George Bogle's Treaty with Bhutan (1775)
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A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/150023 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications ‘AN ENDLESS VARIETY OF FORMS AND PROPORTIONS’: INDIAN INFLUENCE ON BRITISH GARDENS AND GARDEN BUILDINGS, c.1760-c.1865 Two Volumes: Volume I Text Diane Evelyn Trenchard James A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Warwick, Department of History of Art September, 2019 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………. iv Abstract …………………………………………………………………………… vi Abbreviations ……………………………………………………………………. viii . Glossary of Indian Terms ……………………………………………………....... ix List of Illustrations ……………………………………………………………... xvii Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….. 1 1. Chapter 1: Country Estates and the Politics of the Nabob ………................ 30 Case Study 1: The Indian and British Mansions and Experimental Gardens of Warren Hastings, Governor-General of Bengal …………………………………… 48 Case Study 2: Innovations and improvements established by Sir Hector Munro, Royal, Bengal, and Madras Armies, on the Novar Estate, Inverness, Scotland …… 74 Case Study 3: Sir William Paxton’s Garden Houses in Calcutta, and his Pleasure Garden at Middleton Hall, Llanarthne, South Wales ……………………………… 91 2. Chapter 2: The Indian Experience: Engagement with Indian Art and Religion ……………………………………………………………………….. 117 Case Study 4: A Fairy Palace in Devon: Redcliffe Towers built by Colonel Robert Smith, Bengal Engineers ……………………………………………………..…. -
Ruling the Countryside
3 Ruling the Countryside Fig. 11Fig. – Robert Clive accepting the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa from the Mughal ruler in 1765 The Company Becomes the Diwan On 12 August 1765, the Mughal emperor appointed the East India Company as the Diwan of Bengal. The actual event most probably took place in Robert Clive’s tent, with a few Englishmen and Indians as witnesses. But in the painting above, the event is shown as a majestic occasion, taking place in a grand setting. The painter was commissioned by Clive to record the memorable events in Clive’s life. The grant of Diwani clearly was one such event in British imagination. As Diwan, the Company became the chief financial administrator of the territory under its control. Now it had to think of administering the land and organising its revenue resources. This had to be done in a way that could yield enough revenue to meet the growing expenses of the company. A trading company had also to ensure that it could buy the products it needed and sell what it wanted. 26 OUR PASTS – III 2021-22 Over the years the Company also learnt that it had to move with some caution. Being an alien power, it needed to pacify those who in the past had ruled the countryside, and enjoyed authority and prestige. Those who had held local power had to be controlled but they could not be entirely eliminated. How was this to be done? In this chapter we will see how the Company came to colonise the countryside, organise revenue resources, redefine the rights of people, and produce the crops it wanted. -
Gift, Greeting Or Gesture: the Khatak and the Negotiating of Its Meaning on the Anglo-Tibetan Borderlands
HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies Volume 35 Number 2 Article 10 January 2016 Gift, Greeting Or Gesture: The Khatak And The Negotiating Of Its Meaning On The Anglo-Tibetan Borderlands Emma Martin National Museums Liverpool / University of Manchester, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya Recommended Citation Martin, Emma. 2016. Gift, Greeting Or Gesture: The Khatak And The Negotiating Of Its Meaning On The Anglo-Tibetan Borderlands. HIMALAYA 35(2). Available at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol35/iss2/10 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. This Research Article is brought to you for free and open access by the DigitalCommons@Macalester College at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Gift, Greeting Or Gesture: The Khatak And The Negotiating Of Its Meaning On The Anglo-Tibetan Borderlands Acknowledgements Special thanks go to Mr Tashi Tsering, Director of Amnye Machen Institute, Dharamshala, for taking up the challenge and finding the majority of the Tibetan sources noted here. Discussions with him on the biography of the thirteenth Dalai Lama and its lack of reference to documentation or diaries written during the lama’s 1910-12 exile were also invaluable. In addition, thanks to Mr Sonam Tsering, Columbia University for his sensitive translation of the Tibetan sources. Furthermore, the financial support of the Frederick Williamson Memorial Fund, the University of London, Central Research Fund and National Museums Liverpool made possible the doctoral archival research, which, in part, this paper is taken from. -
The Production of Bhutan's Asymmetrical Inbetweenness in Geopolitics Kaul, N
WestminsterResearch http://www.westminster.ac.uk/westminsterresearch 'Where is Bhutan?': The Production of Bhutan's Asymmetrical Inbetweenness in Geopolitics Kaul, N. This journal article has been accepted for publication and will appear in a revised form, subsequent to peer review and/or editorial input by Cambridge University Press in the Journal of Asian Studies. This version is free to view and download for private research and study only. Not for re-distribution, re-sale or use in derivative works. © Cambridge University Press, 2021 The final definitive version in the online edition of the journal article at Cambridge Journals Online is available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911820003691 The WestminsterResearch online digital archive at the University of Westminster aims to make the research output of the University available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the authors and/or copyright owners. Manuscript ‘Where is Bhutan?’: The Production of Bhutan’s Asymmetrical Inbetweenness in Geopolitics Abstract In this paper, I interrogate the exhaustive ‘inbetweenness’ through which Bhutan is understood and located on a map (‘inbetween India and China’), arguing that this naturalizes a contemporary geopolitics with little depth about how this inbetweenness shifted historically over the previous centuries, thereby constructing a timeless, obscure, remote Bhutan which is ‘naturally’ oriented southwards. I provide an account of how Bhutan’s asymmetrical inbetweenness construction is nested in the larger story of the formation and consolidation of imperial British India and its dissolution, and the emergence of post-colonial India as a successor state. I identify and analyze the key economic dynamics of three specific phases (late 18th to mid 19th centuries, mid 19th to early 20th centuries, early 20th century onwards) marked by commercial, production, and security interests, through which this asymmetrical inbetweenness was consolidated. -
George Bogle's1774 Mission to Tibet
Policy Brief MarchJune 26, 1, 20202018 Dr. Monika Chansoria is a George Bogle’s1774 Mission to Tibet: Tokyo-based Senior Fellow at The Japan Institute Establishing English Trade and Reach of International Affairs. beyond Northern Borders of Bengal Previously, she has held appointments at the Sandia Dr. Monika Chansoria National Laboratories (U.S.), Hokkaido University (Sapporo, In the last quarter of the 18th century, Warren Hastings, the first de Japan), and Fondation Maison facto Governor General of India from 1774 to 1785 initiated and set up des Sciences de l’Homme the English East India Company’s relations with Tibet. The backdrop to this was created when the ruler (sde-srid or srid-skyon) of Bhutan (Paris). Dr. Chansoria has overran Sikkim some years prior. In 1771, the Bhutanese descended authored five books including on the plains and invaded Cooch-Behar, taking in the Raja (King) as her latest work, China, Japan, a prisoner. The royal family called on Warren Hastings for assistance, and Senkaku Islands: Conflict who, in turn, dispatched a battalion of sepoys. The Bhutanese were in the East China Sea Amid an driven away from Cooch-Behar and chased into the Duars around 1 American Shadow (Routledge winter 1772-1773. In the given circumstances, the Bhutanese © 2018). government appealed the Tashi Lama (who was the acting Regent of Tibet during the infancy of the Dalai Lama) to intervene on their behalf. Accordingly, a mission was dispatched to Calcutta with a letter by the Tashi Lama, in which he urged the Governor General to stop Disclaimer : hostilities against Bhutan.2 Upon receipt of the letter in Calcutta on The views expressed in this 29 March 1774, Warren Hastings informed the Board at Calcutta of publication are those of the author his reply to the Tashi Lama. -
Views, Including a Double-Page Plan and View of Buenos Aires, Seven Plates Depicting Animals, and Four Plates Depicting Birds
Donald Heald Rare Books A Selection of Rare Books Donald Heald Rare Books A Selection of Rare Books Donald Heald Rare Books 124 East 74 Street New York, New York 10021 T: 212 · 744 · 3505 F: 212 · 628 · 7847 [email protected] www.donaldheald.com All purchases are subject to availability. All items are guaranteed as described. Any purchase may be returned for a full refund within ten working days as long as it is returned in the same condition and is packed and shipped correctly. The appropriate sales tax will be added for New York State residents. Payment via U.S. check drawn on a U.S. bank made payable to Donald A. Heald, wire transfer, bank draft, Paypal or by Visa, Mastercard, American Express or Discover cards. 1 [AL-MARGHINANI, Burhan al-Din al-Farghani (1135-1197)]; - Charles HAMILTON, translator (1753-1792). The Hedàya, or Guide; A Commentary on the Mussulman Laws: Translated by the Order of the Governor-General and Council of Bengal. London: T. Bensley, 1791. 4 volumes, 4to (10 1/4 x 8 inches). lxxxix, (1), xii, 561, [2-errata] pp.; viii, 727, (1), [2-errata]; viii, 609, (1), [2-errata]; lxxxix, (1), xii, 561, (1), [2-errata]. Errata leaf in rear of each volume. Expertly bound to style in half calf over period marbled paper covered boards, flat spine divided into six compartments with gilt roll tools, black morocco lettering piece in the second, the others with a repeat arabesque decoration in gilt. First edition in English of al-Hidayah: the authoritative guide to Islamic jurisprudence. -
'Catastrophe of This New Chinese Mission': the Amherst Embassy To
1 The ‘catastrophe of this new Chinese mission’: the Amherst Embassy to China of 1816. PETER J. KITSON Amherst’s Embassy and Early Nineteenth-Century Sino-British Relations Two hundred years ago in the early hours of the morning 29 August 1816 (Jiaqing 21), William Pitt, Lord Amherst, unrested after travelling overnight, was unceremoniously manhandled in an attempt to usher him physically with his two deputies, George Thomas Staunton and Henry Ellis, into the presence of the Jiaqing Emperor at the Summer Palace of Yuanming Yuan. Exhausted, dirty after a very uncomfortable overnight journey and separated from his diplomatic credentials and ambassadorial robes, Amherst and his two deputies resisted, leaving the palace in anger. It was reported to the emperor that Amherst’s inability to attend the audience was occasioned by an indisposition, as was that of his deputies. The emperor, when discovering the diplomatic nature of this evasion, immediately and perhaps impulsively, dismissed the embassy without granting it an imperial audience and rejected its ‘tribute’ of gifts. Amherst’s party then began their long, overland journey south to Canton (Guangzhou) where the group embarked for home. British accounts, of which they were several, laid this ostensible ‘failure’ of the embassy to secure an imperial audience not on the Jiaqing Emperor, but on the scheming of certain senior court officials who had unwisely assured him that Amherst had practiced and was prepared to perform the ceremony of the full imperial koutou (or ketou both Mandarin) or ‘kowtow’ (anglicised) with three kneelings accompanied by three knockings of the forehead for each prostration. -
Introduction
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51502-3 - Journeys to Empire: Enlightenment, Imperialism, and the British Encounter with Tibet, 1774-1904 Gordon T. Stewart Excerpt More information Introduction “We passed the wall into Tibet” “This is the proudest day of my life and I shall never forget it. We passed the wall into Tibet – which no European had gone through before without opposition.” This exultant message was sent on December 13, 1903 by Colonel Francis Younghusband, the leader of the Tibet Frontier Com- mission, despatched by the British government in India to bring Tibet to heel. It was written as Younghusband and his officers moved up past Yatung in the Chumbi valley towards the high Tibetan plateau. A stone wall had been built to mark the last boundary and Younghusband was relieved to pass it without incident. This sense of excitement about being first into Tibet continued as the armed diplomatic mission fought its bloody way to Lhasa. As Younghusband stood on the mountain pass looking down into the Tsangpo valley, knowing that he was finally within striking distance of “the Forbidden City,” he felt another strong surge of anticipation: “This is a day to be remembered. Such a beautiful sight it was. Such a labyrinth of mountains, and down in the valley bottom 4000 feet below us numbers of villages with cultivated lands and trees all round.” Once he finally reached Lhasa he was delighted to receive on September 13, 1904 a telegram from the Viceroy of India: “Clear the line. His Majesty the King-Emperor commands me to express to you and all the officers of the Mission his high approval of the admirable manner in which you have brought your difficult Mission to a happy conclusion.”1 Younghusband misrepresented the historical record in these vaunting letters to his wife Helen. -
Gordon T. STEWART, Journeys to Empire: Enlightenment, Imperialism, and the British Encounter with Tibet, 1774-1904
Book Reviews / JESHO 56 (2013) 309-344 337 Gordon T. STEWART, Journeys to Empire: Enlightenment, Imperialism, and the British Encounter with Tibet, 1774-1904. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. xvi + 280 pp. ISBN: 978-0-521- 51502-3 (hbk.); 978-0-521-73568-1 (pbk.). $95.00 (hbk.); $34.99 (pbk.). George Bogle (1747-1781) and Francis Younghusband (1863-1942) are names writ large in the history of the European encounter with Tibet. They were, however, very different characters living in very different eras. In 1774 Bogle, a young Scotsmen in the employ of the East India Com- pany, was despatched by the then Governor Warren Hastings to Tibet via Bhutan. Instructed by Hastings to acquire information of both commer- cial and ethnographic character, he became the first British traveller to enter Tibet. Although Chinese opposition prevented him from reaching Lhasa (the Tibetan capital), the amiable Scot was able to befriend both Bhutan’s rulers and Tibet’s second highest religious figure, the Panchen Lama. Younghusband, by contrast, lead a British-Indian diplomatic mis- sion to Lhasa in 1904. His mission was effectively an invasion, for he trav- elled with a large military escort, whose modern weaponry overwhelmed token resistance from the antiquated Tibetan army. Bogle and Younghusband have both been the subject of a number of works that have established their biographies, achievements and essential characters. Gordon Stewart’s Journeys to Empire now uses the two men to anchor an exploration of the contested relationship between Enlighten- ment and the Empire; with, at the risk of oversimplifying the argument, Bogle as representative of the former, and Younghusband the latter. -
Bhutan-China Relations: Towards a New Step in Himalayan Politics
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by CrossAsia-Repository BHUTAN-CHINA RELATIONS: TOWARDS A NEW STEP IN HIMALAYAN POLITICS ∗ THIERRY MATHOU here is an apparent paradox in Bhutan-China’s relationship. The geographical location of Bhutan gives it both political and strategic Timportance in the Himalayan region. Bhutan has a long tradition of cultural and religious interaction with Tibet and shares a common border with China. Yet, the kingdom is China’s only neighbour which does not have diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Even trade and economic contacts between the two countries are very small and their common border remains closed. However, the status quo resulting from the turmoil that followed the integration of Tibet in the PRC and the Sino-Indian border conflict in 1962 is about to change. Political contacts have been resumed since the mid 1980s. The two governments have been using the annual border consultations to exchange views on a wide range of bilateral issues. Both countries have interest in the normalization of their relationship. Yet, their perspectives are different. While Bhutan prefers to remain cautious according to the approach it has always favoured on the diplomatic scene1, China is considering its relation with Bhutan as part of its “Western development strategy”, that could allow Tibet to regain a central position in the Himalayan region. The present paper places Bhutan-China relations in an historical perspective that shows the importance of the Tibetan factor. Linkage politics and perceptions of security in the context of India-China relations are also described. -
ANCIENT RIGHTS and FUTURE COMFORT Bihar, the Bengal
LONDON STUDIES ON SOUTH ASIA NO. 13 ANCIENT RIGHTS AND FUTURE COMFORT Bihar, the Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885, and British Rule in India P.G. Robb School of Oriental and African Studies, London This book was published in 1997 by Curzon Press, now Routledge, and is reproduced in this repository by permission. The deposited copy is from the author’s final files, and pagination differs slightly from the publisher’s printed version. Therefore the index is not included. © Peter Robb 1997 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form without written permission from the publishers. ISBN 0-7007-0625-9 FOR ELIZABETH Ancient rights and future comfort This book analyses the character of British rule in nineteenth- century India, by focusing on the underlying ideas and the practical repercussions of agrarian policy. It argues that the great rent law debate and the Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885 helped constitute a revolution in the aims of government and in the colonial ability to interfere in India, but that they did so alongside a continuing weakness of understanding and ineffective local control. In particular, the book considers the importance of notions of historical rights and economic progress to the false categorisations made of agrarian structure. It shows that the Tenancy Act helped create political interests on the land and contributed to a growth of the state, fostering a national or public interest in India. But it also led to widening social disparities in rural Bihar, allowing individual property rights to exaggerate the inequities of a more collective socio-economic system. -
An Introduction to Buddhism and Romanticism
Chapter 1 Enlightenment East and West: An Introduction to Buddhism and Romanticism Your own self is your master; who else could be? (Buddha, The Dhammapada) Enlightenment is man’s release from his self-incurred tutelage (Kant, What is Enlightenment?) Critical Coincidence The first half of this chapter’s title offers a binary (“East” and “West”) at the core of concerns explored below yet also echoes the famous assessment of shared affinities between Eastern and Western approaches to the healing of psychological suffering offered by Alan W. Watts, one of the leading figures in the translation of Eastern men- tal approaches into Western terms and strategies in Psychotherapy East and West. The first term, “enlightenment,” and the short epigrams by Buddha and Kant also point to the convergence of philosophical forms of mental liberation pursued within the two large terms in the second half of the title (“Buddhism” and “Romanticism”). The con- fluence of historical and philosophical concerns binding those terms is worth intensified attention by scholars working in Romantic stud- ies for several reasons. This examination of the broad contours of interaction between “Buddhism” and “Romanticism” during the late M. S. Lussier, Romantic Dharma © Mark S. Lussier 2011 2 Romantic Dharma eighteenth and nineteenth centuries moves from historical encoun- ters through linguistic engagements to intellectual and spiritual resonances. The temporal range for European Romanticism adopted here from Raymond Williams, roughly extending from the birth of William Blake to the death of William Wordsworth (Williams 30–2), coincides rather well with the historical emergence of Buddhism into Western consciousness, when Europe’s knowledge of the religion originating with Śākyamuni’s enlightenment evolved beyond early views as a religion of “Idolaters [with] many minsters [sic] and abbeys after their fashion” (Polo I.219) and toward the later view as a “phi- losophy .