THESIS TITLE: Silifke 10 Temmuz Yol Çıkarken
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CLOSE ENCOUNTERS BETWEEN TURKEY AND THE US: AMERICAN INDIRECT INFLUENCES ON TURKEY’S POLITICAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL LIFE DURING THE 1950s İBRAHİM YORGUN SEPTEMBER 2017 CLOSE ENCOUNTERS BETWEEN TURKEY AND THE US: AMERICAN INDIRECT INFLUENCES ON TURKEY’S POLITICAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL LIFE DURING THE 1950s A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY İBRAHİM YORGUN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY SEPTEMBER 2017 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Tülin Gençöz Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Ömer Turan Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Seçil Akgün Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Recep Boztemur (METU,HIST) Prof. Dr. Seçil Akgün (METU,HIST) Prof. Dr. Elif Ekin Akşit Vural (ANKARA UNI, SBKY) Prof. Dr.Mehmet Seyitdanlıoğlu (HACETTEPE UNI, HIST) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tuba Ünlü Bilgiç (METU, IR) PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : İbrahim Yorgun Signature : iii ABSTRACT CLOSE ENCOUNTERS BETWEEN TURKEY AND THE US: AMERICAN INDIRECT INFLUENCES ON TURKEY’S POLITICAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL LIFE DURING THE 1950S Yorgun, İbrahim Ph.D., Department of History Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Seçil Akgün September 2017, 337 pages This thesis analyzes indirect American influences on Turkey’s political and socio- cultural Iife during a period when major political changes as well as cultural wars were ignited by the two major world powers: the US and the USSR. This was also the time when the world order was shaped by the Cold War in which Turkey played a major role. The study, without mentioning too much political details related to the major events, also attempts to analyze in a historical context how Turkey was drifted away from her neighbor Russia to the protector umbrella of the United States. The events do not constitute the core of the thesis, however, without their historical account it cannot be very possible to make a connection to the American socio-cultural influence on Turkey in the 50s. Therefore, this study aims to acquaint the reader with many of the important events of the time with a specific focal point about how they were portrayed and presented to the Turkish public. The thesis will iv also analyze the American socio-cultural influence upon the daily life of the Turks from various and selected walks of daily life ranging from education to food and from literary works to the Hollywood stars. These analyses are carried out to find answers to questions concerning Turkey’s dependence to a major power, adherence to foreign cultural values and the future expectations of young generations. The study claims that with all the means, the major power is not always successful to win the hearts of the people it targets to influence. Keywords: Cultural Influence, Imperialism, Cold War, US Foreign Public Policy v ÖZ 1950’LERDE TÜRKİYE-ABD YAKINLAŞMASI VE TÜRKİYE’NİN SİYASİ VE SOSYOKÜLTÜREL YAŞAMINA ETKİSİ Yorgun, İbrahim Doktora, Tarih Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi : Prof. Dr. Seçil Akgün Eylül 2017, 337 sayfa Bu tez, 1950’li yıllarda Türkiye’nin siyasi ve sosyokültürel yaşamına dolaylı Amerikan etkisini incelemektedir. İrdelenen dönem iki büyük süpergücün, ABD ve SSCB’nin iki kutuplu dünya düzeni oluşturulmaya başladığı ve bu düzen içerisinde ilan edilmemiş bir kültürel savaşın kıvılcımlarının da atıldığı Soğuk Savaş yıllarına denk gelmektedir. Bu güçler arasında kalmış Türkiye de sözkonusu savaşın hem siyasi hem kültürel yönleriyle önemli aktörleri arasında yeralmıştır. Bu çalışma, siyasi olayların ayrıntılı incelemelerine girmeden Türkiye’nin bu büyük güçlerin arasında zamanla gelişen çalkantılı olayların da etkisiyle hiçbir zaman sıcak ilişkileri olmadığı komşusu Rusya’dan iyice uzaklaşıp Amerikan koruma kalkanı altına girişini irdelemektedir. Bu tezinin amacı olayların bizzahati kendilerini incelemek değil, fakat ayrıntılı irdelemeyle Türk toplumuna sözkonusu olayların nasıl sunuldukları konusunda okuyucuya alışagelmiş anlatımından farklı bir pencere açmaktır. Bunu yaparken de vi eğitimden mutfağa, edebiyattan sinema dünyasına kadar seçilmiş alanlar üzerinde durarak sosyokültürel etkinin kendi başına değil, ancak siyasi etkinin de desteğiyle toplumları etkileyip yönlendirdiğini göstermektedir. Siyasi ve sosyokültürel incelemelerle de Türkiye’nin büyük bir ülkeye bağımlı olmasının vatandaşların kültürel değerlerine ve gençlerin geleceklerinin şekillenmesine yönelik kimi sorular yanıtlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmada öne sürülen sav, büyük ülkelerin elindeki tüm güçlere karşın her zaman hedeflerindeki ülkenin insanlarının gönlünü kazanmayı başaramadıklarıdır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kültürel Etki, Emperyalizm, Soğuk Savaş, Amerikan Kamu Diplomasisi vii DEDICATION To My Beloved Daughter whom I Devoted Her Time to This Thesis My Wife and My Parents viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Prof. Dr. Seçil Akgün for the continuous support of my Ph.D. study and related research, for her patience, motivation, encouragements and immense knowledge. Her guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my Ph.D. study. Besides my advisor, I would like to thank the rest of my thesis committee: Prof. Dr. Recep Boztemur and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tuba Ünlü Bilgiç for their insightful comments and criticisms, but also for the hard question that incented me to widen my research from various perspectives. My sincere thanks also go to Emeritus Prof. Dr. Shirley Epir who provided me an opportunity to discuss the topic from an American viewpoint with her insights on how I would approach the matters from multiple angles. I would also like to extend my appreciation to my PhD jury members, Prof. Dr. Elif Ekin Akşit Vural from Ankara University and Prof. Dr. Mehmet Seyitdanlıoğlu from Hacettepe University for their valuable support and constructive criticism as well as insights for future researches. The technical assistance of Dr. Suzan Ceylan and Mr. Murat Turan are gratefully acknowledged. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ................................................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... iv ÖZ ................................................................................................................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................ix TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... x CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 2. THE GROUND SURVEY: A BRIEF TRAJECTORY OF TURCO-AMERICAN RELATIONS FROM THE EARLY CONTACTS TO THE FOOTSTEPS OF APPROACHING 2nd WORLD WAR .............................................................................................................................. 7 3. TURKEY’S QUEST FOR (IN) DEPENDENCE: RUSSIAN OR AMERICAN UMBRELLA? . 24 3.1. Turbulence Abroad and Turmoil at Home: War in Five Continents and Seven Seas .................................................................................................................. 24 3.1.1. Search for Fireproof Tactics ............................................................................. 27 3.1.2. İnönü’s Unforgotten and Unforgiven Story ..................................................... 33 3.2. En-route to Democracy: San Francisco Conference, UN Membership ............... 36 3.2.1. Crawling Democracy: Birth of Democrat Party (DP) ........................................ 37 3.2.2. Incidents Compelling İnönü towards Initiating a Multi-Party Regime ............. 38 3.2.3. How Democratic Turkish Democracy Was ....................................................... 41 3.2.4. Needs for Administrative Adjustments: Augmentation of Political Parties under the Surveillance of İnönü ................................................................................. 42 4. MUTUAL EXPECTATIONS ........................................................................................ 45 4.1. Placing the Bricks of the Wall: Russia Loses Turkey ............................................ 45 4.1.1. Anchoring Battleship on the Bosporus: USS Missouri Visit to Turkey ............. 45 4.1.2. Turkey’s Betrothal with US .............................................................................. 48 4.1.2.1. Ankara’s Engagement Contract: The Truman Doctrine ................................ 48 x 4.1.2.2. Washington’s (2nd Hand) Gifts to Turkey: The Marshall Plan ....................... 54 5. TURCO-AMERICAN HEYDAY: MAY 14, 1950 TO MAY 27, 1960 ............................. 59 5.1. Surprising Outcomes for Ankara ........................................................................