40,69,72,82,251). Thompson & Hirst (1997); Hirst (1995: 410); [1966]); Khory (2012); King & (1986 Kendall (2004); Krasner Hinsley (1988); Sassen (1996); 314); Spruyt (1994); [1965/1968]: (1987 Habermas (1999); Wertheim(1992). On (1990 Ilting [1982]); Niemi(2005);Susen(2007:75-95);Thompson(1982); Whitton (1992). (1998); Heath instance: for also, See [1984]-d). (2001 Habermas [1984]-c); (2001 Habermas [1984]-b); (2001 Habermas [1976]); (1984 Habermas instance: for see, point, this On (2010); Skinner (1989); Skinner & Str Kendall & King (2004); Lachmann (2010); Pierson (1988); (2004 [1996]); Poggi (1978); Poggi (1990); Reid, Gill & Sears Keane (2007); Jessop 410); (1995: Thompson & Hirst [1983]); (1985 Held (1995); Held (1991); Held (2006); Marsh & Lister Hay, (1989); Ikenberry & Hall (1994); Hall (1986); Hall 89); (1996 (2003: Habermas Habermas [1998]); (2001 (2003); Habermas (1999); Gill Habermas [1992]-a); (1985); Skocpol & Rueschemeyer Evans, (2000); Dunn (2007); (1996); Drache & Boyer Chernilo (2007); Chernilo (2010); (2008); Crouch, Eder & Tambini (2001); Cudworth, Hall & McGovern Gupta & Baraith (2014); Purkayastha & Glasberg Armaline, On On 5); Taylor&Gutmann(1992);Yar(2001). 208); Susen (2010b: 260–262, 271–274); Susen (2013b: 93, 97, 100 n. 35); Susen (2015a: Chapter [2007]); (2013 Modood 204– (2010a: Susen (2011); (1997); Schweppenhäuser (2007); Phillips (2008); Parekh (2010); Nemoianu Supik & Vivar Herrera Lutz, (2005); He & Kymlicka (2007); Kymlicka (2005); Kymlicka (2012); Khory (2002); Kelly [2008]); (2014 Jullien (2013); Crowder On Tomlinson (1999);Williams,Bradley,Devadson&Erickson(2013). (2013 [2005]); Susen (2010a: 182–197); Susen (2010b: 260–262); Susen (2015a: esp. Chapter 3); Sloterdijk [1991]); (1995 Sklair Redner (2004); Sassen (2013); (1995); Robertson [1993]); Piketty (2013 Ritzer (1996); (2013); Petrella 745); (2001: Paulus (2005); Ray & Outhwaite (1995); (2007); Pieterse Nederveen Lury 159–161); (2008: Mouzelis & (1996); Mittelman (2005); Mayo Lash (2010); Martell (1997); Hoogvelt (1996); Thompson & Hirst (1995); Thompson & Hirst (2007b); Fraser (2000); Stacey & Lury Franklin, (1995); Robertson & Lash Featherstone, (2010); (1998); Bhambra (2007); Centeno & Cohen (2010); Chirico (2013); Dicken (2011 [1986]); Drake On and 3 Chapter esp. (2015a: Susen (2012a); Chapter 5). Susen 260–262); (2010b: Susen (2005); Cerny & Menz Soederberg, I); Part esp. (2006: Outhwaite (1997); Marcos (2006); Harvey (2014); Davies On Susen & 177, 190,207,212,216,221,222,226,274,276). 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Chapter (2015a: Susen and 271–274) 265–268, (2010b: Susen see point, this On mt (07; ue (00: 6–6, 6–6, 6–6, 7–7) Tyo (99; Turner (1989); Taylor 271–274); 265–268, (1994 [1990]:202);Turner(2009:68);Vandenberg(2000);Young[1989]). 262–265, 260–262, (2010b: Susen (2007); Smith (1993); Mouffe (1993); Miller (2005); Mayo (1981); Marshall [1963]); (1994 (1964 Marshall Mann [1987]); (1998); Janoski Habermas (2000); Isin (2007a); [1998]); (1999 Fraser Dannreuther (2000); & Hutchings Delanty 88); (2003: (2001); Tambini & Eder Crouch, (1994); Bridges , see, for example: Abbas example: for see, the relationship between democracy andcommunicative rationality, , see, for example: Berberoglu (2010); Browne & Susen (2014); Susen & Browne (2010); Berberoglu example: for see, the concept of neoliberalism, the concept ofglobalisation , see, for example: Barry (2001); Chevallier (2008 [2003]); (2008 Chevallier (2001); Barry example: for see, the concept ofmulticulturalism, the relationshipbetweendemocracyandcitizenship se fr xml: nesn (1986); Anderson example: for see, the relationshipbetween democracy andthe state, the relationshipbetweendemocracyandsovereignty , see, for example: Amin-Khan (2012); Axford (2013); Bauman (2013); Axford (2012); Amin-Khan example: for see, , a th (2003); Sørensen (2003); Thornhill (2013); van Creveld se fr xml: rhbg (2008); Archibugi example: for see, , se fr xml: rta (1998); Brittan example: for see, , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:43 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315183718, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315183718.ch3 raie W , lseg D & ukysh, , 2014, B, Purkayastha, & S D Glasberg, T, W Armaline, in discourse’ legal of theory Habermas’s ‘Jürgen 1998, R, Alexy, ehbb S Dlmy, R es, 1990, eds., R, F Dallmayr, & S Benhabib, 2010a, eds., S, Susen, & T Morel, C, Basconzuelo, Barry, B,2001,Cultureandequality:Anegalitariancritiqueofmulticulturalism Baraith, RS&Gupta,D,eds.,2010, Axford, B,2013,Theoriesofglobalization 2008, D, Archibugi, the On utopia? a community communication ideal the of ethics the ‘Is [1985], 1990 K-O, Apel, Apel, K-O,ed.,1976,SprachpragmatikundPhilosophie Anderson, J,ed.,1986,Theriseofthemodernstate,Wheatsheaf,Brighton. 26 ba, & cen M 20, Cmuiaie optne n te mrvmn o university of improvement the and competence ‘Communicative 2003, M, McLean, & A Abbas, References Berberoglu, B, ed., 2010 ed., B, Berberoglu, Bauman, Z,1998, in ‘Prólogo’ 2010b, S, Susen, & T Morel, C, Basconzuelo, Amin-Khan, T, 2012, 27 28 25 24

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