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(JUGLANS NIGRA L.) CLONES UNDER an INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT REGIME in INDIANA, USA Kejia Pang Purdue University

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(JUGLANS NIGRA L.) CLONES UNDER an INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT REGIME in INDIANA, USA Kejia Pang Purdue University Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Open Access Dissertations Theses and Dissertations January 2014 CROWN IDEOTYPES FOR GENETICALLY IMPROVED BLACK WALNUT (JUGLANS NIGRA L.) CLONES UNDER AN INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT REGIME IN INDIANA, USA Kejia Pang Purdue University Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations Recommended Citation Pang, Kejia, "CROWN IDEOTYPES FOR GENETICALLY IMPROVED BLACK WALNUT (JUGLANS NIGRA L.) CLONES UNDER AN INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT REGIME IN INDIANA, USA" (2014). Open Access Dissertations. 1059. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations/1059 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. *UDGXDWH6FKRRO)RUP30 5HYLVHG 0814 PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL Thesis/Dissertation Acceptance 7KLVLVWRFHUWLI\WKDWWKHWKHVLVGLVVHUWDWLRQSUHSDUHG %\ Kejia Pang (QWLWOHGCROWN IDEOTYPES FOR GENETICALLY IMPROVED BLACK WALNUT (JUGLANS NIGRA L.) CLONES UNDER AN INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT REGIME IN INDIANA, USA )RUWKHGHJUHHRI Doctor of Philosophy ,VDSSURYHGE\WKHILQDOH[DPLQLQJFRPPLWWHH Michael R. Saunders Charles H. Michler Douglass F. Jacobs Keith E. Woeste Michael V. Mickelbart To the best of my knowledge and as understood by the student in the Thesis/Dissertation Agreement, Publication Delay, and Certification/Disclaimer (Graduate School Form 32), this thesis/dissertation adheres to the provisions of Purdue University’s “Policy on Integrity in Research” and the use of copyrighted material. Charles H. Michler $SSURYHGE\0DMRU3URIHVVRU V BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB $SSURYHGE\Linda S. Lee 10/15/2014 +HDGRIWKHDepartment *UDGXDWH3URJUDP 'DWH i CROWN IDEOTYPES FOR GENETICALLY IMPROVED BLACK WALNUT (JUGLANS NIGRA L.) CLONES UNDER AN INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT REGIME IN INDIANA, USA A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University by Kejia Pang In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2014 Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my major professor Dr Charles Michler for his great patience and constant support to me. I would also like to express my deep appreciation to my other committee members: Dr Douglass Jacobs, Dr Michael Mickelbart, Dr Michael Saunders, and Dr Keith Woeste for their valuable guidance in my project planning, data collection and analysis, writing, as well as their enthusiastic encouragement and helpful critiques of my research. I’m also particular thankful to Dr Linda Lee from ESE program for her kind support! Thank National Science Foundation and Center for Advanced Forestry Systems for funding support. I would like to offer my gratitude to Lijie Zhao, John Cannaday, Kayla Leach, Jim McKenna, Brian Beheler, Burk Thompson, Stu Christopher, Andy Meier, Oriana Krauss, Ivan Lopez, Hector Matute, Raymond Duval, and Michael Loesch-Fries who have assisted me with the field work; and to Nick LaBonte, Colleen Hartel, Dr Paola Pollegioni, Marcia Kremer, Amy Miller, Phil Crystal, Allison Sorg, Amanda Parks, Nathan Hilliard, Dr Josh Sloan, Janna Willoughby, Justin Arseneault, Chris Zellers, Dr Josh Shields, and Dr Songlin Fei, for their help in my lab work or data analysis. Muchas gracias to ArborAmerica folks Guillermo Pardillo, Jason Cook, Dan, Teresa, Joe, and Moe for providing access to the plantation and office, and offering me various assistance for my field work as well. My special thanks go to Janis Gosewehr, Jennifer Spitznagle, Kelly Wrede, Christal Musser, and Theresa Baker, for their help with going through all sorts of administrative procedures and forms. Thank Jerry Stillings for computer and printer trouble shootings. iii To Ethan Belair, Lindsey Jenkins, Kate Zellers, Caleb Brown, Matthew Kraushar, Lenny Farlee, Sally Weeks, Kyle Earnshaw, Omar Kucharsky, Don Carlson, Melissa Johnson, Dr Ying Wang, Micah Stevens, Jun Hyung Lee, Dr Robert Morrisey, Dr Sheneka Lawson, Dr Paula Pijut, Dr Michael Jenkins, Dr Walter Beineke, Liz Jackson, Dr Owen Burney, Dr Rosie Goodman, Dr Lisa Worthern, Phillip Woolery, Dr Julie Huang, Dr Youran Fan, Dr Ningxia Du, Dr Xiaomei Liu, Dr Peng Zhao, Issac Emery, and Margaret McCahon-Kalcic, I’m very grateful to the help they offered to me in their own ways. Thank my husband Lijie for his constant help and support for me. Thanks also go to my parents for their never-ending support. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ xvi ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... xx CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 The Concept of Ideotype .................................................................................. 1 1.2 Past research about ideotypes ......................................................................... 2 1.2.1 What traits compose crop ideotypes? .......................................................... 2 1.2.2 Examples of ideotypes .................................................................................. 3 1.2.2.1 Agronomic crop ideotypes ........................................................................ 3 1.2.2.2 Tree ideotypes ........................................................................................... 4 1.2.2.2.1 Fruit tree ideotypes ............................................................................... 5 1.2.2.2.2 Timber tree ideotypes ........................................................................... 5 1.2.2.2.3 Biomass tree ideotypes ......................................................................... 6 1.3 Moving towards black walnut ideotypes ......................................................... 6 1.3.1 The origin, history, and biology of black walnut ........................................... 7 1.3.2 Economic Significance of Black walnut ......................................................... 8 1.3.3 The advantages of using clone materials to explore ideotype ..................... 8 1.3.4 Genetics of black walnut ............................................................................... 9 1.4 Defining black walnut crown ideotypes for timber production ..................... 10 1.4.1 Important traits that may be included in the design of black walnut timber ideotypes ................................................................................................................... 10 1.4.2 Limitations to ideotype breeding and this study ........................................ 10 v Page 1.5 Description of the study site........................................................................... 13 1.6 References ...................................................................................................... 14 1.7 Tables .............................................................................................................. 21 1.8 Figures............................................................................................................. 23 CHAPTER 2. MODELING LEAF AREA AND MASS, AND ESTIMATING GROWTH EFFICIENCY FOR PLANTATION-GROWN BLACK WALNUT (JUGLANS NIGRA L.) CLONES IN INDIANA, USA ................................................................................................................. 25 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 25 2.2 Materials and Methods .................................................................................. 28 2.2.1 Materials ..................................................................................................... 28 2.2.2 Data Collection ............................................................................................ 29 2.2.2.1 Specific leaf area ..................................................................................... 29 2.2.2.2 Branch leaf mass and area ...................................................................... 30 2.2.2.3 Other branch and tree parameters ......................................................... 30 2.2.3 Data Analysis ............................................................................................... 31 2.2.3.1 Branch-level models ................................................................................ 31 2.2.3.2 Tree-level models .................................................................................... 34 2.2.3.3 Standing volume increment and growth efficiency ................................ 35 2.3 Results ............................................................................................................. 36 2.3.1 Branch-level models.................................................................................... 36 2.3.2 Tree-level models ........................................................................................ 37 2.3.3 Standing volume increment and growth efficiency .................................... 38 2.4 Discussion ....................................................................................................... 39 2.4.1 Branch-level models...................................................................................
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