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Nanotechnology in Transportation Vehicles: an Overview of Its Applications, Environmental, Health and Safety Concerns

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Nanotechnology in Transportation Vehicles: an Overview of Its Applications, Environmental, Health and Safety Concerns materials Review Nanotechnology in Transportation Vehicles: An Overview of Its Applications, Environmental, Health and Safety Concerns Muhammad Shafique 1,2 and Xiaowei Luo 1,2,* 1 Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 2 Architecture and Civil Engineering Research Center, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 4 July 2019; Accepted: 1 August 2019; Published: 6 August 2019 Abstract: Nanotechnology has received increasing attention and is being applied in the transportation vehicle field. With their unique physical and chemical characteristics, nanomaterials can significantly enhance the safety and durability of transportation vehicles. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of nanotechnology and how this technology can be applied in improving the comfort, safety, and speed of transportation vehicles. Moreover, this paper systematically examines the recent developments and applications of nanotechnology in the transportation vehicle industry, including nano-coatings, nano filters, carbon black for tires, nanoparticles for engine performance enchantment and fuel consumption reduction. Also, it introduces the main challenges for broader applications, such as environmental, health and safety concerns. Since several nanomaterials have shown tremendous performance and have been theoretically researched, they can be potential candidates for applications in future environmental friendly transportation vehicles. This paper will contribute to further sustainable research and greater potential applications of environmentally friendly nanomaterials in healthier transportation vehicles to improve the transportation industry around the globe. Keywords: nanotechnology; transportation vehicles; environmental concerns; human health; safety management 1. Introduction Nanotechnology is applied due to the unique material physical and chemical properties of its products, all of which make great contributions to the materials industries around the world. Nanotechnology can be defined as the manipulation of matter with a size ranging from 0.1 to 100 nanometers, as manifested in Figure1[ 1]. The physical and chemical properties unique to the nano-size can prompt miraculous efficiency enhancements in (photo) catalysis, optical sensitivity and mechanical strength, facilitating applications in energy storage and sensors, etc. Hence, the nanotechnology contributes to the development of tools, instruments, and structures by the controlled manipulation of shape and size measured in nanometers [2–6]. In fact, the particle size plays a very prominent role due to the fact the characteristics of the materials are inevitably affected at the nanometer scale. This is because at the nanoscale, the electrostatic forces and quantum effects overcome the forces of gravity and this leads to enhanced material properties. The nanotechnology revolution has had a ground-breaking impact in various fields such as chemistry, biology, and engineering [7–10]. The number of nanotechnology application is rising in different fields such as biomedicine, robotics, electronics, automobiles, and civil engineering industry (including transportation) because of their superior performance [3,11–17]. Materials 2019, 12, 2493; doi:10.3390/ma12152493 www.mdpi.com/journal/materials Materials 2019, 12, 2493 2 of 32 Materials 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 32 FigureFigure 1. The 1. The representation representation of of nanomaterials’nanomaterials’ length length measured measured in nanosize in nanosize [1]. [1]. Recently,Recently, nanotechnology nanotechnology has has been been extensively extensively applied applied inin thethe transportation vehicles vehicles industry industry to bringto novel bring functionalities novel functionalities and improve and vehicleimprove performance vehicle performance [18,19]. The[18,19]. application The application of nanomaterials of in vehiclesnanomaterials can provide in vehicles better can strengthprovide better and streng durabilityth and performancedurability performance over conventional over conventional materials. materials. Nanotechnologies may offer new methods or tools for controlling or modifying the Nanotechnologies may offer new methods or tools for controlling or modifying the structures and structures and properties of the materials to achieve better performance [20–22]. For the specific properties of the materials to achieve better performance [20–22]. For the specific safety and durability safety and durability of the vehicles (automobile, aerospace, and marines), nanomaterials have the of thepotential vehicles to (automobile,enhance vehicl aerospace,e safety due andto their marines), specific proper nanomaterialsties [23–25]. have Moreover, the potential to manufacture to enhance vehiclecost-effective safety due and to efficient their specific vehicles, properties various nanomaterial [23–25]. Moreover,s, such as nanopowders to manufacture and cost-enanocoatings,ffective and efficientare increasingly vehicles, various being used nanomaterials, [18,25]. Within such the tran as nanopowderssportation industry, and coatings nanocoatings, represent are the increasingly largest beingportion used [of18 ,25nanotechnology]. Within the applications transportation in which industry, the optimal coatings selection represent of thenanomaterials largest portion can of nanotechnologysignificantly applicationsenhance the sustainability in which the of optimal the coatings selection [18]. ofThe nanomaterials primary objective can of significantly the application enhance the sustainabilityof nanotechnology of the is coatings to create [safe18]. and The sustaina primaryble objective transportation of the vehicles application around of the nanotechnology world. is to create safeIn and modern sustainable transportation, transportation new smart vehicles high speed around and efficient the world. vehicles are unimaginable without the application of nanotechnologies such as lightweight nanomaterials, scratch resistant paints, and In modern transportation, new smart high speed and efficient vehicles are unimaginable without nanofluids. However, several studies [26–30] have manifested that the application of nanomaterials the application of nanotechnologies such as lightweight nanomaterials, scratch resistant paints, has some potential issues, including toxicity or exposure that can threaten living organisms as well and nanofluids.as environmental However, health, several and a precise studies framework [26–30] have and manifestedmanagement that system the applicationis needed to ofreduce nanomaterials these has somerisks. potentialThe development issues, includingof an effective toxicity and efficient or exposure regulatory that can scheme threaten could living be an effective organisms strategy as well as environmentalto classify nanomaterials health, and a based precise on frameworktheir exposure and and management toxicity. Besides, system a systematic is needed management to reduce these risks.system The development could be adapted of an to eff hinderective the and application efficient regulatory of toxic nanomaterials scheme could as bewell an as e fftoective suggest strategy the to classifyapplication nanomaterials of environmental based on their friendly exposure nanomaterials and toxicity. in real-world Besides, a uses. systematic This could management reduce the system couldenvironmental be adapted to risks hinder of nanotechnology the application in offuture toxic developments nanomaterials around as well the as world. to suggest the application of environmentalFrom a nanotechnology friendly nanomaterials application in real-worldin transportation uses. vehicles This could viewpoint, reduce thevarious environmental topics have risks been identified in the areas of nanotechnology application in vehicles [18,22,31]. Recent literature of nanotechnology in future developments around the world. reviews [18,25] have summarized the potential benefits of nanotechnology in transportation vehicles, From a nanotechnology application in transportation vehicles viewpoint, various topics have however, there are various environmental and safety concerns related to the application of beennanotechnology identified in the [32–34]. areas ofFrom nanotechnology the literature applicationresearch, it inwas vehicles found [that18,22 there,31]. Recentis a lack literature of reviewscomprehensive[18,25] have studies summarized on nanotechnology the potential applications benefits of in nanotechnology the transportation in vehicles transportation industry. vehicles, In however,addition, there there are is a variousno comprehensive environmental study which and includes safety the concerns overall appl relatedication to of nanotechnology the application of nanotechnologywith respect [ 32to –environmental,34]. From the literaturehealth and research, safety concerns it was found in vehicles that there (i.e., is automobiles, a lack of comprehensive marine studiesvehicles, on nanotechnology aerospace). This applications literature study in theaims transportation to fill that gap, vehiclesby comprehensively industry. In overviewing addition, there the is a no comprehensiveapplications of studynanotechnology which includes and the the associated overall applicationenvironmental of concerns nanotechnology in transportation with respect as to environmental,shown in Figure health 2. and The safety main concernsaim of this in study vehicles is to (i.e., provide
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