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Samuel Turner (Gloucester 19.4.1759 – London 2.1.1802)

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Samuel Turner (Gloucester 19.4.1759 – London 2.1.1802) Samuel Turner (Gloucester 19.4.1759 – London 2.1.1802) Samuel Turner, ufficiale militare della East India Company e diplomatico inglese, figlio di John Turner, ricco droghiere, e di Ann Warren, nacque a Gloucester il 19 aprile 1759. Importante per la sua carriera il sostegno del cugino Warren Hastings (Churchill, Oxfordshire, 6.12.1732 – Daylesford, Worcestershire, 22.8.1818), governatore generale del Bengala, il quale era figlio di Penyston Hastings e di Hester, sorella di Ann Warren. Turner, cadetto della East India Company nel 1780, svolse tutta la sua attività in India: divenne tenente l’8 agosto 1781, capitano l’8 giugno 1796 e capitano reggimentale il 18 marzo 1799. Il suo nome rimane legato alla missione in Tibet da lui guidata nel 1783-1784. Questa missione, la seconda in Tibet e la quarta in Bhutan era voluta dal governatore Warren Hastings sia per scopi esplorativi e scientifici sia per estendere al di là dell’Himalaya le relazioni commerciali e l’influenza britannica. Il pretesto per la missione fu fornito dal rendere omaggio al piccolo Palden Tenpai Nyima (1782- 1853), riconosciuto come settima reincarnazione del Panchen Lama, dopo la morte, avvenuta a Pechino, del suo predecessore, Lobsang Palden Yeshe (1738-1780). Questi aveva mostrato una certa apertura verso gli stranieri ricevendo nella sua sede del Tashilhumpo a Shigatse, nel 1774-1775, la missione di George Bogle (1747-1781); Lhasa rimaneva sempre assolutamente proibita agli europei. Turner partì da Calcutta fra aprile e maggio del 1783, giunse il 1° giugno a Punakha, capitale del Bhutan, e il 3 dello stesso mese fu ricevuto da Jigme Singye (, re del paese dal 1776 al 1788; dopo una sosta di oltre tre mesi a Tassisudon, ottenne il permesso per proseguire verso il Tibet con il naturalista (botanico e medico) Robert Saunders, e giunse a Shigatse il 22 settembre 1783. Rientrò nel marzo 1784 a Patna, dove riferì sull’esito del suo viaggio e dei suoi contatti. Il terzo partecipante alla missione, il topografo e disegnatore Samuel Davis fu costretto ad interrompere il viaggio in quanto i tibetani permisero l’ingresso solo a due inglesi (cioè un numero non superiore a quelli che avevano partecipato alla missione Bogle). 1 Turner fu un buon esploratore e un buon diplomatico e la sua relazione di viaggio al Tibet 2 fu il primo resoconto di quel paese pubblicato da un testimone oculare, se si eccettua quello antico, dimenticato e ormai ampiamente superato, di António de Andrade (1580-1634).3 Il libro ottenne ebbe traduzioni in francese (1800), tedesco (1801) e italiano (1817). In questa prima relazione in lingua inglese, che rimase anche l’unica fino all’uscita, nel 1876, del libro di Clements Markham 4 (1830-1916), Turner riporta interessanti informazioni, tra le quali le prime approssimative notizie sul Gange e sul Brahmaputra. 5 In seguito si distinse nell’assedio di Seringapatam [Srirangapattana], il 6 febbraio 1792, al comando della cavalleria guardia del corpo di Charles Cornwallis, succeduto a Warren Hastings come governatore generale. Turner ebbe modo di mostrare ancora il suo valore come diplomatico conducendo con successo i negoziati con Tipu Sultan 6, nababbo di Mysore. Rientrato in Inghilterra nel 1798, ottenne, il 7 luglio 1800, la laurea honoris causa dall’Università di Oxford, mentre il 15 gennaio 1801 fu accolto fra i membri della Royal Society. Morì a Londra il 2 gennaio 1802, dopo esser caduto improvvisamente e gravemente ammalato il 21 dicembre dell’anno precedente. Eredi le sue sorelle, una delle quali, Mary (deceduta nel 1811) aveva sposato Joseph White, professore di ebraico a Oxford. La biblioteca dell’Università di Oxford (Bodleian Library) conserva gli scritti e la corrispondenza, in bengali e in tibetano di Turner. 1 Samuel Davis (Indie occidentali 1760 – Birdhurst Lodge, presso Croydon, 16.6.1819), prima di rientrare in India, realizzò una attenta documentazione a matita e ad acquerello della topografia e dell’architettura del Bhutan, parte della quale apparve nel suo postumo Remarks on the Religious and Social Institutions of the Bouteas, or Inhabitants of Boutan (1830). Il figlio di Samuel, John Davis, fece parte con Thomas Manning dell’ambasceria di Lord Amherst a Pechino nel 1817. 2 Samuel TURNER , An Account of an Embassy to the Court of the Teshoo Lama in Tibet containing a narrative of a journey through Bootan, and part of Tibet ; to which are added views taken on the spot by lieutenant Samuel Davis; and observations botanical, mineralogical, and medical, by Mr. Robert Saunders, W. Bulmer and Co., London, 1800. [Edizione francese: Ambassade au Thibet et au Boutan . Contenant des détails très curieux sur les mœurs, la religion, les productions et la commerce du Thibet, du Boutan et des États voisins ; et une notice sur les événements qui s’y sont passés jusqu’en 1783. Traduite par J. Castéra, Buisson & Gugiet, Paris, 1800, 2 voll.; edizione italiana: Ambasceria al Tibet e al Butan , in cui si danno esatte e curiosissime notizie intorno ai costumi, alla religione, alle produzioni ed al commercio del Tibet, del Butan e degli stati limitrofi, e sugli avvenimenti che si sono succeduti sino al 1783. Tradotta da Vincenzo Ferrario, Sonzogno e Comp., Milano, 1817, 2 voll.]. 3 António de ANDRADE , Novo descobrimento do Gram Cathayo ou Reinos de Tibet pello Padre Antonio de Andrade, da Companhia de Jesu, Portuguez, no anno del 1624 , Matheus Pinheiro, Lisboa, 1626 [edizioni in spagnolo (1626), italiano ( Relatione del novo scoprimento del gran Cataio, overo regno di Tibet. Fatto dal P. Antonio di Andrade portoghese della Compagnia di Giesù l'anno 1624 , Francesco Corbelletti, Roma, 1627), francese (1627), olandese e polacco]. 4 Clements Robert MARKHAM , Narratives of the Mission of George Bogle to Tibet and of the Journey of Thomas Manning to Lhasa . Edited with notes, an introduction, and lives of Mr. Bogle and Mr. Manning, Trübner and Co., London, 1876 [2 nd edition 1879; reprint New Delhi 1971 e 1989; traduzione tedesca 1909]. 5 Edizione originale, p. 300; edizione italiana, vol. II, pp. 252-253. 6 Tipu Sultan [Sultan Fateh Ali Khan Shahab] (Devanahalli, Bangalore district, Karnataka, 20.11.1750 – Srirangapattana [o Srirangapatna, anglicizzato in Seringapatam], Mandya district, Karnataka, 4.5.1799), conosciuto come Tigre di Mysore, primo figlio di Hyder Ali e della sua seconda moglie, Fatima (Fakhr-un-nissa) fu il sovrano del regno di Mysore dalla morte del padre (1782) fino alla propria morte avvenuta il 4 maggio 1799, mentre difendeva la capitale del suo regno nella quarta guerra contro gli inglesi (Fourth Anglo-Mysore War). Come suo padre fu alleato dei francesi nella lotta contro i britannici. Devoto musulmano, in un regno a maggioranza indù, Tipu Sultan, oltre che valoroso combattente, fu poeta e studioso capace di padroneggiare varie lingue. [ Scheda redatta nel luglio 2009 da E.G. Bargiacchi per il sito web http://www.ippolito-desideri.net ] .
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