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1#715Ao ACR CULTURAL ECONOMICS 1#715ao Vol. 18 No. 1 Price 40c January 1979 • ACR CULTURAL ECONOMICS Issued by the Department of Agricultural Economics and Marketing, Pretoria SOME RECOMMENDATIONS AND GUIDE-LINES WHICH MAY LEAD TO MORE SUCCESSFUL AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN LEBOWA AND OTHER BLACK HOMELANDS : PART 11* by D.F. COETZEE University of the Orange Free State RECOMMENDATIONS(CONTINUED) enforce these punitive measures, in my opinion attention will also have to be given to adequate The role of the tribal authority sanctioning of this action by higher courts, otherwise, in cases of appeal to higher courts, the The importance of collaboration with existing entire concept may be nullified. In my opinion it tribal authorities in undertaking any agricultural may be advisable to consider ways in which the development is generally accepted. According to the Central Government of Lebowa can take action agricultural extension officers active in Lebowa, the against a tribal authority when such an authority degree of co-operation achieved with the local neglects to act in accordance with its own decisions. population in the field of agricultural development This action need not necessarily be negative, but is in direct correlaion to the extent to which the can also be positive in the form of greater chief or induna co-operates and exerts his development aid if development plans and aims are influence. I therefore wish to suggest that renewed effectively. consideration be given to this aspect and that an promoted As regards the establishment of agricultural investigation be undertaken to determine to what committees, it was also clear, especially in the case extent the tribal authority and other local bodies in of indunas on trust farms, that it is not sufficient to authority can be more directly incorporated into involve these persons in authority indirectly. They agricultural development. This also applies to the should preferably be appointed as chairmen of attempts through the extension campaign to ensure these committees in the initial stages, to eliminate the mutual involvement of the receiving group. In on the one hand friction with and rivalry by certain the research results it is, for example, quite clear leaders and on the other hand disunity in that it is not enough merely to gain the informal co-operation of the people. Although problems co-operation and backing of figures in authority the not experienced with the chief personally, it (and their followers) in undertaking development are be preferable for him to be the plans (Coetzee 1977:429 et seq.). In my opinion would also chairman of the agricultural planning committee there are two options open to us. The local tribal tribal authority area. These traditional authority and/or local bodies in authority, in for his authority can then appoint others to assist addition to supporting these endeavours, must also leaders or even represent them as acting chairmen. consider and agree on punitive measures to be them fact that all the traditional persons in authority enforced against persons who refuse to co-operate The research area, with the exception of the chief, (cf. the lekgotla decisions of the irrigation farmers - in the illiterate also makes it essential that the children Coetzee 1977:325 et seq.). Alternatively, one can go are people (as their successors) should be a step further by also entrusting the implementation of these the first to whom a system of compulsory of certain development measures to the tribal among applies, whether in ordinary schools or in authority once the authority has agreed to back education schools for sons of chiefs and headmen. these measures. Agricultural extension officers and the special In addition to more direct involvement in the other technical and even administrative staff can agricultural committees and in the then be seconded to the tribal authority to assist in various of punitive measures, the traditional enforcing these development measures. In order to enforcement tribal authority, and especially the chief, could also be involved in the concept of demonstration plots. Part I appeared in the October 1978 issue of In my opinion these plots, with few exceptions, do Agrekon. not at present serve the purpose for which they 4 were made available (Coetzee 1977:328 et seq.). people be specifically assigned to activate the Because the lands of the chief's headwife are people on such farms. These officers could also, if traditionally cultivated by the entire tribe it is need be, gradually enlighten the people on the proposed that on each trust farm and tribal farm advantages of planning their area of land, or at plots be made available for her, to be cultivated by least discuss this aspect with them. the people concerned at prearranged times. The Because the receiving group does not remain chief, as the father of the tribe, can then "decide" static as regards the acceptance of improved to donate the proceeds from these "community agricultural methods, follow-up research ought to plots", which can also serve as demonstration plots, be undertaken on a continuous basis as regards the to the community concerned, provided that they applicability and success of the existing method of use these proceeds for their mutual benefit, for the extension and methods used in a specific area. The purchase of seed and fertiliser, the building of findings of this investigation do in fact indicate that store-rooms, etc. There will thus be a link-up with in some cases, especially as regards the field of traditional culture in the promotion of agricultural empirical, rational extension, the entire method of development and people will be indirectly obliged extension is of too static and general a nature. to participate. In many cases the people are convinced of the advantages of the demonstrably better new agricultural techniques Extension campaign and require extension of a more practical nature, for example, how to get As regards the extension campaign in its things done with the least possible expenditure and entirety, I would like to make the following equipment. More attention can definitely also be recommendations: given to extension on simple book-keeping and a Without deviating from the community record system, if necessary on an individual basis, approach, more purposeful attention ought to be for those persons who can make use of such advice, given to more successful farmers. Successful as there is a relatively high level of literacy among farmers can set the pace for others and ought farmers on private plots (Coetzee 1977:384). definitely to make a considerable contribution to Courses in the maintenance and handling of the more rapid seeping through of new agricultural agricultural equipment would also meet a great practices to the doubters and some of the unwilling need. Written extension pamphlets (preferably in ones. At the moment it seems that too much time the local Bantu language) dealing with aspects such and energy is wasted on people who will not put as pest control measures, hints on the use of successful Western agricultural practices or any fertiliser, better seed, programme planning, etc., other form of farming into practice and have no could also be introduced on a selective basis. desire ever to do so. If the present nucleus of Although illiteracy is a great problem, the help "successful" farmers do not receive special these farmers receive from their school-going attention, but are merely fobbed off with empty children seems to be going a long way towards words and are not given more opportunities, as solving this problem. It is, however, strongly enumerated above, there is a very strong possibility recommended that when using this method it be that generation an entire of young people will be applied not only selectively, but also in a lost to agriculture, because they will observe that specialised basis, depending on specific needs. their parents and others cannot make a decent Because it has been found that all Black farmers living out of farming in spite of their willingness use calendars, which are in great and hard work. demand (Coetzee 1977:369), it is recommended that an agricultural Coupled with this, is the more obvious calendar be distributed annually concentration of extension services on inhabitants on a general basis. On this calendar useful farming of planned trust farms, whereas results in this hints of a more general investigation have shown that the most promising nature could be printed and Black farmers are farming on private plots and recommendations could also be made as to when there are indications that these farmers are and how certain crops should be cultivated. The receiving less attention (Coetzee 1977:443 et seq.). times and dates of farmers' days, agricultural It is therefore recommended that this aspect be shows, demonstration, films and agricultural duly considered and corrected as far as possible. courses in each separate district could appear on Presumably a start could be made by organising this calendar and in this way it could become one agricultural committees on all farms and in all of the most useful and appreciated ways of areas where private plots exist. In this way contact distributing information. can be made with Black farmers interested in In view of research results, the importance of extension and aid without the risk of time and personal follow-up work by agricultural extension energy being wasted on a group of unwilling officers cannot be over-emphasised. This applies people. especially to farmers with individual problems or ; As regards tribal farms still refusing to accept those evincing special interest. Even if staff planning, but nevertheless in need of agricultural shortages make follow-up work difficult it ought extension, it is proposed that only those always to be high on the list of priorities of an agricultural extension officers who have proved agricultural extension officer in a developing themselves able to gain the co-operation of the situation.
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