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Winter 1993 Gems & Gemology

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Winter 1993 Gems & Gemology THEQLARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE CEMOLO(;I(;ALIUTITUTF: OF AMERICA rI WINTERGEMS&GEMOLOGY 1993 VOLUME 29 No. 4 TABL OF CONTENTS Letters FEATURE ARTICLES The Gemological Properties of Russian Gem-Quality Synthetic Yellow Diamonds James E. Shigley, Emmanuel Fritsch, John I. Koivula, Nikolai V. Sobolev, Igor Y. Malinovsky, and Yuri N.Pal'yanov Heat Treating the Sapphires of Rock Creek, Montana John L. Emmett and Troy R. Douthit NOTES AND NEW TECHNIQUES Garnets from Altay, China Fuquan Wang and Yan Liti REGULAR FEATURES Gem Trade Lab Notes Gem News Book Reviews Gemological Abstracts Annual Index ABOUT THE COVER: Diamonds represent the vast majority of gems sold world- wide. Colored diamonds are among the most valuable commodities of modern times. This brooch, designed by A. Shinde, contains fine yellow, pink, and colorless diamonds, as well as an 8.00-ct natural-color green diamond as the center stone. A pressing concern in the gem trade is the recent commercial introduction ofgem- quality synthetic yellow diamonds manufactured in Russia. The lead article in this issue examines several of these Russian synthetic diamonds and provides criteria by which they can be separated from their natural counterparts. Brooch courtesy of Harry Winston, Inc. Photo by Michael Oldford Typesetting for Gems &Gemology is by Gruphix Express, Santa Monica, CA. Color separations are by Effective Graphics, Compton, CA. Printing is by Cadmus journal Services, lnc., Easton, MD. 0 1994 Gemological Institute of America All rights reserved ISSN 0016-626X EDITORIAL Editor-in-Chief Editor Contributing Editor STAFF Richard T. Liddicoat Alice S. Keller fohn I. Koivula 1660 Stewart St. Associate Editors Santa Monica, CA 90404 Editor, Gem Trade Lab Notes William E. Boyajian Telephone: (800)421 -7250 x25 1 Editor, Gemological Abstracts Robcrt C. Kammcrling C. W. Fryer D. Vincent Manson Production Assistant John Sinkankas Judith Lynch Editor, Book Reviews Susan B. Johnson Technical Editor Subscriptions Carol M. Stockton Gail Young Editors, Gem News Jin Lim John I. Koivula Assistant Editor Telephone: (800)421 -7250 x201 Robcrt C. Kammerling IN Dierdorff FAX: (310) 453-4478 Emmanuel Fritsch PRODUCTION Art Director Production Artist Word Processor STAFF Lisa roko-Gleeson Carol Silver Ruth Patchick EDITORIAL Robert Crowni~~gshicld C. S. Htirlb~it,Jr. Kurt Nassau REVIEW BOARD New York, NY Cambridge, MA PO. Lebanon, NJ Alan T. Collins Robcrt C. Kammerling Ray Page London, United Kingdom Santa Monica, CA Santa Monica, CA Dennis Foltz Anthony R. Kampf George Rossman Santa Monica, CA Los Angeles, CA Pasadena, CA Emmanuel Fritsch Robert E. Kane Kenneth Scarratt Santa Monica, CA Lake Tahoe, NV Bangkok, Thailand C. W Fryer John I. Koivula Karl Schmetzer Santa Monica, CA Santa Monica, CA Peterstlausen, Germany Hcnry Hanni Hcnry 0. A. Meyer James E. Shigley Zurich, Switzerland West Lafayette, IN Santa Monica, CA SUBSCRIPTIONS Subscriptions in the U.S.A. are priced as follows: $54.95 for one year (4 issues], $134.95 for three years (12 issucs]. Subscriptions sent elsewhere arc $65.00 for one year, $165.00 for three years. Speciiil annual subscription rates arc available for all students actively involved in a CIA program: $44.95 U.S.A., $55.00 elsewhere. Your student number must bc listed at the time your subscription is entered. Single issues may be purchased for $14.00 in the U.S.A., $17.00 elsewhere. Discounts are given for bulk orders of 10 or more of any one issuc. A limited number of back issues of G&G arc also available for purchase. Please address all inquiries regarding subscriptions and the purchase of single copies or back issues to thc Sub- scriptions Department. To obtain a Japanese translation of Gcms & Gemology, contact the Association of Japan Gem Trust, Okachimachi Cy Bldg., 5-15-14 Ucno, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110, Japan. Our Canadian goods and service registration number is R126142892. MANUSCRIPT Cems cd Cemology welcomes the subn~issionof articles on all aspects of the field. Plcasc sec the su~estionsfor SUBMISSIONS authors in the Spring 1993 issuc of the journal, or contact the editor for a copy. Letters on articles published in Gems ed Cemology and othcr relevant matters arc also wclcome. COPYRIGHT Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Libraries are permitted to photocopy beyond the limits of U.S. AND REPRINT copyright law for private use of patrons. Instructors arc permitted to photocopy isolated articles for noncommercial PERMISSIONS classroom use without fee. Copying of the photographs by any means other than traclitioniil photocopying techniques (Xerox, etc.] is prohibited without the express permission of the photographer (where listed) or author of the article in which the photo appears [where no photographer is listed]. For othcr copying, reprint, or republication permission, please contact the editor. Gems ed Cemology is published quarterly by the Gemological Institute of America, a nonprofit educational organization for the jewelry industry, 1660 Stewart St., Santa Monica, CA 90404. Postmaster: Return uiiclcliveriible copies of Gems a1 Gemology to 1660 Stcwart St., Santa Monica, CA 90404. Any opinions expressed in signed articles are understood to be the views of the authors and not of the publishers L-LETTER L - UNUSUAL NEW ALMANDINE showed trace values between 11 and 133 ppm, and Cr GARNETS FROM BRAZIL between 20 and 40 ppm. The precise determination of At our laboratory in Siio Paulo, Brazil, we recently Ca could not be obtained due to interference from adja- received 11 samples of a J1b~~rgundy"-colorgem material, cent energy peaks generated by Fe, Sc, and Mn in the lat- including one faceted stone (figure 1). Our source sus- tice. pected that the isometric material was either spinel or The optical absorption spectrum obtained from this garnet (probably pyrope-almandine), and reported that it material includes peaks at 692, 574, 503, 460, 422, 398, came from an alluvial deposit in the new state of and 365 nm, and differs only slightly from that reported Tocantins, in the northern part of the country. for almandine. Our initial examination revealed an R.I. over the We concluded that the samples are a member of the limits of the standard gemological refractometer, which almandine-spessartine continuous series and consist pri- eliminated spinel. Hydrostatic determination of specific marily of almandine. The Ca and Mg components are gravity yielded values between 3.95 and 3.97, which probably responsible for the anomalous characteristics exceed those of pyrope (3.58 to 3.61). At this point, observed, most notably the high hardness. We hope this almandine seemed the likely candidate, but a hardness information will help Gems o) Gemology readers with test using quartz and topaz points revealed a Mohs hard- their identification of other samples from this highly ness of almost 8, which is greater than the highest value varied gem group, as well as inform them of yet another we could find reported in the literature for garnet (7.5). new gem garnet locality. X-raypowder diffraction analysis confirmed the cubic crystalline structure and revealed a lattice parame- MARIA SILVIA GORSKI AND NORMAN MICHAEL ROD1 ter of A,, = 11.508, which is less than that of almandine (11.530). Qualitative chemical analysis by energy disper- Institute de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nuclearas sive X-ray fluorescence indicated the presence of (in Sko Paulo, Brazil order of decreasing concentration)-Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mn, and Mg, with traces of Cu and Zn. MORE ON DISCLOSURE To obtain a quantitative chemical composition, we Irradiate, burn, oil, coat, diffuse, paint, fill, or dye it. performed neutron activation analysis on four samples. Enhancing gemstones to improve or alter their appear- We irradiated 20 mg of material in a nuclear reactor for ance is a common trade practice. Yet while discovery one minute, and an additional 100 mg for eight hours. that a ruby has been heat treated may not surprise a Gamma-ray emission from the decay of the resulting gemologist, the consumer who purchased the ruby radioisotopes was measured over periods of time varying might not have so passive a reaction. from two minutes to 25 days. The weight breakdown As a paralegal and a gemologist, I agree with your obtained includes 22% Fe and 1% Mn; Co, Sc, and Zn editorial titled "Stability Disclosure: Are We Going Far Enough?" (Summer 1993, p. 79). It is time we end our professional myopic view of what is fair for the ultimate Figure 1. These garnets, reportedly from the consumer and look at our actions from their perspective. Brazilian state of Tocantins, revealed some However, there was an error in the editorial. You unusual gemological characteristics but were stated that die Federal Trade Commission has addressed found to be primarily almandine in composition. the issue of enhancement. The quotation was instead Photo by Ivan Leio Sayeg Filho. from the Jewelers Vigilance Committee's proposed changes to the FTC guidelines, and has not yet been adopted by the FTC. Booklets distributed by the FTC to jewelers do include a note that "considered to be inhibit- ed" by the guidelines are: "The sale, or offering for sale, of any diamond or other natural precious or semi-pre- cious stone which has been artificially colored or tinted ... without disclosure that such artificial colorine- or tint- ing is not permanent if such is the fact." Nevertheless, Continued on p. 305 Letters GEMS & GEMOLOGY Winter 1993 By James E. Shigley, Emmanuel Fi'itsch, John I. Koivula, Nikolai V. Sobolev, Igor Y. Malinovsky, and Yuri N. Pal'yanov A group of gem-quality synthetic diamonds, in diamond synthesis make it increasing- grown in Russia using the "BARS" apparatus ly likely that gem-quality synthetic diamonds will and now being sold for jewelry use, is exam- soon become available in the jewelry marketplace.
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