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"As Long As We Are Living on the Earth, This Place Is Ours"

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"As long as we are riving on the Earth, this place is ours." PIETERSBURG, South Africa August 1996 By Teresa C. Yates The residents of Ga-Pila (pronounced ha-PEEL-uh) village are angry and they are frightened. The first reported case of "flyrock" in the village was in September 1995. Since then, "we have been afraid for lives and our property," explained one village woman. Sections of Ga-Pila are just 200 meters from the Potgietersrust platinum mine. The mine has been blasting at least once a week since it started operating in 1993. Since 1993 the mine has confirmed three cases of flyrock in Ga-Pila. What' s fly- rock? Flyrocks (of course) are rocks that fly, out of the pits and into the sky and sometimes into the village as a result of mine blasting. The prefix Ga in North-Sotho means "the place of." Many rural villages take the names o f he chie f or heaaman (a man appointed by he chief to be the ,ead of as- roadsare not passable Decause o f largestones growing out ofthe ground like planned rock gardens. Many of the houses are made of mud rather than brick or stone. There is only one drilled well providing water for the approximately 3,200 residents. According to the villagers this well is drying up because of the mine's Chitdre in Ga-Pila collect waterfrom this rustizg barrel outside the post office. View of the mine froln a nearby cornfield burden on the water supply. This is an example of two very different visions of how South Africa should develop ways to exploit its Everyone who is familiar with Ga-Pila village agrees vast mineral wealth to allow black communities to de- that the village must be moved. This is, however, about rive some real benefit from that wealth. the only thing on which all of the concerned parties agree. South Africa is a treasure chest of varied mineral "The people of Ga-Pila want to move, and the mine is deposits. Covering less than one percent of the earth's willing to pay for relocation of the village," says Solly surface, it has the world's largest known deposits of Maluleke, the Community Liaison Officer for the mine. chromium, manganese, platinum, vanadium, and gold, "There are certain elements in the village, though, who all important minerals because of their strategic, indus- want to use this situation to their own advantage. They trial and economic value. South Africa also has major are telling the people that they should stay where they reserves of other valuable minerals including coal, are until the mine agrees to give the community mining copper, diamonds, iron, nickel, phosphates, silver, ura- fights, shares in the company and seats on the board of nium, and zinc. directors." The mine has held community meetings, Solly says, and has told the people of Ga-Pila that the Diamonds were first discovered in Kimberly in 1871 mine will pay to relocate the village and pay the villagers and gold in the Witwatersrand reef in 1886. Since then compensation for the value of their homes. There must the South African mining industry has developed into first be consensus from the community, he says, on one of the most sophisticated operations in the world. In "where and under what circumstances the people will the past the State was the legal owner of all the precious move." This consensus, he believes, is being prevented and base minerals in South Africa. The mineral rights by a small number of people who "see this as their op- could be separated so that the State could allow one portunity to become rich." company to hold the rights to precious minerals (i.e., platinum, gold) and another to hold the rights to base "The problem in Ga-Pila," according to Gilbert Pilal, minerals (i.e., nickel, chromium). Prospecting permits Chairperson of the Transitional Local Council "is very gave the holder the right to prospect, but not to extract complicated. The mine is wilting to move the village, any mineral from the land. but the people want shares and mining rights. If you re- locate the community they will lose their power." Once prospecting was complete, and if any signifi- 1. Pila is a common North-Sotho family name. Mr. Gilbert Pila is not related to the headman Pila of Ga-Pila village. 2 TCY-3 ZIMBABWE FORMER BLACK Piet.ersburg HOMELANDS BOTSWANA Northern Bophuthatswana [ Ciskei Gazankulu Johannesburg Johannesb KwaNdebele NAMIBIA North-West KaNgwane l Free State [ KwaZulu Lebowa Northern Cape l Qwa Qwa [ Transkei SOUTH AFRI SOUTH Venda Eastern Cape Cape cant mineral deposits were discovered, the prospective the South African Development Trust (SADT). The ba- miner could apply for a mining permit. Permit seekers sic principle, however, remained unchanged: All land had to demonstrate that their past history in mining or identified for black occupation was held in "trust" by other businesses qualified them to undertake their pro- the government. posed project and that the project was likely to be eco- nomically viable. Ultimately, however, issuance of per- Ultimately ten homelands were created by the old gov- mits was at the discretion of the State. If the surface of ernment. Six of them Lebowa, Gazankulu, KwaNde- the land was owned by someone other than the State or bele, KwaNgwane, KwaZulu, and Qwa Qwa although the company holding the prospecting and mineral 'self-governing,' remained legally part of South African fights, the State paid the surface-owner half a rand per territory. The four other homelands Bophuthatswana, hectare for the use of the surface of the land. Ciskei, Transkei, and Venda were considered by South Africa as 'independent' nations. They had their own When South Africa embarked on its vision of grand presidents, armies and border patrols. apartheid, whereby the races would be separated into self-governing homelands (the former reserves) accord- Platinum was discovered in 1925 in the area that ing to skin color and ethnicity, the anticipated "interna- eventually became Lebowa, the homeland set aside tional borders" were drawn to keep as much of the coun- under grand apartheid in the Northern Province for try's rich mineral deposits as possible in white "South the North-Sotho-speaking population. Shortly after Africa." This was, however, not always possible. the discovery, a company called Potgietersrust Plati- nums, Ltd. (PPL) obtained from the government min- The 1913 Natives Land Act codified the government's eral and prospecting rights on several farms border- plan to assign every black South African to a designated ing what later became Lebowa homeland territory. reserve area. Although the 1913 Act restricted where The company mined in the area until 1931, when the black South Africans could legally occupy land, the Act market was not able to sustain its output. did not prohibit blacks from purchasing 'reserved' land. By 1974 PPL had become part of the Johannesburg In 1936 the Native Trust and Land Act eliminated the Consolidated Investment Company, Limited (JCI). At right of black South Africans to purchase land, even in that time the SADT granted JCI prospecting rights to the areas set aside for their occupation. Black families precious and base metals and minerals on several farms who had managed to purchase land in the reserves be- in the Lebowa homeland. The SADT also granted out- tween 1913 and 1936 did not lose that land as a result of standing rights to apply for mining leases. JCI invested the 1936 Act. All the remaining land in the reserves was R40 million (U.S.$9 million) in 1976 on exploration and placed in the South African Natives Trust (SANT). The testing in the Potgietersrust area. government, thus, became the legal owner of most of the land in the reserves. The SANT was later renamed The company signed three Joint Venture Agreements Institute of Current World Affairs 3 PP Rust mineral rights Zuid Holland Groningen 773 LR Vriesland Witrivier 779 LR 777 LR Noord Braband 781 LR Zuidbrabancl 774 LR Drenthe 778 LR 719 LS Utrecht 776 LR Inharnbane 802 LR ----- R S A Overysel 815 LR Rooibokfontein Blinkwater 820 821 LR \Moordkopie 813 LR LII Molendraai Rietfonten 811 LR 720 LS \ Zwartfontein 818 LR \ L E BOWA.. Armoede 823 LR %::: :: Zwartfonteln 8i4 LR Commandodrif Maalkop 819 LR 228 KR Bultongfontein 239 KR % Sandsloot 236 KR Nolmesleigh KS ' Gezond 235 KR ", Knapdaar 234 KR Rietfontein 2 KS i Sterkwater 229 KR " Retfon ein 240 KR R SA De Hoogedoorns 233 KR EXPLANATION Turfspruit 241 KR " ////,,//; Potgietersrust Platinums Ltd Uitloop 3 KS O1 neral rights Rustenburg Platinum Mines iii!i;i!ii;ii!iiiiii prospecting permissions Rights held under prospecting -.. grants and in terms of joint l::::::::::::i:i venture agreements Macalacaskop 243 KR Welgevonden Biinkwater 244 KR 232 KR Welgelegen / " "./ Kromdraa, 245 KR. Lisbo '", 288 KR aauwkloot "X 247 KR 50 50 - --- kilometres PPL's mine straddles Vaalkop and Sandsloot farms. PPL estimates that the life of this mine zoill be approximately 100 years. With its other mineral rights on the seven farms illustrated here PPL will control mining in this area for centuries to come. 4 TY-3 (JVA) in 1987, 1988, and 1989 with the Lebowa Home- PPL is not legally or morally obligated to contribute land Government. ACcording to Mr. J. Johnston, an at- anything more than the cost of relocation and the cost torney for PPL, the agreements gave PPL the right to of replacing lost houses to the Ga-Pila village. He con- mine for platinum-group metals and the rights to all tends that it is the duty of the Northern Province Gov- permissions and consents that are required to mine on ernment, into which the former Lebowa homeland the agreed-upon farms.
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