DISTRICT PROFILE OF GAMPAHA DISTRICT PROFIL^j
OF r GAMP AH A
J; i. ^1
COMPILED FOR
1
fir ^ THE CENTRAL ENVIRONMENTAL AG
MALIC WATTE NEW TOWN
COLOMBO 10 r ^ DRAFT FINAL REPORT
VOLUME I OF II
r i B r
DEVENCO (LANKA) LIMITED
138, OLD ROAD, NAWALA CEA Library T 7 r-w r^j r& C
CONTEN.rrS_._
Volume I of II.
Ch.l. Executive Summary Ch.2. Main Recommendations Ch.3. Environmental Setting 3.A. Physical Characteristics 3.A.I. Climate 3.A.1.1. Rainfall 3.A.I.2. Temperature 3.A.1.3. Sunshine 3.A.1.4. Wind Velocity and Direction 3.A.1.5. Relative Humidity 3.A.2. Natural Surface Drainage Patterns 3.A.2.1. Rivers in the study area. 3.A.2.2. Attanagalu Oya 3.A.2.3. Kelani Ganga CEA Library 3.A.2.4. Maha Oya 3.A.2.5. Ground Water 3.A.2.6. Ratmal Oya Basin 3.A.2.7. Attanagalu Oya Basin 3.A.2.8. Maha Oya Basin
- Ecomomic Profile of 3 .B, Status of Human Resources - Socio Gampaha Dis/trict. B.l. The People B. 2. Administration of the District B.3. Land Utilization B.4. Cultivation of Tea B. 5 . Cultivation of Rubber B. 6 . :! Mixed Crops B.7. Cultivation of Paddy B.8. Employment 3.B.9. Education in Gampaha 3.B.10. Higher Education 3.B.ll. Tutories 3.B.12. Technical Education 3.B.13. Pirivena Education 3.B.14. Health 3.B.15. Medical Administration 3.B.16. Employment Profile
3 .C. Administration
3-D. Services and Infrastructure Facilities 3.D.1 Education 3 .D. 1 1. Present Condition 3 .D. 1 2. Zoning and General Education Facilities 3.D.l: 3. Higher Education 3 . D. 1. 4. Technical and Vocational Education 4 .A. 5. Fish 3 .D. 1. 5. Pirivena and Nursery Schools 4 .A. 6. Invertebrates 3 .D. 1. 6. Administration 4 .A. 7. Coastal and Marine Resources 3 .D. 1. 7. Problems and Observations 4 .A. Wetland Resources 3 .D. 2. Health and Medical Services 4.A. .1. Water bodies 3 .D. 2. 1. Present Health Conditions 4 .A. .2. Forested Mangroves 3 .D. 2. 2. Medical Services 4 .A. ,3. Non-Forested Marshes 3 . D • 2. 3. Health Services ,A, ,4. Muthurajawela and Negombo Lagoon 3 .D. 2. 4. Restructuring of the Medical and Health Service System .A, Mineral resources 3 • D. 2. 5. Administration of Medical and Health Facilities . A .1, Natural Conditions 3 .D. 2. 6. Problems and Observations .A .2, Sand for Construction 3 • D. 3. Roads . A .3, Aggregate Production 3 . D. 3 . 1. Present Condition .A Tourism 3 .D. 3. 2. Traffic Conditions 4 .A Flora 3 .D. 3 . 3 . Maintenance Conditions 4 .A 1, Forests 3 .D. 3 . 4 . Underlying'Problems and Observations 4 . A 2, Natural Vegetation 3 .D. 4. Railway 4.A 3 Botanical Gardens, Henerathgoda 3 .D. 5. Rural Electrification and Communications 3 .D. 5. i. Rural Electrification 3 .D. 5. 2. Telecommunications 4 B. Trends in Land Use 3 .D. 6 . Drainage and other constructed canal facilities 4 B.l. Agriculture Land, Shifting Cultivation, Pasture Land 3 . D. 6. 1. Hamilton Canal 4 B.l. 2. Non-plantation Agriculture 4 B.l. 2. Paddy 4 B.l. 2 . Other Field Crops 4 B 1 2. Vegetables / Volume II of II. 4 B ,1 2. Fruit Crops (Horticultural Crops) 4 B.l, 2. Home gardens 4 B.l. 2 . Export Crops Ch.4 Resources and Human Activities 4 B.l 3 . Livestock 4 .A. Renewable and Non-renewable resources 4 B.l 4 . Agricultural Services 4 .A.l. Soil 4 B. 2 Irrigation and Drainage 4 .A. 1. 1. Agro-ecological Regions 4 B. 2 1. Present Condition 4 .A.l. 2. Soil Types 4 B.2 2. Present Status of Irrigation 4 .A.l. 3. Land Systems in Gampaha District. 4 B. 2 3. Rainfed Paddy Field 4 .A.2. Domestic Water Supply 4 B.2 4. Current Status of Drainage 4 .A.2. 1. Present Status of Domestic Water Supply 4 .B. 2 5. Problems 4 .A.2, 2. Rural Water Service 4.B.3 Greater Colombo Economic Commission of Water 4 .A. 2, 3. Administration, Operation and Maintenance 4.B.3 ,1. G.C.E.C. Environmental Norms Service Projects. 4.B.3 ,1. 1 Tolerance Limits for Industrial Waste Water Discharged 4 . A. 2 4. Consumption Standards for Water Service into Common Waste Water 4 . A. 2 5. Problems affecting Water Supply 4.B.3.1.2 Norms for the Effluent from Common Waste Water 4 . A. 2 6. Kelani Ganga Treatment Plant 4 . A. 2 ,7. Domestic Waste Management ,B.3 .3 Drinking Water Standards Industrial Waste Management 4 . A.2.8. ,B.3 .4 New Sources Air,Emission Norms Agricultural Waste Management 4. A.2.9. .B.3 .5 Noise Level Criteria Ground Water Management .B.3 4.A 2 10, .6 Environmental Licensing Procedure 4 .A 2 Research and Data Generation .B.3 11, .7 Chemicals Surface Water Quality Monitoring and Control 4.A 2 12 4 .B. 3 .8 Tolerance Limits for Industrial Waste Water Discharged 4.A 2 13 Waste Reduction Technologies into Inland Surface Waters 4 . A. 3 . Fauna 4.B.3.1 .9 Tolerance Limits for Industrial Waste Water Discharged 4.A.3.1. Mammals into Marine Coastal Waters 4.A.3 2. Birds 4 .B. 3 .10 Tolerance Limits for Industrial Effluent Discharged 4 .A. 3 3 . Reptiles on Land 4.A.3 4 . Amphibians 4.B.3 .11 Hydraulic Loading Applicable for Different Soils 4.B.3.1.12 Classification of Industries and Recommended Buffer Zones 4.B.3. General Guidelines for Factory Buildings 4.B.3. Site Requirements 5.B.I. Floods 4.B.3. Building Requirements 5.B.2. Coastal Erosion 4.B.3. Approval Procedures 5.B.3. Others 4.B.3. Measures to Attract Foreign Investment and to Liberalize Trade and Exchange Controls 4.B.3. Attracting Foreign Capital 5.C. Existing problems and Existing Management Measures 4.B.3. Freeing Foreign Exchange Restrictions 4.B 3 . Industrial Factor Costs 5.C.I. Climate 4 ,B 4, Historical and Cultural Sites 5.C.2. Geology, Mineral Resources, Soil, Land 4. ,B ,5, Forest Cover 5.C.3. Employment - Agriculture 4 .. B .6 Animal Husbandry 5.C.4 Flora, Natural Vegetation 4 ..B. 7 Plantations 5.C.5. Fauna 4 ..B . 8 Integrated Rural Development Project 5.C.6. Wetland Resources 4 ..B. 8 .1 Study Objectives 5.C.7. Agricultural Land Use, Shifting Cultivation, Pasture 4 ..B. 8 .1 Important Events Land .B.8 .2 4 , Project in a Nutshell 5.C.8. Historical and Cultural Sites B.8 .3 Supply of Equipment - phase i 4 5.C.9. Forest Cover 4 .B. 8 .3 Supply of Equipment - phase ii 4.B.8 .4 Irrigation and Drainage 5.C.10. Urban and Industrial Pollution Problems 5.C.11. Clay Mining/ Land Filling/ Excavation 4 . B.8 .4 Major Irrigation (Attanagalu Oya Area) 5.C.12. General Comments 4. B.8 .4 Minor Irrigation 4. .B.8 .5. Rural Industries Potential Resources for Sustainable Development and 4 ..B. 8 .6. Human Resources Development Ch.6. 4 .B.8 .7. Social Infrastructure Environmental Management and Planning 4 .B.8 .8. Domestic Water Supply
6 .A. Potential Resources 4 .C. Power and Energy Strategies and Action Plans for the Conservation and 6.B. 4 .D. Use of Agro-Chemicals Management of Environment. 6 .B, 1. Climate 6.B 2 . Geology and Soil Existing Problems and Existing Management Measures Ch. 5. 6. 3 . Employment - Agriculture 5.A. Environmental Problems 6 . 4 . Flora 5.A.1. Encroachment 6. ,5, Fauna 5.A.2. Land Filling 6 , .6. Wetland Resources 5.A.3. Excavation 6 . B.7, Agricultural Land, Shifting Cultivation, Pasture Land 5.A.4. Brick Making 6, B.8 Historical and Cultural Sites 5.A.5. Sand Harvesting 6 B.9 Forest Cover 5.A.6. Quarry Operations 5, .A.7 . Industrial effluents APPENDICES. 5 , A. 8 . F.T.Z effluents 5. .A.9. Forest Cover 5. .A.10, Urban and Industrial Pollution Problems 5, .A.11 Clay Mining/Land Filling/Excavation Laws and Acts for Environmental Protection 5 .A.12 General Comments (i) List of Persons met and Institutions/Organisations (ii) Contacted < (iii) List of Figures 5 .B. Natural Hazards (iv) List of Tables (v) Bibliography INTRODUCTION
FOREWORD
1. Gampaha District is situated to the North of Colombo and has a land area of 1,399 kilometers. It is bounded by Kelani River to the South, Mahaoya to the North, mountainous Zone of Kegalle The preparation of the environmental profile for the Gampaha District to the East, and the Indian Ocean to the West. District is a part of the on-going project for strengthning environmental agencies at district level under CEA-NORAD programme for Environmental Corporation. The profile contains an Gampaha District falls within the wet zone with an annual overview of the present state of the district environment based rainfall of 2000 - 2600 millilitres occurring during two on "the latest available information that could be gathered from monsoonal periods April - June and October - December. The different sources tempareture ranges from 23 - 31 degrees c and the mean . annual in the government sector, private sector and non-governmental humidity is 79%. Aththanagaluoya flows through the Gampaha organizations. Many places in the district were visited by the District and is the main source of water for irrigated lands. consultants and a number of persons were met as indicated in the appendices for gathering current information. Information and data by way of figures, maps and documented sections have also 2. On account of the establishment of two Export Promotion Zones been culled from already published documents given in the (EPZ) Gampaha District ranks highest in industrial production. Bibliography. The profile as such would furnish any person On account of its proximity to the capital a large number of interested in an account of the state of the environment in the working population in Colombo resides in the Gampaha District Gampaha District. making it the second highest populous district. It is important as a residential area for the overflow from Colombo which is getting congested and too expensive for the average person.
/ This profile has been prepared with the objectives of identifying resources of the district, identifying the level of utilization Yet, about 70% of the land area of the district is under of available resources, a study of the current environmental agriculture where coconut, paddy, rubber and few other cash problems and examining ways and means of overcoming environmental crops are cultivated. degradation. The information provided in the profile will have to be continuously updated as and when more upto-date data is obtained from surveys. Nevertheless there is a significant number of unemployed and the poor who are food stamp recipients numbering about 130,000. The strength of unemployed in the district is about 127,000, which is about 10% of the population of the district of which about 46% of women.
3. Gampaha is the second largest coconut producing district in the country with 32,000 hectares of land under coconut. The. other crops in the district are rice, rubber, coffee, pepper, banana, pineapple and cassava. The last three items are for home consumption particularly in Colombo and the other are for export. Cultivation of coffee, coco, clove, cinnamon and betel leaf have been gathering popularity as money making crops.
( Please see the map enclosed in the cover pocket ) *
2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
(J t ! fi U I fc?/ Climate, Soil and Agro-Ecology (3A.1)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. Gampaha district is situated in the wet zone with rainfall ranging from 1400 to 2500 mm/annum. Both monsoons provides almost equal amounts of precipitation. Temperature is almost constant throughout the year, the average being about 27.7 C. Average daily sunshine is 7.2 hours/day. Average wind velocity is 11.7 km/hr, with the strongest winds coming in June. Wind direction is dependent on monsoon wind direction. Relative humidity is, on the average, 73% during the day and 90% at night.
2. Five major soil types are identified in, the district, these being, Regosols, Latosols, Red-Yellow Podzolic Soils, Bog and Half-Bog Soils and Alluvial Soils. The Red-Yellow Podzolic Soils form the major group, with Regosols and Latosols found on the coastal areas and Bog and Half-Bog Soils adjacent to the Muthurajawela swamp. Alluvial Soils are present along the rivers and streams of the district. / 3. The district includes four Agro-Ecological Regions, viz: WL 2, WL 3, WL 4 and IL, in the northern regions. These regions are constituted on the'basis of rainfall, soils and topography.
Geology
1. The Eastern Highland Series, South Western Group and the Northern^Vijayan Series are all represented in the district.
2. The Eastern Highland Series, found on the eastern half of the district consists of cordierite-garnet biotite gneiss, undifferentiated meta-sedimentary rock, quartzite and charnokites.
3. The South-Western Group consists of granite and a small area of pink granite.
4. The Northern Vijayan Series is found as a small north- south strip on either side of the Maha-Oya. This consists of Biotite and/or hornblende gneiss with pink feldspar.
3 TablerSTW Formations Present in Sri Lanka Fig.3A-.1 Geological Map
KRA PERIOD EPOCH FORMATION
Corai reefs Younger Alluvium: lake deposits Group Lagonai and Estuarine beds \ Unconsolidated sands ; beach and dune) V1UAYANI QUATERNARY Littoral sandstone / I —i !TT- GE.N'OZOIC Red Earth Group Ratnapura Beds Older A Terrace Gravels Group Basal ferruginous gravel SERIES /i Jaffna Limestones: Mi.-.ihagaikanda TERTIARY Miocine Beds jlbossc: . , * ; 1CRETQACS0US Doiomito dykes | \28 29 • JMESOZOIC JURASSIC Tabbowa 3eds: Andigarr.a Beds l ! 37 | (Upper Goridwana) 3i * 35 I
Granites and granite gneisses of South UPPER western region Pegmatities PALAEOZOIC VUAYAN SERIES - Sintenne Gneisses. Lower Wanni Gneisses, Tonigaia Complex Pegmatites
HIGHLAND SERIES - Khondaiite Group, Charnockites. Kadugannawa PRE CAMBRIAN Gneiss, Kataragama Complex
I Basement rocks (not seen)
Map of Ceylon showing the main geological divisions and locations of one-inch geological sheets that had been or were being mapped at Che end of 1966. (28) Puttalam. (29) Calgamuwa, (31) Polonnaruwa. (34) Battulu Oyu, (35) Wariyapola, (37) Elabora. (40) Chilaw. (41) Dundngamuwa, (42) Kurunegala, (43) Rangaia. (47) Gampaha. (48) Kandy, (53) Avissawella. (54) Mutton, (58) Panadura, (59) Horana, (60) Rutnapura, (65) Rakwana. (69) Ambalangod 171) Ambaiantda Drainage Patterns 4. Agricultural employment is difficult to be strictly categorized, because most farmers/agricultural workers have alternate employment or vocations as well. The drainage In the area is affected by three rivers, Kelani ganga, Attanagalu Oya and Maha Oya of which Kelani Ganga is along 5. Livestock rearing (pigs, poultry etc.) appears to be the southern boundary and Maha Oya is to the northern boundary influenced by religious beliefs, Buddhists having less with Attanagalu Oya running through the middle. Two detention reservoirs have been built on tributaries of Kelani Ganga, at affinity to such enterprises. . Labugama and Kalatuwawa, to supply water to the City of Colombo. This supply is augmented by a direct draw off from . the Kelani Ganga at Ambatale. Water service to the Gampaha township is from Education Attanagalu oya which also has ten irrigation schemes collectively referred to as the Attanagalu oya irrigation project. There are 26 core schools (Maha vid,;yalas) and 596 other schools serving a total of about 300,000 pupils at all levels. In addition there are 46 Pirivenas and technical education Hydrodata for the three rivers are given in Tables 3A-5 and 3A- organisations that could cater to 20,000 a year. 5a, based on river gauging carried out at Hanwella, Karasnagala and Badalgama on the three rivers respectively. The flow profiles and flood hydrographs prepared in an ealier study are also included for reference. Administration
Drainage is generally poor in the areas served by Attanagalu oya The district has thirteen electoral divisions' and assistant and Kelani ganga but is very satisfactory in the area adjacent to government agents divisions with 444 gramasevaka • divisions. Maha Oya as the Maha Oya river bed is at a much lower elevation Local administration is financed through the decentralised than the surrounding land. capital budget and the district development budget.
Motivation for education amongst the population is high and there Status of Human Resources - Employment Profile-Agriculture (3.B) are ample opportunities with five teacher training colleges and one state university in the district. There are several vocational training institutes as well. Health conditions in the The population in the District AGA Division-wise, distribution district are comparatively good in reference to the national according to religion and ethnicity, earning age and sex are average, there being a total of 58 units affording medical indicated. Other statistics given are:- land distribution between facilities. urban and rural areas; acreages used for homesteads; cultivations A well developed road net work (1503 km) exists which is a prime of coconut, rubber and paddy; land used for major and minor need as the Gampaha serves the overflow from Colombo for irrigation projects; land cultivated during the two seasons; residential accommodation. There is a large number of commuters activity status of the population; employment pattern by industry travelling daily to Colombo and back for employment in the city. and by sex; education and training institutions; key health Several roads are to be rehabilitated but the work will be indicators etc. Some highlights are:- limited' to surface improvement as the high cost of land acquisition would preclude widening and realignment. A new expressway from Colombo to Katunayake has been planned and is due to be implemented in the very near future. 1. About 19% of the population is employed in the agriculture/livestock/fishing/hunting sector. For the same reasons the railway between Colombo and Veyangoda is also well patronised and the two parallel lines presently in use 2. The more rural AGA divisions have a larger percentage of the population involved in agriculture. is to be augmented with another line, the work on which has commenced. 3. Of the agricultural population, paddy cultivation, On account of the proximity of the district to Colombo and the coconut cultivation, other crops, vegetables/fruits fact that two export promotion zones under the umbrella of GCEC and rubber growing respectively employs the largest have been located in the district, electrification (52%) as well numbers.
6 7 7. The Henarathgoda (Gampaha) Botanic Gardens (14.6 ha.) is found near Gampaha town. It was established in On account of the proximity of the district to Colombo and the 1876 and is administered by the Department of fact that two export promotion zones under the umbrella of GCEC Agriculture. have been located in the district, electrification (52%) as well as telecommunication facilities (0.38%) have advanced appreciably 8. No comprehensive floral surveys have been conducted in during the past decade. The national average is however 0.54%. the district, other than at Muthurajawela and Negombo lagoon. Fauna Renewable & Non-Renewable Resources (4 A)
1. Fauna consist of most of the small mammals, a large Domestic Water Supply number of birds (both indigenous and migrant), most species of reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates. These are found in the various habitats Only a very small percentage of the population (8.7%) is served of the district. by a water supply scheme and the balance obtain their domestic water from shallow wells. The aquifers presumbaly have an 2. Most species are confined to the Muthurajawela abundance of good quality water. However there had been marshes, other marshlands, forests, coconut estates instances of contamination of this water due to untreated and rural areas. Inspite of the urban nature of the affluent discharge from factories as well as the crude oil district, a surprisingly large number of wildlife pipeline springing leaks on its way to the refinery at species are present. Sapugaskanda. This has however been attended to by carrying out due repairs to the pipeline. Residents however feel uneasy as it 3. Little data is available and no surveys'have been done could happen again. on fauna in the district. The only comprehensive study was done at Muthurajawela and Negombo lagoon.
Flora 4. Insect vectors of disease organisms (e.g. Mosquitoes) causing malaria, filaria, dengue, Japanese 1. A total of about 2677 ha. of natural and planted encephalitis and related diseases are prevelant in forests are found in the district, this being 1.9% of the low-lying areas of the district. the land area of the district. Of this, 1365 ha. are planted forests and 1312 ha. are natural forests. Wetland Resources 2. Two ranges of the Forest Department (Waga and Mirigama) cover the district only partially. There is no forestry activity in the rest of the district. 1. About 5.8% of the land area of Gampaha district (8110 ha.) consist of wetlands. The major wetlands are 3. Four natural forest reservations are found in the parts of Negombo lagoon and Muthurajawela marshes. district, totalling 722 ha. Tree species found here are of the typical wet-zone forest type. 2. Water bodies comprise 3.3% of the area of the district. Both fresh water bodies and brakish water 4. Two small Sanctuaries (Horagolla and Ma-Imbulkanda)are bodies aire present.
present. These are on private lands, presently taken 3. Forested mangroves comprise 0.4% of the district (610 over by the Department of Wildlife Conservation. ha.), especially around Negombo lagoon. About 2.1% of the district comprise marshlands. 5. About 740 ha. scrubland and 200 ha. grassland are present in the district. These are presently 4. These wetlands are important breeding and feeding degraded lands, unsuitable for any economic use. grounds of indigenous and migrant bird species, and also are important habitats of fish, prawns and 6. About 610 ha. of mangrove swamps and 2.880 ha. lobster, these being important industries in the marshland are present in the district.' The former is. coastal areas. in and around the Negombo lagoon and is an important ecosystem. Marshlands are found at Muthurajawela and other low-lying areas. 8 9 Fruit trees and vegetable are grown together in mixed Many aquatic plant species are being utilized for home gardens and highland plots. Thus, crop commercial purposes and form a source of income for people in these areas. statistics are not very accurate. Paddy is grown under major and minor irrigation Pollution and filling up of wetlands due to schemes and is also grown under rainfed conditions. population pressure, urbanization, industrialization and other factors, have been increasingly noticed. About 18,160 ha. asweddumized paddy land is present Proper conservation measures and declaration of in the district. specific important wetlands are immediate necessities. Only coconuts, pineapple and banana are grown in quantities sufficient for the district. Coconuts and pineapple are considered excess crops in the Mineral Resources district. Gampaha is the major pineapple growing district.
General yields and productivity are low due to poor There' is a considerable amount of sand being harvested in all the three rivers in the district and certain experts have opined that soil, irrigation problems, drainage problems and the this sand harvesting could lead to coastal recession in the small holding size. future and also to changes of the regimes in the estuaries. However exhaustive studies are necessary to determine the effect Of the Other Field Crops (OFC), only cowpea and of sand harvesting as well as to find alternative constructiuon green-gram are cultivated consistently. A fairly material. large number of leafy vegetables, vegetable cowpeas, long-beans and cucurbits are grown in the district. Crushed rock aggregate production is also another well established industry with 170 permit holders for use of Pineapple, banana, passion fruit, papaya and mango explosives for quarrying rock. are grown on a fairly wide scale. These are mainly grown under coconut or in mixed gardens.
Tourism Homegardens are an important part of the cultivation programme. A homegarden improvement programme is presently underway. There are many approved hotels and guest houses as well as restaurants and a complete list is provided in the body of the Of the Minor Export Crops (MEC), only pepper, coffee, report. Most of the establishments are in and around the coastline and not inland. cloves, cinnamon and cocoa are grown. An expansion programme for pepper and coffee is underway. Betel is growing in popularity as an export crop. Trends in Land Use (4.B) Cattle, buffaloes, goats and poultry rearing is fairly wide spread in the district. Pig rearing is Agriculture, Shifting Cultivation, Pasture popular among the coastal, Roman Catholic areas. There are only a few organized commercial livestock production enterprises. However, the livestock sector is gradually declining in the district. 1. About 40% of the land in the district is utilized for various forms of agriculture, including plantation crops and livestock. Of this, about 13% Agricultural services include a limited research is under paddy and about 6% is under other crops, service, along with veterinary services. Other other than Coconut and Rubber (i.e. minor export agrarian support services are provided by the crops, fruits, vegetables, annual field crops, provincial authorities. There are 26 Agriculture pasture, etc.) Service Centres covering all AGA Divisions.
The Department of Agriculture has developed crop 2. Many crops (other than paddy) are in mixed Cultivation form. For example, pasture, banana, recommendations and cropping calendars, based on minor export crops and pineapple are normally grown agro-ecological zones, ASC divisions and Grama-Seva under coconut. Niladari divisions.
11 10 Irrigation 3. Little effort is made to preserve, maintain and manage these sites. Many of these sites are of great historical significance (e.g. Attanagalla), and The total area under irrigated agriculture is about 29,000 should be conserved. hectares which is mostly under paddy cultivation. The major irrigation schemes are looked after by the Irrigation Department 4. A programme for local and foreign tourism of selected while the minor schemes come under the Dept. of Agrarian sites should be launched, along with efforts to Services. conserve and rehabilitate such sites. The notable irrigation and drainage projects in the district are - Attanagalu oya Irrigation project, Kaluela - Dandugam oya drainage project, Mudunwela drainage project and minor flood Forest Cover protection projects.
These schemes have been in operation for five decades and are in 1. The Waga RFO range of the Forest Department includes a bad state of disrepair due to lack of maintenance. Even the AGA divisions of Weke and Biyagama and part of design data are lost and not available on record. They require Mahara. It is administered through DFO/Kalutara. rehabilitation and are to be taken up under the National The Mirigama RFO range covers Mirigama, Divulapitiya Irrigation Rehabilitation Project funded by the European and Attanagalla AGA divisions and is administered Community. The concultancy has just been awarded and the designs through DFO/Kurunegala. are due to commence soon. The consultancy covers design, rehabilitation, operation and maintenance and water management. 2. Very little planted forests are present in the Wage ' range, whereas Mirigama range has a fair number of planted forests. The Attanagalu project comprises of 115 kms of canals and 34 anicuts to irrigate 3870 ha of land. The minor projects (less 3. Main species planted include Teak, Mahogony, Jak, than 80 ha each) of which there are 750 are irrigated by 63 small Milla and Acacia. tanks, 75 regulators and the tail water from the major scheme. The total area of minor projects is 5900 ha. Rainfed cultivations 4. A small planting programme under the community cover an area of 7600 ha. forestry scheme, has been launched in the Kirindiwela area.
Industries 5. A limited number of forest offences have been detected in these two ranges.
Two of the major export promotion zones, Katunayake and Biyagama are in the Gampaha district and between these two zones there are Animal Husbandry 94 industries already established. These zones come under the umbrella of the Greater Colombo Economic Commission and literature pertaining to establishment of projects under GCEC , Animal husbandry is predominently in neat cattle, buffaloe and pertaining to environmental norms, building guidelines etc, are paultry keeping. Neat cattle population is estimated at 24,000 given in the report. and is kept for milk production, while the buffaloe population of 900 is for curd production. Paultry is for meat as well as eggs for all of which there is a market in Colombo. Historical and Cultural Sites
Integrated Rural Development Project 1. Historical and cultural sites can be categorized into historical Buddhist sites/temples, Hindu temples, Gampaha is one of the 13 districts served by the Integrated rural churches of the colonial periods and colonial (Dutch, projects which aims to develop agricultural production, human British) monuments/buildings. resources and infrastructural facilities. A detailed account of the work done in the district is given in the report. 2. A total of 115 such sites are listed by the Archeological Department.
12 13 Power Production
The thermal power station at Sapugaskanda produces 80 Megawatts of power and the balance requirements are obtained from the national grid. The number of registered consumers, of around 250,000, is on the increase at about 2000 a month. The total power consumed is in the region of 500 Gigawatt hours.
Agro-chemicals MAIN RECOMMENDATIONS
There is a general trend among farmers to use agro-chemicals to control both weeds and pests. About 50% of the agricultural area in the district is treated with herbicides and about 25% are hand weeded. The general trend is for the farmers to take to the use' of herbicides in preference to hand weeding. Insecticides and fungicides are also used extensively. The imports of agro- chemicals in' 1989 had been valued at:- Insecticides Rs 80.0 million Fungicides 23.0 do Herbicides 43.0 do
The chemicals commonly used and their characteristics are tabulated in the 7 tables furnished.
Environmental Problems
Problems that effect the environment have been enumerated as follows:-
1. Encroachment of reservations,particularly drainages,
2. Haphazard filling of land, often blocking drains,
3. Haphazard dumping of refuse and litter,
4. Excavation without protection, causing erosion,
5. Excavations left open as health hazards,
6. Quarry operations without requisite precautions,
7. Discharge of untreated industrial effluent,
8. Emission of obnoxious gases from industries. 2*.
14 5. Fauna. CH. 2 MAIN RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Develop more small sanctuaries such as Horagolla and Ma-Imbulkanda in other AGA divisions. Climate. 2. Provide more protection for existing sanctuaries and reserves. 1. Develop two complete meteorological stations in each of the 13 AGA divisions, based on the agro- 3. Survey endangered species, migratory birds and ecological region concept. aquatic species in the forest reserves, sanctuaries and wetlands and provide adequate protection. 2. Prepare annual reports on climatic data per AGA division, in relation to agro-ecological region.
6. Wetland Resources. 2. Geology, Mineral Resources, Soil and Land Systems. 1. Survey all wetlands and assess their importance and 1. Carry out complete Geological, mineral resource, potential from an ecoligical and a hydrological soil and hydrological surveys in each AGA division. view point. 2. Prepare comprehensive maps and sets of data, based on above surveys. 2. Clarify wetlands for (a) complete protection, (b)sustainable (ecologically sound) development and resource extraction and (c) to be utilized for filling and development. 3. Employment - Agriculture. 3. Draw up and immediately implement plans to protect adequate/areas of Muthurajawela and other marshes 1. Annual survey of Agricultural employment, taking for ecological purposes. into account the intergrated farming practices of the district.
7. Agricultural Landuse, Shifting Cultivation and Pasture Land 4.Flora/Natural Vegetation. 1. Strengthen support-services to farmers to increase 1. Identify specific areas of botanical / ecological production output per unit area of land. value for conservation purposes. 2. Encourage horticulture, minor export crops, 2. Identify potential areas for environmentally sound livestock and aquaculture on a sustainable, and ecologically and economically sustainable land scientific basis. use practices, (eg. Livestock, aquaculture ect.) 3. Improve maintenance of irrigation structures.. 3. Development of an education and awareness programme for environmental conservation among the general 4. Formulate immediate policy on filling up of population. agricultural land (coconut and paddy) to develop housing etc. Implement such policy immediately, so 4. Upgrade and develop Henerathgoda (Gampaha) botanical gardens. as to prevent haphazard conversion of agricultural land.
15 . 16 MAIN CONSTRAINTS TO ACHIEVING RECOMMENDATIONS. 8. Historical and Cultural Sites.
1. Lack of funding to government organizations and to AGA 1. Take immediate steps to acquire all cultural sites divisions, which have to implement recommendations. to government, where such sites are on private lands. 2. Lack of trained staff to carry out certain technical functions such as geological surveys, soil/mineral 2. Take over cultural sites and repair and maintain surveys, botanical/fannal surveys etc. them, where such site's are used for other purposes (eg. Leprosy hospitalat Hendala, Negombo Prison in the Dutch Fort, house where King Sri Wickrama 3. Unclear administrative plan - The suggested technical Rajasinghe was kept at Wattala. junctions which have to be carried out by the relevant government agencies will have to coordinate with the provincial administration and the district 3. Improve selected sites for tourism. administration. Mode of disbursement of funds for such activities has to be clearly resolved. /
4. Development of industry, agriculture and other infrastructure as well as development of social 9. Forest Cover. aminities, should not be at the expenses of the environment. The present institutional set up in the district, which is somewhat haphazardly developed and where coordination is lacking or very poor, is such, 1. Extend forestry activities to all AGA divisions. that both planning and implementing development programmes may not be always based on environmental considerations. This leads to poor areas and pollution. 2. Forest Department should extend into all AGA In other words, political and other non-scientific divisions. considerations are given priority over sound environmental based planning. 3. Develop forests and nurseries and reforest all marginal lands, scrublands, river/stream reservations, catchments and roadsides on a planned 5. Encroachment of road and canal reservations making any basis. steps to improve the existing conditions impossible without major rehabilitation exercises. 4." Assess fuelwood and timber needs and plan forestry strategy in each AGA division. 6. Shortage of trained personnel to monitor various forms of environmental degradation that take place due to intentional or unintentional actions. 5. Develop programme to utilize coconut and rubber wood for timber purposes.
17 18 3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Surface bedding of the above discussed formations in the Gampaha area displays advanced weathering,and consist of reddish sandy 3.A. Physical characteristics of The District. silt-sandy clay. This condition particularly applies to the hilly area to the west of the topographical-geological boundary line. A hilly area of elevation around 150m is situated in the eastern part of Gampaha on it's border with Kegalle district. Moving westward, land elevation steadily decreases with lagoons and Alluvial lowland consist of river deposits comprising clayey marshlands in the vicinity of the coast. With the exception of the soil,sandy soil,humic soil,etc. one above mentioned section in the east, most parts of the district are under 30m in elevation. Low areas along rivers and their A description of the geology of the district and adjoining areas tributaries are the paddy fields. The Maha Oya and Kelani Ganga are given in a report on the resources of the Kelani - Aruvi aera flow along southern and northern borders respectively, and the of 1963. Attanagalu oya courses through the center of the district.
The Gampaha area can be broadly classified into alluvial lowland along the major rivers with sharper topography to the east of a line joining Kotadeniyawa and Bopagama and gentle slopes to the west of it. As illustrated in Figure 3A-1 and Table 3A-1 the geology of Sri Lanka consists of pre-cambrian Neogene (Miocene) strata covered by quaternary formation. These geologic units are referred to as the Highland series (pre-cambrian), Vijayan series (lower paleozoic), Southwest group (upper paleozoic) etc. The southwest group is distributed in the west of the district , the highland series in the east and the vijayan series in the North. /
The highland series consists primarily of charnokite interbedded with quartzite, schist and gneiss. The principal formation of this Highland series is an antiform axis extending from Ambepussa to Parakaduwa^ Small scale folding axis running parallel to the antiform axis results in sharp alteration of strike and dip of bedding. The axis of this formation is cut perpendicular in a number of places by faulting. I
The southwest group comprises mainly of granite and granitic gneiss. As outcropping of this formation in the Gampaha area is limited, details of precise structure and continuity of the formation are not discernible. Strike of bedding is NNW/SSE and NE/SW essentially conforming to the folding axis of the geology of the area. ADpi is 40 to 50 degrees. Any large scale faulting is not in evidence.
The Vijayan series is largely gneiss. Limited deposits are found on a NNW/SSE axis in the vicinity of Witagedera, consisting of biotite hornblende gneiss. Bedding strike is NNW/SSE and the dip is 60 to 80 degrees.
19 20 3.A.I. Climate
3.A.1.1. Rainfall
Sri Lanka is situated within the tropics. Rainfall, temperature and other climatic factors are governed by the monsoons, viz: south-west monsoon (from about April to June) and the north-east monsoon (from about October to December).
Gampaha district falls within the wet-zone (Reference ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Figure 3-1, map of rainfall distribution of Sri Lanka), with an annual rainfall ranging from 1400-2500 mm. About 33% of the annual precipitation is accounted for during the north-east monsoon (Figure 3-3). The balance 33% precipitation is due to inter- monsoonal rains and localized convectional precipitation. Ten year average precipitation data from 10 meteorological stations in the district are given in Table 3-2 and the overall district mean is presented in Figure 3-5. Ten voluntary service rain-guage stations (Table 3-3) with fairly old and extensive precipitation records are now abandoned. '
Highest rainfall occurs in the months of May, October and November, with January and Feburary being the two driest months.
/
3.A.1.2. Temperature
Temperature readings are available from the *etero- logical station at Katunayake, and ten year average are presented in Table 3A4 and Figure 3A3. There appears to be little variation throughout the year, with the annual average being 27.7 o C.
21 ?A"j J.' *f! _a _ .mi] R 3.A.1.3. Sunshine
rCfl'IflTAT'lDM, ,: . 'ire •< •'• r' . I.
Daily sunshine hours is recorded at the Katunayake i' +•..".: •:• : -i I- -•• 'I meteorological station only. Lowest average sunshine .•i'lliHi:;1.'!"-:! (i.e. highest cloudiness) is in the month of August and maximum sunshine (least cloudiness) is experienced in February and March. Average for the year is 7.2
hr/day (Table 3A-4 and Figure 3A-3). j—i A- ,1: i it '-U . i r.'-it'H'J'M'tiiiR • t f>',t '•• 3.A.1.4. Wind Velocity and Direction .1t> • '.T'" ! • .'.1 f\i or)
This factor too is measured only at Katunayake meteorological station. Wind velocity remains fairly steady throughout the year, at an average of 11.7 km/hr with the strongest winds coming in June (average ">Mi / ' 14.2 km/hr) during the south-west monsoon. Table 3A- !> -f 4 and Figure 3A-3 illustrate the 10 year wind Slu.'l velocity averages. !?<•>.nti-'", /.A;:B
f-v: 1- .-.'-rA ii".ii>! Wind direction is dependent on the monsoons, with south westernly winds during the May-October period and north-easternly winds during the November-February period. Direction is variable during the March-April '.••ni:;; „i.-:.::^>.: period.
•f; •' ! ! • . • : 1 . . • : .1 .-. ,: t." • • '•.i' .r:; iiili! t f ,„ . •'•••Kmfi.tiA'JAK'r j. ; ; i
•ri.i:
;; F.xe.i:-fte*' jf- j
1 3.A.1.5. Relative Humidity i : "j ' 11 I.- ::|!u: :::!•;' This factor is also measured at Katunayake. Relative '•'••I: humidity remains fairly constant throughout the year, with a variation of approximately 20% between day (73%) i; • ; •.-.''...it..!'- i*tfi if.'' !|- i; .!!.:. •.ilU'.:i:;i!i'.:! m j.:,» / and night (90%) readings. January-March exhibits the .Hi .i, •' "• I - ; lowest relative humidity (Table3A-4and Figure"^A^when the rainfall is low and skies are less cloudy, as seen by the comparative figures given in Table 3A-4 Mr A.j. :. .1. A^ij^i'iH'l .J.T!:"'!; •.: • i- ...Jt.ii U. .I! I I I:, .\'. i'.1
i:
• 'I
• ; • i
' • 1 :1
22 lv!:-;:J;i':i.;H:;"l ": TABLE 3A - 3
OTHER RAIN-GAUGE STATIONS, PRESENTLY NON -FUNCTIONAL
AVAILABLE - DATA (YEARS) STATION NO FROM TO
1.00 COMMILLA ESTATE 1952 1963 0070
2.00 DANKOTUWA 1938 1965 0077
3 HORAGOLLA GROUP 1955 1957 172A
4 MAHAGODELLA 1952 1963 0291
5.PALUWANGODA 1943 1951 340A
6.PALUGAHAWATTA 1954 1963 400A
7.RAGAMA CAMP 1912 1990 441
8.ST.JOSEPH'S COLLEGE FARM 1940 1963 - 475
9.WALJAPALA GROUP 1954 1987 527A
10.WASTER STATION 1916 1987 542
SOURCE :DEPT OF METEOROLOGY COLOMBO KtLANI — AHUVl AMtA
RAINFALL ZONES AND REGIMES
IO til in H • it !'' H o !" n *i VI 11 i-« MM 11 i-i -J > ! II hi 1.1 1 11 v; el in IT» o a i-' :>• rT lj] n - *i n i i II hi It a n M in 1 < Ki !'•' i I i[r.n» 1,1 i -i i< H I.y rj !»! 11 in hi -• o —. ..V i't 1.) !1 >'i -- (I! 1 t1 »- ; i i ii • i • 1 '.'1 I !'l i-' J m hJ i > i.i C) ci on H f,i ui lO O ri f i i"- in OI (11 "I 11 '0 -I hi hi 1.1 jt * Ui • i I-)
o I-' m hl >•! tj M ii; !)i
ii r.i mi NE-: > IM > SW in 10 IJ I •'1 '.'..I -1 r.\ i i M i') (n 11
I •• ••O •}.> I ro m -I l-J wet ZONE
INTErlMEOIAT E ZONE
0F1Y ZONE IJ to - J I'l to •U
OOUNOARY OF rainfall nroiMt zone
StllltllWCST MONSOON RAINFALL (MAY 10 SEP! I EXCEEDS RAIN-GAUGE S1A1I0N IVriCAL OF lilt ntOIME ZONE <0 I 0) .h. I'l vo I hi -1 n o o M n IP - I -I O I.J IO FiGune . , tf.,4 C.,'~ 26 27 3.A.2. Hnhjiral Surface Dra.tnaqe_J?atte_rnG 3. A. 2.1 Ri vjers_iji J:he^^ There are three large rivers in Gampaha district. These are the Maha Oya flowing along the northern boundary of the district, the Kelani ganga coursing along the southern boundary, and the Attanagalu Oya which Hows from south to west throught he center of the district. Sizes of catchment areas are as follows - Table 3.A.5 Catchment Area River Area(km 2 ) AttanagalU Oya 608 Kelani Ganga 302 Maha Oya 409 Total 1, 399 Tablte_JU&jJ&L lU_y_ejLiXJiar_ax;t.exi^tjj^s, Attanagalu Oya Maha Oya Kelani Ganga 1,510 2,278 Catchment area (km 2 727 Catchment area in 302 Gampaha (km a ) 688 409 Annual precipitation 1,850 3,644 8 ,653 (x 10 m ) • Annual runoff 5,570 \ 74 0 1,260 (x 10 m ) 64 40 3 4 Runoff rate (%) Hanwella Karasnagala Dadalgama Guage Station 1,360 1,782 Catchment area at the 53.0 station (km 2 ) Daily average flow 51.99 188.7 5 5,01 (m /s) rtGunE 9"A5 Average maximum flow 28 29 The Attanagalu Oya has its headwaters in the hilly area of Galapitamada of the neighbouring Kegalle < >- district to the east. The river flows westward, o confluxing with the Diyaella Oya in the vicinity of Gampaha Urban Council. At its further lower < reaches it joins with the Ma pa lam arv.l _J Kimbulapitiya Oyas and at this, point the river past 11 years as recorded at Karasnaqala are given _J in the table below. u_ o cc 0_ Tabl e_3... A6. JlisEhar.ge. _qf _M±s.nflaaiiL_oxa at^nriisjiag&Aa b uu Minimum Flow Year Daily Average Maximum Flow 3 3 (m3 /B) (m /a) (m /s) 0 . 28 1975 6.25 112.3 0.20 1976 2.48 72.8 0.28 1977 5.76 143.8 E 0.25 •>- 1978 2.82 130.5 o I 0'13 • 3.2.1 I £0-3 1979 0.14 o _J O o 3 1980 2.29 60 . 8 < •1 O CM O 0:11 < (1/ v. 01 3 1981 1.89 3 5.1 rr O n. a. < o E 1982 n. a. n. a o 0.14 3 .40 N O 1985 11.33 155.7 C O J C O 8 t— VI Average f4-l ' 1- •J 1 i U>l o to _i 8 < ul CD CTS'W) I'"/ I DAPI3 30 31 The Attanagalu, Diyaella and Uruwalu Oyas compose the Attanagalu Oya catchment area. Ten irrigation schemes have been implemented within the catchment area, with headwords for diversion located at 34 sites. These 10 schemes collectively are referred to as the Attanagalu Oya Irrigation Project. Total benefit area for the project is 3,870 ha. mbJj3_i.^^Attana^^ Ho.of Irrigation Intake Anicuts Area (Ha.) discharge Scheme River (m' /s). 1.62 Diyaella Oya 5 575 Muthurajawala 0 .98 Kumbaloluwa Diyaella Oya 4 319 270 1.18 Panugala Diyaella Oya 4 391 0.70 Hellawala Diyaella Oya 1 453 0.53 Horenna Attanagalu Oya 3 623 0.11 Ketawala Attanagalu Oya 2 319 0.53 Thammita Attanagalu Oya 4 81 0.31 Opatha Attanagalu Oya 1 313 1.15 Kinigama Uruwalu Oya 6 526 1. 26 Welikada Uruwalu Oya 4 3,870 8.37 T O T A L 34 In addition to the irrigation requirement indicated above, discharge is also diverted from the Attanagalu Oya for water service to Gampaha city (600,000 gal./day = 0.03 m 3 /s, diversion from Morenna by pump), and for domestic water to Minuwangoda\ town (approx.200 households, diverted volume not known), and Opatha Anicut (new community of approx. 2,000 households at the upper reaches of the river). OOO'l X 6J3 Nl 30HVMDSIO 32 33 3.A.2.3 Kelani Ganqa Table 3 AA.8 Discharge_pf Kelani Ganga at Hanwella The Kelani ganga i.«3 at the Southern boundry of the district, with a Total Catchment area of 900 sq. Year Daily Average Maximum Flow Minimum Flow miles. The flow profile for Kelani is given in 3 3 3 (m /s) (m /s) (m /s) figure 3A-12 and flood hydrographs in Fig. 3A-15 and 3A-16. The storm histogram of one of the 1974 242.1 2,348.5 10.5 worst floods in December 1957 is given in Fig. 3A- 17. The flood hydrographs for one of the 1975 299.0 2,307.4 22.7 tributaries, Gurugoda Oya is given in Fig. 3A-18. 1976 114.1 614.4 14.5 1977 196.0 1,864.7 22.5 The headwaters of the Kelani ganga originate in the mountainous area of Nuwara Eliya. The river flows 1978 193.8 2,089.6 29.2 westward through a portion of Sri Lanka with the heaviest rainfall in the country (over 5,000 nun 1979 155.8 1,329.4 12.2 yearly), to finally empty into the Indian Ocean north of Colombo. The Kelani ganga is next in 1980 90.7 513.2 8.5 size of discharge in the country to the Mahaweli and Kalu gangas. 1981-83 n.a. n.a. n.a. 1984 206.8 1,979.2 60.0 In the vicinity of Ganipaha district, a river gauge 1985 199.7 1,364.4 28.0 station is located on the Kelani ganga near Hanwella. Daily average, maximum and minimum Average 188.7 1,601.2 / 23.1 discharges for the past 12 years as recorded at the station are give below - On the Kelani ganga itself there are no water use facilities within the district. However, there are 3.A.2.4 Maha Oya , reservoirs on two tributories of the river, namely The Maha Oya has its source .in the.vicinity of the Labugama and Kalatuwewa, from which a total of 6 3 boundary between Kegalle and Nuwara Eliya districts. 30 x 10 gar /day (113,700m ) of service water is diverted to the city of Colombo. Accordingly, the rivor After flowing northward, the river alters direction system serves as an important water source for Colombo. to the west, emptying into the Indian Ocean,on the north side of Negombo. As the entire catchment of the river lies in proximity to a dry zone, specific A large Dam above Avissawella, Droadlands Projec as discharge is relatively small. In terms of been planned and when constructed will help £uiLher discharge size, the river ranks seventh in the control of water issues and floods. This will be the country. last of a series of Dams on the Kelani Ganga and its In the vicinity of Gampaha district, a river gauge tributories. stabion is located on the Maha Oya at Badalgama.' Dailyaverage, maximum and minimum discharges over the past 16 years as recorded at Badalgama are given in Table 3.A-9. 34 35 Groundwater 3 . A. 2 . 5 but the sourthwest monsoon influence shows up as a second peak flow occurring in Hay and June. A groundwater survey has been implemented for Gampaha district by the National Water Supply and Figure 3A-6 shows the flow profile and the relationship Drainage Board in the course of the Minuwangoda between area and elevation for the basin. The differential Town Water supply Project. According to the mass curve of Station 130, which is synthetic, is shown on survey, wells of 60m depth and 15 in. diameter Appendix Figure 3.A-6 yield a discharge of 270-540 c/min. Although boring logs are not available , these wells appear to be dug in alluvial formation judging from their 3.A.2.7 location. As alluvial deposits are greater in the western half of the district, this area would be expected to offer more extensive groundwater development than the eastern sector. Wells will provide an effective means of water supply given The Attanagalla Oya basin has a total area of 200 the current state of water service infrastructure square miles. The river's source is 40 miles from in rural area. In this regard, a groundwater the sea at an elevation of about 400 feet above sea survey merits implementation. level. The main river drains directly west and empties into Negombo Lagoon. Figure 3A-6 shows the flow profile, and the relationship between area and elevation for the basin. There is one existing gauging station, Station 68, and a synthetic station, Station 131, was located on the river system in TjabLe.J_JU§ Discharge—^ order to define a runoff regime. The differential mass curves for these stations are shown on Appendix Figures 3A-6 and a design flood hydrograph for Station , Year Daily Average Maximum Flow ^Minimum Flow 68 is given on Appendix Figure 3A /s) Flow(m3 /s) (m3 2.21 1970 52 21 511 2 1971 57 03 59?. 1 2.61 1972 47 OS 579 2 J . 33 3 A- 2 . 8 HAJ1A_QYA_J3ASJLM. 197 4 51 40 455 9 1 .70 482 9 1 . 33 j 973 60 63 1977 5S 32 497 . 2 1. 4 2 197 9 42 12 1,574 . 4 0-45 1981 42 50 917 . 4 0 .17 The Maha Oya basin ,is the northernmost of the 1982 49 88 635 . 9 0. 45 1985 SO 52 741 _ o 1.75 three basins which lie in the Wet Zone of the 1. 36 51 .99 690 .8 Kelani-Aruvi area. Its total area is approximately 600 square miles. There are many small tributaries, n*t« foK 1973, 1976, 1979, i98D, .1983 and 1.984 «>:e not the most important of which, the Kuda Oya and the Hingula Oya, together drain about 10 per cent of the basin area. 3.A.2.6 RATMAL OYA BASIN The headwaters lie in the central mountain massif and the major part of the runoff is controlled by The Ratmal Oya basin has a total area of only 86 square miles and is one of the smallest in the the heavy southwest monsoon rainfall, as shown by Kelani-Aruvi area. The river is less than 20 the data for the two gauging stations, Stations 66 miles in length but has an estimated average and 67 . However, the northeast monsodn annual discharge of 1,900 c.f.s. months. rainfall still retains" some influence, as evidenced by the pronounced runoff peak in November. The basin lies in the Intermediate Zone and the Figure 3A-8 shows the flow profile and the relationship influence of the two monsoohal periods can be seen in the summary of the flow data for Station 130 between area and elevation for the basin. Figures 3A-10 and 3A-11 are design flood hydrographs for the (Narawila) in the Table 10. Here, as in the Dry Zone, a peak flow occurs in November and December, same sites. 36 37 • IIT4ICI- MILC S to)* PROFILE OF KARA II8 A LAN OTA - •1 V * / -' / - • i • • i L — • •-• t i 1 . ——- 1 HIT 4»«« VflKI - lb) PROFILE. OF'. MAHA OYA SASlN . 102 MAHA OYA FLOW PROFILE. ELEVATION AREA feet (M.S.U ceres 0 - 100 76,800 100 - 200 54,400 200 - 3CO 61,440 300 - 500 64,000 500 - IOOO 88,320 IOOO - 2000 3 2,640 ^ 6 mi (« i ' 20CO - 3C00 15,360 3000 - 4OC0 4,480 4000-i- 614 1400 r CO 4500 X /^-^^ _ r..r.4,~w;wAS/A^/.(w5^^AVAV>VAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAV^ 0 f \/AV?jv^'W-'^''-v^-'^> '^• •—:—: ; ; i_ 10 20 20 40 50 SO 70 SO Distcnce Upstraom from Mouth - mllas PROFILE OF KELAXI (SAMOA & TRIBUTARIES BASIN I — KELANI GANGA FLOW PROFILE Fig- HISTOGRAM 46 n r r r M n Fl> 3.B. Status of Human Resources - Socio-Economic Profile of Gampaha District 3.B-1 The People Gampaha which was a part of Colombo District became a separate administrative unit only in 1978. The total population of Gampaha District at present amounts to 1,738,909. This population is more or less equally distributed among the 13 Divisional Secretaries (AGA Divisions) of the district. The distribution of the population in the district can be summarily given as follows. Table 3.B-1 / i The distribution of population of the Gampaha District among various Divisional Secretaries (AGA Divisions). Divisional Secretary Percentage of Population At^tanagal la 7 35 Biyagama 6. 67 Divulapitiya 7 52 Gampaha 8 26 Ja-Ela 8 15 Katana 8 85 Kelaniya 7 82 Mahara 8 36 Minuwangoda 7 24 Negombo 7 99 Wattala 7 72 Weke 6 55 TOTAL 100 00 The table shows a slightly higher concentration of population in the four Divisional Secretaries of Gampaha, Katana, Mahara and Ja-Ela. The reason for this is that these areas have developed more urban centres than the rest. The Ethnic and religious composition of the population in Gampaha district show some marked difference from the national averages. The following table gives in detail the ethnic and religious composition of the district. 49 Table 3.B-2 Table 3.B-3 Distribution of Religion and Ethnicity in Gampaha District Divisional Secretary Earning Age Dependents Group Gampaha % Colombo % Sri Lanka % Attanagalla 60 .93 39 07 Buddhist 71.1 70.8 69 3 Biyagama 62 73 37 27 1.9 7.6 15 5 Hindu Divulapitiya 58 .28 41 72 4 9.9 7 6 Muslim 3 Gampaha 63 80 36 20 7 5 Christian 23 4 11.4 Ja-Ela 63 .47 36 43 0 1 Others 0 1 0. 2 Katana 61 82 38 18 Kelaniya 63 .10 36 90 Mahara 61 14 38 86 Ethnicity Minuwangoda 58 80 41 20 Mirigama 60 07 39 93 Sinhalese 92 77.9 74 .0 Negombo 63 53 36 47 Tamils 3 11.1 18.2 Wattala 56 .87 43 13 2 8 7.1 Moors Weke 64 .90 35 10 Burgher 0 1 0.3 For all Divisional ) Malays 0 0 0.1 Secretaries ) 61 49 38 51 The more interesting aspects of the composition of The total number of people in the productive age population which makes it quite different from group category = 1,069,309 and the balance who national averages and also from the Colombo are in'the non-productive age groups of (14 and district is the high percentage of Sinhalese and 65) total upto 669,600. equally high percentage of Christian population in the district. The population in the productive age group can be further divided into male and female categories. The population when dichotomised as working The following table gives the breakdown. (earing) and dependent the following figures emerge. Of a total population of 1,738,909 a percentage of 69.49 or 1,069,309 fall within the age group of 15-65 or those who are considered to be in the productive category. The balance are either too young or too old to contribute for production. A breakdown of the population along these lines for the 13 Divisional Secretaries could be given as follows. 50 51 Table 3.B-4 3.B-2 Administration of the District The distribution of people in the productive age Provincial and District administration in the group in male and female categories. Island is undergoing substantial changes as at present and Gampaha District is no exception to this. This makes it rather difficult to lay down Divisional Male % Female % Dependent % clearly the powers and responsibilities of various Secretary (both cate- bodies concerned with district administration. gories) Therefore, what follows is a discussion based on the district administration which has been in Attanagalla 32 .60 28 .33 39.07 operation for a long time and which is subjected Biyagama 30 .33 32 . 40 37.27 to change now. Gampaha District is under a Divulapitiya 28 .68 29 .60 41.72 Government Agent (GA) who is the chief Gampaha 31 .56 32 . 25' 36. 20 representative of the central government .in the Ja-Ela 30 .67 32 .78 36 .43 district. He is directly responsible to the Katana 30 .87 30 .96 38.18 Ke.1 an iya 31 .91 31 .19 36.90 Ministry of Home Affairs for all his activities. Mahara 30 . 40 30 .74 38.86 Under the proposed changes the Katcheri system Minuwangoda 29 .51 29 .28 41 .20 which is the base of district administration under Mirigama 29 .35 . 30 .72 39.93 the earlier system is to be abolished. Therefore, Negombo 30 .36 33 .13 36 .47 the GA and the system of administration from Wattala 29 .00 27 .87 43.13 centre through the GA is supposed to go. Weke 31 .95 32 .95 35.10 However, there is a suggestion to rename GA as Al1 Divisional) Development Commissioner and be in-charge of Secretaries )30 .55 30 ,94 38.51 overall development activities of the Katcheri and the GA is still in a melting pot. Gampaha District is divided into 13 AGA divisions. At Several important deductions could be made about present' the AGA is also called the Divisional the productive capacities of the people living in Secretary. The Divisional Secretariat which is Gampaha District from the data given in the the former AGA office at present houses an previous paragraphs. The most important point to additional office of Assistant Divisional be stressed in this respect is that a close upon a Secretary who is also called the Assistant 4 0 percent of the population is dependent on the Government Agent; balance 60 percent for their very survival as they are either too young or too old to work. Although slight variations are observable in this respect Each Divisional Secretariat is once again divided among different divisional secretaries such into a number of Grama Niladhari Divisions headed differences are not very marked .except in a very by a Grama Niladhari. This is the smallest few cases. The second important point to be administrative unit at the district level which is noted here is that more than a half of the people controlled by the centre. There are 444 Grama in the productive age gropup are females. Niladhari Divisions in Gampaha District. Therefore, if any economic progress is to be made in the district both male and female categories in the productive age group have to be harnessed in Apart from this bureaucratic line of authority and development activities of the district. It the aspects of district administration and service should also be noted in this respect that the deliveries which come under line ministries, and females between the ages of 16-49 have the added which are directly controlled by the centre, there responsibility of child bearing and caring for are also popularly elected bodies responsible for them. Such involvements make their contribution some aspects of local government. The apex body of less in any development activity. This also the local government is the Provincial Council which makes the actual dependency ratio much higher than derives its authority from the Provincial Councils what it appears on the surface. Act and the 13th Amendment to the constitution. Gampaha District comes under the Provincial Council 52 53 for the Western Province; the chief executive The constraints of public administration at authority for this popularly elected body is the present are multiple. The Government Agent, renamed Chief Secretary to the Provincial Council. sometimes as Development Commissioner, is supposed to co-ordinate the work of line ministries in the district as well as other development oriented At the district level there are Municipal Councils activities carried out by the Divisional (MCs), Urban Councils (UCs) and Pradeshiya Sabhas Secretaries, MCs, UCs, Pradeshiya Sabhas and which according to the 13th amendment to the Gramodaya Mandalayas. On the one hand the constitution also come under the.power and authority popularly elected bodies complain that whereas the of the Provincial Councils. The Provincial Council responsibility of carrying out development projects can also delegate some of its powers and have developed upon them the money for the same and responsibilities to MCs, UCs and Pradeshiya Sabhas. the power is still vested with the centre. The However, the local bodies mentioned above have no same complain is again heard at the level of the direct linkages with Provincial Councils. Divisional Secretaries who feel that they are made responsible for an enormous amount of work for which neither the required funds nor the other infra structure facilities are released from the centre. Gampaha District has no MCs within its boundaries The local level bureaucracy also feel that they are but there are several UCs and 13 Pradeshiya Sabhas completely being subjected to political authority identical with the 13 divisional secretaries into with the result that they find it difficult to which the district is divided. The Division account for their activities to the centre for which Secretary/Additional Government Agent acts as the they are bound by the Establishment Code. The secretary to the Pradeshiya Sabha but plays no role in the activities of the MCs and UCs. Below these situation has made the bureaucracy ineffective, are the village level popular organization known as lethargic, disgruntled and often feeling the Gramodaya Mandalaya. Gramodaya Mandalayas are embarrassed. formed with representatives from village level voluntary organizations such as Funeral Assistant Societies (maranadhara sabha), Sports Associations, Youth Clubs, religious organizations, women's 3.B-3 / Land Utilization organizations (mahila samiti)etc. Each Grama Nildhari Division has one Gramodaya Mandalaya of which the Grama Niladhari is an ex-officio member Even though Gampaha District is one of the few representing the central Government. industrialized regions in the country, still a substantial number of people live off the land. Therefore, land utilization is of prime importance in any discussion of socio-economic conditions of the people in Thus the local administration of the district is the area. The total land area in Gampaha District is carried out by two separate agencies. On the one divided into various categories. They are urban land, hand there are various line ministries which operate homegardens, agricultural land, forest land, bare land, mainly on areas such as health, education, wet land, and waterlogged land. Agricultural land is agricultural development, land and land development, further divided into two categories of tree and other tree etc. These line ministries carry out their crop land and, crop land. Tea, rubber and coconut and any functions independently and through their own other tree crops come under the former category. Paddy officers without any reference to local authorities. and any other similar cultivation come under the latter. The co-ordination of such activities are supposed to Forest land is also categorised under natural forests and take place at. the level of the Government Agent. plantation forests.. Whereas the line ministries look after therir expenses of carrying out various services in the districts through the funds receiving for the same The total urban land area in Gampaha District amount from the annual estimates for the year made by the to 2220 hectares. The following table gives the central government the local authorities received percentage of land area.in each Divisional Secretary their share of the Decentralized Capital Budget for which are categorized as urban land. each Province. Apart from these local authorities make some revenue by levying taxes and rates in their respective areas. 54 55 Table 3.B-5 Table 3.B-6 Land Used as Homesteads in the Gampaha District Percentage of land area in each divisional secretary Divisional Secretaries Hectares used Percentage which can be categorized as Urban land. as Homesteads of the total land in the DS. Divisional Secretary Percentage of land area Attanagalla 49 06 0 .93 categorized as urban land Biyagama 60 .53 0 in each DS. 53 Divulapitiya 34 .80 1 76 Gampaha 61 .16 0 . 62 Ja-Ela 56 09 0 48 TAttanagalla 1.03 Katana 39 .38 1 88 Biyagama 3 .55 Kelaniya 63 51 0 23 Divulapitiya 0.36 Mahara 56 .88 b 66 Gampaha 0 . 74 Minuwangoda 64 53 0 53 Ja-Ela 4 . 57 Mirigama 49 55 • 0 94 Katana 1.77 Negombo 37 6 9 0 65 Kelaniya 7.21 Wattala 39 .18 0 25 Mahara 0.31 Weke 43 66' l 22 Minuwangoda 0.07 Mirigama 0.37 Negombo 6.18 Thus the total acreage undere homesteads in any Wattala 3.90 given DS is less than 2 percent of the total land Weke 0.29 and much less than two percent in many Divisional Secretaries. Therefore, agriculture remains a high priority area in any programme of development in any of the divisional secretaries which are in Gampaha The table clearly show that Kelaniya, Negombo, District. Wattala and Biyagama are the more urbanized Divisional Secretaries of the District. Minuwangoda, Mahara, Mirigama and Divulapitiya are 3.B-4 Cultivation of Tea the Divisional secretaries where urban centres are the least developed. There is only one Divisional Secretary in Gampaha District in which tea is grown and this is Attanagalla Division; Even here the land under tea is negligible in extent, being 0.6 percent of the Gampaha District uses a part of its land area for total cultivable land area of the division. homesteads. The following table gives the area of land used by people as homesteads in the thirteen Geographical and climatic conditions do not seem to divisional secretaries of Gampaha District. be conducive to the cultivation of tea in Gampaha District. 56 57 3.B-5 Cultivation of Rubber Of the tree crops cultivated in Gampaha District coconuts take a prominent place, In fact part of Cultivation of rubber in Gampaha District is more the district comes under the famous coconut widespread than tea even though comparatively it is triangle. A total of 25000 hectares in the also not a major economic activity of the people in district is cultivated with coconut. A breakdown the district. The following table gives the of the land area under coconut cultivation for the breakdown of the percentage of land under rubber in thirteen divisional secretaries is given below. each division. Table 3.B-7 Table 3.B-8 Percentage of Land under Rubber Cultivation in each Divisional Secretariat Percentage of Land divisional secretary. under Coconut Cultivation Divisional Secretariat % Hectares of Land under Rubber Attanagalla 16.94 Cultivation Biyagama 7 .92 Divulapitiya 42.04 Attanagalla 5.49 Gampaha .6 .67 Biyagama 2.58 Ja-Ela 5.84 Divulapitiya 1 .56 Katana ,42.04 Gampaha 0.95 Kelaniya 0.00 Ja-Ela 1.02 Mahara 17.53 Katana 2.21 Minuwangoda 12.27 Kelaniya 0.00 Mirigama 21.00 Mahara 1.56 Negombo 19.31 Minuwangoda 2.56 Wattala 6 .06 Mirigama 4 .39 Weke 11.43 Negombo 0.00 Wattala 0.22 The table gives us some important information about Weke 13.83 tree crop cultivation in.Gampaha District. As can be seen in two divisional secretaries more than 40 percent of the land area in the division is under The table indicates that cultivation of rubber is an coconut cultivation. In many other divisions more important economic activity only in one division in than 1/6 of the land is under coconut cultivation. Gampaha District. In a few other districts coconut cultivation is much less. There is only one division in which no land An important observation to be made in this respect, area is given as under coconut cultivation. This which is perhaps relevant to any other rubber is because much of the land in the Kelaniya division growing areas is .that there is a reluctance on the is water logged and the balance is either part of rubber cultivators to replant rubber even cultivated with paddy or used for residential with a state subsidy. The reaons are quite purposes. It is to be noted here that Kelaniya is understandable; the cost of production of rubber has one of the divisions which is more urbanized that gone up rapidly owing to the high cost of labour, the rest. fertilizer and other chemicals while the price of rubber remain the same over the last several years. It should be noted that the prominent place occupied Therefore, in the years to come one can expect by the coconut cultivation in the District should be rubber land to be sold by the owners mostly for given due priority in any planning for development building purposes, where the land is suitable for of the district. Alternative use of coconut based residential purposes or cultivated with coconut industries should be given due consideration in any which is less labour intensive and has a better such development programme. local market. 58 59 T 3.B-6 Mixed Crops The table clearly shows paddy cultivation is one of the most important economic activities of the people A total of 1920 hectares of land was aunder mixed in the district. Together with coconut cultivation crops in Gampaha District. Considering the agricultural, activities take more than 40 percent of rainfall and the availability of land for mixed land area in many divisional secretaries. Another cropping, particularly when it is considered that important aspect of paddy cultivatiton is that 25,000 hectares of land is under coconut cultivation unlike coconut cultovation paddy is more or less much more could be achieved in mixed cropping in the evenly spread in the district except in the divisions, district. Capital and know-how as well as the i.e. Negombo and Wattala. availability of a market for mixed crops are the more important constraints which prevent cultivators embarking on projects of mixed cropping. A more rigorous set of regulations on land utilization as Paddy cultivation i n Sri Lanka is carried out in two well as promoting mixed crop cultivation by seasons, the Yala a nd Maha. Of these major season extension services and providing credit facilities is the maha for whi ch the cultivators are dependent through the assistance of Banks will help greatly in completely on south -western monsoon rains which is developing mixed crop cultivation in the District. quite dependable in the area coming under Gampaha district. But if yala is mainly cultivated with rain water. Becau se of this with many cultivators yala fails when it was completely dependent on rain 3.B-7 Cultivation of Paddy - water. Even wh en there is irrigation such minor irrigation systems in the district cannot stand long periods of drought thus failing the cultivators of Next to coconut the largest extent of land in the the district who cu ltivates paddy with irrigated district is under paddy cultivation, the total water. extent of land under paddy being 22,550 hectares. A breakdown of land under paddy given as a percentage of total land area in each divisional The following table gives the extent of land sown secretary is given below. and harvested in both yala and maha seasons in the year 1986/87. ' Table 3.B-9 Extent of Land under Paddy Cultivation given as a Table 3.B-10 percentage of land under cultivation in each division. Divisional Secretariat Percentage of Land Paddy Cultivated and Harvested during the Yala Under Paddy Season in the Gampaha District in 1986. Cultivation Attanagalla 17.19 Major Irri Minor Irri, Rainfed Total Biyagama 29.19 Schemes Schemes Divulapitiya 15.42 Gampaha 29.10 Hectares Ja-Ela 16.88 Cultivated 1,290 816 8,164 10,270 Katana 11.50 Kelaniya 14.14 Hectares Mahara 17.32 Harvested 1,244 795 7,971 10,010 Minuwangoda. 19.20 Mirigama 15.52 Negombo 5.08 Wattala 3.46 Weke 18.69 60 61 It is already seen that the total land area under paddy cultivation in the district amount to 22,550 hectares. It is also seen from the above tables that at any given year the total land area harvested is roughly about 2/3 of the land which can be Extent of Paddy Land Cultivated and Harvested during cultivated with paddy. The main reason for not the Maha Season of 1986/87. cultivating paddy in any given year is the shortfall of rain in the district. However, if a careful Major Irri Minor Irri Rainfed Total study on the utilization of water and paddy lands in Schemes Schemes the district is made, perhaps there maybe a possibility of increasing the annual land cultivated with paddy. There is also the possibility of Hectares cultivating other crops in paddy fields during drier Cultivated 1,894 1,971 11,224 15,089 years of tapping ground water. In any case this an area which needs to be investigated and improved. Hectares Harvested 1,885 1,911 11,089 14,880 A total of 3,490 hectares of land in the district is categorized as wet land and another 4,680 hectares are under water. The possibilities of developing the former by dredging and the latter by, silting so The following table gives the same information for as to improve the storage capacity has to be considered in any scheme of development /of land use in the district. the year 1989/90. The entire Gampaha District has only 200 hectares of grass land. This again is an area which needs to be investigated in any programme of improving the land utilization in the district. If the vast Table 3.B-11 extent of land under coconut cultivation can be even partly used for the development of grass land in the district much could be achieved in the field of animal husbandry. Paddy land cultivated and harvested during Yala and Maha seasons of 1989/90. A total of 700m hectares in Gampaha District is regarded as waste land. Since the pressure on land Yala Season in the district is very high the ways and means of converting waste land into some kind of use has to Major Irri. Minor Irri Rainfed Total be investigated. Schemes Schemes The overall picture with regard to the land Hectares utilization in Gampaha District is that there is Cultivated 1,110 1,716 8,497 11,323 much under utilization of this scarce resource in the district. In many Divisional Secretaries where Hectares rainfall and the supply of water is abundant the use Harvested 1,076 1,711 8,451 11,238 of land in coconut plantations can be vastly improved, either by using them for mixed cropping or converting them into grass land for the development Maha Season of animal husbandry. Again careful water Hectares management and the development of irrigation systems Cultivated 2,500 10,696 14,823 paddy cultivation in the district could be improved. 1,627 It may also be possible to introduce alternative Hectares crops, in the paddy fields in seasons when it is not Harvested 2,496 10,633 14,756 possible to cultivate paddy due to shortfall of 1,627 rain. 62 63 3.B-8 Employment possible to make necessary steps to develop and make use of this untapped resource for the development of The total population of the Gampaha District is the district. We have already seen that much could 1,738,909 of which 49.2 percent or 855,719 are males be achieved in the field of agriculture if land iks and the balance 50.7 or 883,990 are females. Of more intensively used and water is properly managed the total population 61.4 percent come under the age to obtain the maximum benefits from this scarce category of 15-65 which is regarded as the resource. However, there is a social problem which economically active population has to be resolved before any attempt is made to force economically active people to agriculture. First, it is commonly known that tye type of education imparted in this country alienates the youth from land, the degree of alienation Table 3.B-12 corresponding to the level of attainment in Activity Status of the People in Gampaha District. education. On the one hand the aspirations of educated youth regarding employment is naturally Activity Status Number quite different from those who are not educated. At the same time the type of incentives offered by Economically active agriculture as it is practiced in this country does not make agriculture and attractive way of life even population 474,483 to the uneducated. Therefore, in order to harness at least a part of the available human resources to Those who are employed 346.973 the development of agricultural potential in the district the sytem of agriculture as,it is practiced Those who are not employed 187,510 in Sri Lanka has to be evaluated and improvements made. While this is being done if necessary Economically inactive changes are made in the school curriculum so that agriculture is scientifically taught and attitudinal population 620,216 barriers made against it over the past centuries of colonial 'domination is removed there is every Students 215,827 possibility of harnessing a part of the wasted human resources to the development of agriculture in the Domestic Work 269,802 district. RetireOthers d or unable to work 78,5856,0070 However, the development of agricultural sector alone is not sufficient to absorb all the unemployed According to the table only a 27.2 percent of the in the district and for this purpose much has to be total population of Gampaha District is economically done in industrial sector. One stricking fact active. The percentage of the population who are about the employement profile of the district is the economically inactive is as high as 35.6 percent of heavy bias on service sector and the low percentage the total population. However, it is more of people employed in production sectors. important to direct our attention to the category of Following tables give the breakdown of employment unemployed which amounts to 26.8 percent of the for the district for the year 1985/86. economically active age group. It is this group which has to be studied to find out the reasons for their being not employed, and make necessary steps to utilize this vast amount of human resource for the development programme. There are various reasons which keep economically active segments of population away from work. Lack of training, lack of capital, the type of available work not meeting the aspirations of the workers, low incentives offered by work-by way of remuneration, cultural constraints are some such reasons. Once the unemployed are categorized along these lines it is 64 65 The following table gives the employed population by Table 3.B-13 major occuptional groups. Table 3.B-14 Employed Population by Major Industrial Groups. Employed Population categorized by Major Occupational Groups in Gampaha District. Industrial Group Number Percentage Occupational Group Number Percentage Mining and quarrying 4,003 0.9 Professional, Technical Manufacturing 119,987 27.1 and Related Workers 34,983 7.9 Electrical, Gas & Administration and Water 1,941 0.4 Managerial Workers 2,949 0.7 Construction 38,016 7.2 Electrical and Wholesale, Retail and related workers 41,733 9.4 Restaurant 53,531 12.1 Sales workers 44,590 10.1 Transport, Storage and Service workers 35,675 8.1 Communication 36,520 8.2 Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Forestry, Insurance, Real Estate, Business Services 19,864 3.1 Hunting and Fishing 83,214 18.8 Community, Social and Personal Services 79,583 18.1 Production and related Others 19,556 3.1 workers 197,876 44.7. Unspecified 1,786 0.8 TOTAL 355,001 81.2 TOTAL 442,809 100.00 Although according to this table the category named Agricultural, Animal production and related gives a percentage of 44.7 as husbandry, Forestry, we have seen in the previous table only 27 percent Fishing and Hunting 87,809 19.8 of this come under really manufacturing category. Another important aspect which the data brings to light in the economic life of the people of the In the country which largely depends on foreign district is the very low rate of involvement in earnings for its very . survival the pattern of agriculture. Of the economically active population employement categories as dipicted in the above only a mere 10 percent is involved in agriculture. table does not augur well for further economic t • It is already noted the vast untapped resources development or stability. ' Therefore, more hidden in the form of mixed cropping and in proper attention should be paid to manufacturing sector in management of water . which can improve the introducing new industrial ventures. Available agricultural production in the district to a agricultural inputs in the district such as coconut considerable extent. At the same time there is a products, rubber as well as any other locally substantial amount of human resources going waste obtainable raw materials for such industries must be for want of employment. Only proper and central given due consideration when new industrial ventures planning can bring these two together which will are mooted. improve the quality of life of people of the district. 66 67 Table 3.B-16 Occupation Sex Number Total Percentage The high level of educational attainments of the district is quite noticeable when the comparatively Professional, high percentage of the category termed Technical and Male 13,987 51 .47 'Professional, Technical and Related Workers' which Related Workers Female 13,204 48. 5 amounts to 7.9 percent is taken into account. This 27,191 7.8 must be compared with the mere 10 percent which is involved in agriculture. It must be reiterated Administrative & Male 4,312 90.4 again that agriculture must be made paying and Management Workers Female 454 9.5 attractive for the new and educated youth to get 4,766 1. 3 involved in it. Clerical and Male 27,928 75 . 9 Related Workers Female 8,855 24.0 An important aspect of employment in any country is 36,783 10.6 its sex division. The following table gives the picture with regard to sex division of employment in Sales workers Male 32,128 89 .6 Gampaha District. Female 3,724 10.3 35,852 10.3 Service workers Male 23,295 82.0 Female 5,101 17.9 Table 3.B-15 28,396 8.1 Agricultural, Occupations by Sex in the Gampaha Distrct. Animal Husbandry, Male 42,225 95.2 Forestry workers Female 2,122 4.7 and Fishermen 44,347 12.7 Sex Number Percentage Production and Male 287,437 82.84 related workers, Male 135,009 84.7 Female 59,543 17.16 transport equip Female 24,374 15.2 ment operators 159,383 45.9 TOTAL 346,941 100.00 Workers not Male 8,553 83.4 classified by Female 1,70 0 16.5 Occupation 10,253 2.9 The above table gives very important details of the utilization ofN human resources in the district. The most striking feature is the very low percentage of female employees as compared to males in every category. Whereas females constitute nearly half of the economically active population only a third of them are employed. It is also important to note in this respect that they compare very favourably with males in professional and technical categories. However, they occupy a very low position in administrative and managerial occupational categories. The reasons for this is both cultural and practical. Administrative and managerial positions demand more time and energy of people who occupy those positions than in professional categories. 68 69 (b) Sectoral Division of the Employed in the Gampaha Therefore, traditionally females preferred to take teaching and other related categories of District. employment which allow them a considerable degree of freedom in adjusting their time schedules so that they can also attend to domestic and child raring Table - 3.B-18 responsibilities. The table shows that this is no Own Account Unpaid Total exception in the Gampaha District. However, the low Sex Employer Family involvement of females in employment has to be Worker Worker carefully studied and measures be taken to harness this important resource for development purposes of the district. But is must be remembered that both Male 7,043 52,705 1,648 61,396 cultural and attitudinal barriers have to be overcome Female 771 3,652 507 4,930 before success can be achieved in this respect. For instance there is strong opposition among the Muslim T 0 T A L 7,814 56,357 2,155 66,326 community regarding females taking part in public activity. Also the more traditional minded males in the Sinhala and Tamil communities consider it low to make Total number employed in all sectors = 346,971- women work and feed the family which men feel is their duty. Men in our society feel a little belittled if females go to work. Of course this is a traditional These figures indicate that of the total number of middle class attitude which is breaking at present and employed population in Gampaha District close upon with the spread of education, particularly more and a half is employed by the sector referred to as the more females entering higher education this attitude is 'other' meaning private sector and again it is this bound to lose its effectiveness. same category which employs half of the females employed. The second highest sector which employs females is the government sector. The very low numbers involved in own account worker category and The following table gives some interesting details employer category is noteworthy here. Eventhough with regard to the employers of those who are there has been much promoting activity to generate employed in Gampaha District. self employment still the tendency among people seem to be to work for someone else. Table 3.B-17 3.B-9 Education in Gampaha District According to the census report of 1981 the children of school age in Gampaha District number 434,638 which is about 1/3 of the total population of the (a) Sectoral Division of the Employed in the Gampaha District. The percentage of children attending District. schools between the ages 5-14 in Gampaha District is 88.7 which is higher than the national average of Sex Govt.Sector Semi-Govt, Other Total 84.8 showing the high interest in education in the district. This also explains the higher literarcy Male 44,799 49,269 131,973 226,041 rate in the district which is 94.2 as compared with Female 17,081 7,314 30,209 54,604 the national average of 86.5 percent. TOTAL 61,880 56,583 162,182 280,645 Following the general pattern of educational system in the island the schooling system in Gampaha District is also divided into three basic categories of primary schools (kindergarten-grade 5, ages 5- 10), junior secondary schools (grades 6-10, ages 11- 15) and senior secondary schools (grades 11-13, ages 16-18). The child who completes the school system without break spends 13 years in the shcool system 70 71 and perhaps another year in a preparatory class making a total of 14 years of schooling. At the Many children • from Gampaha District leave the end of the junior secondary school the students take district for Colombo schools offering better GCE 0/L examination in order to enter into the facilities. This is more marked with students senior secondary grade which leads them to the GCE offering science based subjects for GCE A/L as the A/L examination which serves as the entry point to facilities for science teaching is poor even in best the university or any other higher educational schools in Gampaha District as compared with schools institution. in Colombo district. Even within the district there is also a greater demand for more urban based schools because of the better facilities they offer* Eventhough the eduational system in the country is free upto the university education there are other constraints which prevent more than 70 percent of students not completing their education even upto Gampaha District is divided into 15 educational the end of junior secondary level. The following circuits of which two are Tamil circuits and having table gives the dropout rates for various grades. no geographical boundaries within the district. In The total school age population in Gampaha District the more past much disputed cluster system is is 434 ,638 in 1981. introduced as a pilot project in 26 clusters in the district. A cluster varies between 10-20 primary and secondary schools having 3,000-10,000 student population and a teaching staff of 100-400. One of Table 3.B-19 the schools in the cluster which has the best potential is designated as the core school which serves as the resource centre for the other schools Dropouts from School System at Various Levels in in the cluster thus making the best, use of the available resources in the core school ' thus reducing Gampaha District. the under utilization of scarce resources and duplication of facilities. This pilot project is Grade Number Percentage expected to develop into a systematic network of 01 - 05 53,513 8.17 integrated cluster of schools in the entire district 06 - 08 102,666 23.62 encompasing 58 school zones in the district. 09 - 10 167 ,254 38.48 Core school system is a worthwhile experiment if If, as it is expected the Thus only about 30 percent of school age children properly carried out t potential, in the cluster is attend school until they complete the junior school with the bes core school and the required secondary level. The other 70 percent leave school designated as the ided and made available to the for various reasons, the primary reason among them facilities are prov ster this will not only improve is the inability of the family to support the child schools in the clu tion in the district but also at school for economic reasons. Very often it is the level of educa reduce the outflow of highly motivated students to the child who makes the decision to attend or not to creating a multitude of problems attend the school depending upon the support he schools in Colombo receives from the family. In a highly competitive in the metropolis. school system like ours teachers take hardly any interest in students who fall behind in class room work. Very often they are punished for the same 3.B-10 Higher Education without looking into the reasons for the same. The Of the eight hationa 1 universities, one, the situation makes many children leave school and look Kelaniya University is si tuated in Gampaha District, for employment in whatever capacity they can find The university of Ke laniya at present imparts one. Finally about 8,000 from Gampaha district knowledge in all des ciplines including medicine appear for the GCE A/L examination annually and of which is now taught at the former Private Medical this number only about 500 qualify to enter College which became the Faculty of Medicine of universities or any other higher educational Kelaniya University. However, Agriculture, institutions. The centres of higher education are Engineering and Dentistr y are not taught in Kelaniya open only to about 1.7 percent of those who aspire University. There a re also 5 teacher training for the same in Gampaha District. colleges in the district. 72 73 4 3.B-11 Tutories Nurseries or pre-school educational centres is one of the answers to this problem and in urban centres Apart from the educational institutions already where parents could afford to pay for the same mentioned which is a part of the National System of nurseries have come up. But in rural areas where Education, the district also is dotted with numerous people are not in a position to pay for such tutories of which there is no formal data available. facilities older children stay back at home without -Gampaha District has been famous or rather notorious attending school, to care for the young. for private tutories even when the phenomena of private tutories is not much in vogue.in the rest of the country. This again is a good indication of the high motivation among the population of the district to acquire education. 3.B-14 Health 3.B-12 Technical Education Sri Lanka has a long history of a state backed health care system which has enormously contributed Although there are 22 technical institutions and 5 to improve the health conditions of the people of affiliated technical units in Sri Lanka none of this country. This is shown in many indicators•of these are located in Gampaha District. Therefore, health such as life expectancy, infant mortality, those students who intend to pursue technical maternal mortality, crude death rate, etc. Sri education always had to obtain the same from a Lanka fares very favourably with any other nation in higher technical institution in Colombo. the world eventhough in many other respects Sri Lanka is just another third world nation with all the inherent problems of such a nation. The 3.B-13 Pirivena Education establishment of primary health care in rural areas is one of the awoved policies of the Sri Lankan Apart from the formal school system there are also government and much has been happening about it. temple based pirivenas which impart education at all However, a more recent publication of a World Bank levels very much like a maha vidhyala but with the Report has warned Sri Lanka that unless urgent steps difference of the education being more biased on are taken to arrest malnutirition and improve the oriental languages . and Buddhist studies. However, .existing health' facilities the country is going to these pirivenas are very much poorer in facilities loose much of what it has achieved in respect of when compared with government run schools. health over the last several decades. Eventhough the education is free upto the level of university, still as in any other district in Sri Lanka poverty of the majority of population in the verv favourably with district, particularly in the more rural areas Gampaha District compare— s - -• . . health affect the education of children, the poverty of the national figures and averagereragc s with regard to health indicators enrisuchh as crudfe birt_ h rate, infant family makes the mothers to work to support the rate, etc. family leaving the care of younger children in the mortality rate, maternal mortality hands of elder children. This is the reason for However. the rate "of preventive vaccinations for However, ^ ^ -n Ganipaha district than the heavy absenteeism and higher drop out rates of ^national 'figures'for the same and there is alsalsoo children in schools situated in poorer areas than a high incidence of such diseases as hepatitis and those in more affluent areas. Lgh cirrhosis of the liver. In many urban den tres of Gampaha District nursery schools have come to cater a new requirement which is increasingly fel t not only in urban centres but also in rural areas Due to economic pressures and the spread of educ ation many mothers have taken up In nd others who could not secure of formal employment a Divulapitiya and Minuwangoda the ^i*--. formal employment have secured employment in the diarrhoea, hepatitis and malaria are co y informal sector or self employment. This makes it high. extremely important that some device be made to look after children wh ile the mother is at work. Ik 75 Medical facilities in Sri Lanka are classified into 9 categories depending upon a facility scale used for the purpose. The indicators such as the number of specialists, number of health care assistants, number of hospital beds per 1,000 persons are used for this purpose. The total number of medical facilities in Gampaha District are 58 excluding teaching hospitals (the one at Ragama) with a total 2,605 beds. This makes the number of beds per 1,000 persons in Gampaha District 2.0 which is lower than that of the national average of 3.3. Gampaha District is second highest in population among all the districts in Sri Lanka. The total number of patients in the 58 facilities of the district in 1985 totaled 132,007 while the mumber of outpatients in the same year added upto 2,373,776. The number of medical personnel per 100,000 population was much lower than the national figure in the district and at present the medical staff in the district is insufficient to meet the health care needs of a rapidly expanding population. Another important factor to be taken into consideration of medical facilities in the district is the low priority given to rural areas in this regard. The senior medical staff always tend to concentrate around central hospitals very often located in urban centres of the district and naturally the patients also tend to get attracted more and more towards cdentral or base hospitals making heavy pressure on the staff of these institutions. In these hospitals the outpatient sections are crowded while the occupancy rates always exceed the capacity the average occupancy rate for the Fig. 9;B:I Location of Medical Facilities district being 120%. This must be compared with the Legend occupancy rate of District Hospitals which is only 70%. t eaching. 1 lospilal (1) The patients are naturally motivated to visit central u hospitals spending more money and travelling longer "» M.O.H. Office (9) Oase Hospital (3) distances in the hope of obtaining better health care. However, these facilities also require immediate • District Hospital 1 1 improvements both staff wise and equipment wise if O Peripheral Hospital [*) the expectations of the patients are to be met J j M.O.H Areas (9) adequately. O Rural Hospital (3) A Malcrnity Home • Cenlral Dispensary (9) Central Dispensary (3 0 • Maternity Home (2) 76 77 Table 3E-20-(b) TABLE 9B-2o -(oO SANITATION INDICATORS i i. 'i ...... KEY HEALTH PERSONNEL, 1984 ( Unit : % ) 1 ml iCM 1 or 1 (iampaha Sri l.anka Ramjiaha District Sri I, a n k ,i Key Health I'nt snnne I Population with walcr al home or Ha I'nr |00, 000 Pr.rlOO. 000 713(H) G9. 6(%)' vicirfily (|n8t) Medical Off ir.er (Cm alive Service) 8. 7 2 m II. Pnpiilal ion with adequate sanitary Mori ins I III I i ccr (A»lm i n i r.l. r a I. i vc Service) 83. 3 GG. G | 3 0. 2 i«m 0.6 facilities al home or vicinity (|<)R|) Medical Officer of lln.ill.li i 12 0. 8 102 0. fi Infants immunized with IICO Hr.iilal Surgeon 02. 1 66. 8 ; 23 1. 6 288 1. 8 (1984) Assistant Mcflic.il Prat: I i I i nnr.r 7n 18 984 0. 3 Infants Immunized with lll'T GO. 0 GG. 1 H nt (1984) 5H a 37, 8 7. 400 47. 0 I' ii Ii I i c Ik .1 H Ii f) n r n i n r. Sister Infants immunized with (II'V 22 20!) 1.3 G7. 7 65. 4 Pnh I i c Ilc.1 H Ii I nr. pec I.or (1984) 5!) 4.0 9IG 5.8 'JL '.. : Pregnant women immunized against lami t y Ilea I lit Wot kr.r 25fi 17.4 3,001 in. 53. 8 47. 0 Tetanus Toxoid (1984) rami I y Health Miu kcr (I nr, I. i I n I. i on) II7 N A Women attended to hy trained health •• Pharmacist 17 N A 90.0 79. 0 staff dur ing pregnancy (1980) Hr.rlical Laboratory Techno I op, i r. I. in N A Number ol deliveries at institutions/ Dispenser i 2!) N A 61; 3 7G. 4 | ! . (1980).; Dahies up lo one year old cared for by Sourer.! Annual lira I Hi Dullclin. Sri l.atika, 1984, Jlin'i'str'y of Health j ! i • : i. • ' — 80.0 trained staff; 1 i ' : (1980)' I IJfUce ol I hn HIHIS, Gampaha.''' J •>,.:!;• • •• . -i Note! I'rl Sonne I related l.o Hit: Tc.ieh i lip, Hospital hi flflgama art*, excluded. Source •: A ri h it a I Ilea I Hi Jin 11 cljli', St i J.anka, (984t Mihislry of Health ; . j | •• i in!> i' • ii • :• • 'i •: i i i i * . I ! il,': I I ! I ! I-, ii . .. i ( i •' •: |i •«'! i I i . •> j ;! I ! ' !•• '. i iw < j it I I i ! t . , : . , I - •• : l j . . . .» .ii. ! in 1 I \ .iS' 78 79 The map given in the previous page shows that there is only one teaching hospital in the district. Perhaps the situation maybe corrected by expanding There are three Base Hospitals, 4 District Hospitals medical education in Sri Lanka for which there is and 4 Peripheral Hospitals and 4 Rural Hospitals. a clamour on the part of both parents and students Even a cursary glance at the map shows the engaged in higher education. However, there is inadequacy of rural hospitals in the district. little hope changing the current situation with an Investment on smaller hospitals both peripheral and annually diminishing budget on higher education. rural is bound to make the pay off in the long run Not only medical officer categories but also in as more patients are bound to patronize such other categories of health personnel Gampaha hospitals when they develop their confidence with district as well as the whole of Sri Lanka fall increased facilities. These facilities should not behind the required standards for the maintenance only be on building and equipment but also on of the health of the nation at an acceptable level. personnel as well. Such a situation not only help The only category of health personnel' which sounds the patients as they spend less on transport in respectable in their standard are nurses which commuting long distrances but also help them health figure 37.8 for 100,000 people in Gampaha district wise as they could attend to illness without loss of and 47 for the nation. But the figures are very time which in many cases aggravate the patients low both in Gampaha district and for the nation with condition. Such a situation will also improve the regard to dental surgeons, public health nursing efficiency and effectiveness of central and base sisters and public health inspectors, which of hospitals in meeting the demands made on them. course tells amply about the ailments affecting the health delivery system of the nation. Gampaha district scores high on sanitory indicators A careful study of the table shows that Gampaha District is below the national averages in all according to the table given above. It must be but two categories of health facilities. The noted that on many items the score is very much national average for curative medical officers is higher than the national figures except the very far 11.2 but it is only 8.7 in Gampaha district. Then below the national averages. If adequate measures there is only 1 medical officer for 11,500 people in are taken to improve health facilities other than Gampaha District. Thus this is not a bright medical facilities much can be achieved with regard picture when it is considered that Gampaha is to national i health as 60 percent of outpatients situated very close to the Capital and considered as attending medical facilities suffer from preventable a very favoured and fast developing district in the medical conditions. island. The national figure for the same is 1 medical officer for 5,000 people which is eventhough 3.B-15 Medical Administration better than the situation in Gampaha District is not a happy one either. However, as pointed out Gampaha District is divided into 9 areas each area earlier most of these medical officers tend to be under the supervision of a Medical Officer of Health concentrated around the Capital and other urban (MOH) for the administration of medical facilities centers making the situation very poor in rural of the region. An MOH office includes among its areas. This is more due to the annual exodus of a staff, medical officers of health, public health large number of medical officers from the Island nursing sisters, supervising public health midwives, rather than not producing sufficent number of public healths inspectors and school dental medical officers by the national universities. Nor therapists. However, some divisional secretaries is this a peculiar situation to Sri Lanka but such as Attanagalla and Divulapitiya have no something Sri Lanka shares with other developing corresponding MOH offices which give rise to many nations, i.e., losing their national expertise to administrative problems, not to speak about the less the developed west. There are many reasons why availability of health care facilities, Public well qualified medical officers leave the Island in health midwives are supposed to provide primary search of greener pastures. Major opportunities health care facilities at the village level through for employment in health sector is held by the visiting the households. Although much can be government of Sri Lanka where poor salaries, achieved in this respect the low recognition given incongenial working conditions and frequent to these officers as well as the excessive number of political interference has adversely affected the households which come under their supervision make service. it less likely that the maximum use is obtained from this institution. 80 81 r.-.blrj 3.B-2.I Census of Gampaha -- 1971 and 1981 li I <)W t. Il A re i p i'. 1 y v. ,i Gampaha District, The Report of the Census and AHA Divi r. i on (1 :ll) J'lli j;n:.L (;n Statistics Department, 1981. H i r i p, a 0 ,i loo. 1) 70. 05'j III, 2!M •1. 7 Annual Health Bulletin of Sri Lanka. Publication of the Ministry of Health, 1984, II i v ii 1 ,i 1p. iiy. i 82. Mil on. mo 1. R 1985 and 1986. M i imiw.i nr.'nl.i LI!). '?. 1113. IM!) 107.277 0. \ Medical Statistics from the RDHS Office 1 A 1.1 n ;i r .11 l.i 1 !i 1 . II lift. 0117 III!), 781 n. 0 Gampaha. o Kf.-I:c Uil. ',! 8!i, 080 !I8. .ri7!i Statistics from the Remote Sensing Division of 1.5 the Survey Department. I.! .1 m 11.1 Ii ,i ill. II III!. 207 1 1!'.!. 081 Human Resources Development in Sri Lanka, 1985. •1.0 M.i Vim id.!. ;i Statistics from the Registrar General's K.1|. iA 1.1 Department. ii;!. !) !MJ. 2!H ion, 15:1s l.o ,1.1 I: In 12.2.012 1 in.nao 0. z lli:f.:-iill.") .1!). f, 1017 or; , Ifi7. 080 '3. 1 h .11, .i n .i 1 1 1. 7 10!). -17G |! i y .1 £ .1 in .1 PI. 7 2:10. II.IH l.f. K i: I n n i y ,i It)!). 027 7II f A1. 1. 171. 571 "1. ;i!)0, 81.2 1.7 son it a: l)r.|in r ImcnI n 1 l! r: n r. n s n n iStatisticl s IMIIIj: 11,1 m p ;i Ii ,1 ilisl.rir.1 w,v; scpm .1 lr«m l!o I omlio ilistrir.l in l!)7!). hf. fore II1.1I. Ili»rr wimp. |0 ADA il i v i s i riiir. (I! I of: lot .11 ns). Ilovrrvor, r.lt.ini;i: in ilivision lin'inil.i r y (rxr.upl for I In; r, 62 83 Table S.B-22-(t)lncome Uistiibulion foi Gampaha Distiict (itn nr.r : It- 921' , . • T;iljle38^2-fn)poor |,c|jef sc|ielne (poocj stamps) Ilninliit ol IIIIIIT'.IIIO 1 dr. 1 nc.iiiac Am on II I Pc i IT.II I 1 Niimiif.i j'cr i.e.II I llmiRflio 11| •:. t n r. r. i v | n p_ n(.nnt: r.i«' M - 1 ml i v i dun 1 n r f: r R i»i n k (i(r.. ' ii no") kcr or. i.nc !il.;un |ir. 1 (i o '1 1.1 m p 1. 137 0. 1 AHA division 9. 1.0 3, 3 'In mln: i r.liarr: (%) Mum ber r. !i n i r: ( % . r r-• b n n 200 15. 131 l> i V II 1 .1 |M 1 i VI II. 58,". 201) •-• 100 10. 170 72. 1 ' 40. fill5 •I 8. 2 ( IO. 208) ( 'Ii. 3) ( !.:.. :mii) (19. 9) M i i i i;,u«.i mi;; (ill. 1) 49. III:i II. I 31.512 liOO 03. 4 22 inn • ( 47,811)) (18. 5) M i II II w .i n i\ .i il ,i (118.702» (12. (i) 12.277 51. !) •11. Dlili 38. 3 c 34.006 K.i I.III.I 800 50. 201 12. 152 S3. 3 38. 071 nmi — (32. 5) 35. 3 (1118. 900) (00. 7) ( 82, 410) Wi:!:(! in. 817 52. 7 38. 501 39. I 7.7. 781 000 31. 12.1 8110 1 (110. 197) (12. 7) M.i Ii.i i .i cm. :','in> .in i:i.I il. 1)88 ,12. 5 29. !H8 25. 1 100 • 101) 7.57, 813 All 1'.""' l Stun M I' | 84 85 Table 3 9-23- Population and viral statistiub Sri Lanka Year Population Birth Death Net Annual Mid Year Rate Rate migration Natural Rate Growth ^ate 2.55 1963 10.651 34.1 8.6 1.0 1964 10.889 33.2 8.8 1.0 2.44 1965 11.133 33.2 8.2 0.5 2 . 50 2.40 1966 11.439 32.3 8.3 0.5 3.B.16. Employement Profile 1967 11.703 31.6 7.5 0 . 6 2.41 1968 11.992 32.0 7.9 0.7 2.41 Agriculture 1969 12.252 30.4 8.1 0.9 2 . 23 0.8 2.19 1970 12.516 29.4 7.5 The total employed population in Gampaha district, 2.7 2.27 1971 12.608 30.4 7.7 according to the 1985/86 census, is 442,809. Of 3.2 2.19 1972 12.681 30.0 8.1 this number, 87,808 as an industrial group and 3.8 2.03 1973 13.091 28.0 7.7 83,214 as an occupational group, are involved in the 4.0 1.85 1974 13.284 27.5 9.0 agriculture sector (agriculture, livestock production, 2.3 1.93 1975 13.496 27.8 8.5 forestry and fisheries). Table 3.B-24 gives the total 3.8 2.00 1976 13.717 27.8 7.8 population as well as the breakdown in terms of 3.7 2.05 1977 .. 13.942 27 9 7.4 industrial groups and occupational groups. Thus, 2 . 8 2.19 1978 14.190 28 5 6.6 approximately a fifth of the employed population is 3.0 2.24 1979 14.472 28 9 6.5 wholly or partly employed in the agricultural sector. 1980 14.747 28 4 6.2 4.6 2.22 1981 15.011 28 2 5.9 3.3 2.23 6.0 2.07 However, these figures do not reflect the exact 1982 15.189 26.8 6.1 situation, since most agricultural activities are 6 . 8 2.01 1983 15.416 26.2 6.1 mixed operations, and many involved in agricultural 1984 15.599 24 .8 6.5 4.9 1.83 N.A. 1.81 pursuits are also involved, at least to some degree, 1985 15.837 24 . 3 6.2 . in other related sectors as well. Within the agriultural sector itself, the breakdown into sub-sectors is given Table 3.B-25-(a) as percentage of the total agriculture sector. Thus 31.1% of those in the agricultural sector, are involved in paddy cultivation. The other major sectors are coconut (18.2%), other crops (15.5%), fishing (12.8%) and vegetables and fruits (8.8%). In these cases too, exact distinctions are not possible, because for instance, a paddy farmer will also grow vegetables, fruits and other crops and may also rear livestock. Many farmers are also part-time labour in coconut, and rubber estates. Most farmers have home-gardens where mixed market gardening is practiced. Thus, the classification given is not exactly accurate and would only serve as a general guide. Table 3.B-25(b) ranks farmer population in the AGA divisions. As expected, the more rural divisions such as Weke, Divulapitiya, Minuwangoda, Mirigama and Attanagalla, rank highest in farmer population. Since many farmers are engaged in off-farm activities as well, farm enterprises show low profitability. The numbers engaged in the livestock sector is small. This is basically due to religious influences. Most pig and poultry farmers are Roman Catholics along the coastal areas 86 87 A TdJik^^^cK^p^U 2>t'jfaU-- Manh'ng of ACU.//MW Setter Popula Table 3?B'Z5-C^ Farmer/ Average Ratio of Average tion Gini coe M. Gampaha District - Percentage employed population in agriculture popula area agr. land paddy density (rank) sector. tion (rank) (rank) (rank) (rank) (rank) Sector/Sub-sector. % of total in Aari.sector, 11 l( Divulapitiya 13 2 2 2 11 1. Agriculture + Livestock production. X , Mirigama 12 3 i 12 4 Paddy cultivation - 31.1 Other Field Crops - 1.3 3. Weke 11 i 3 10 10 Vegetables + Fruits - 8.8. Tea - 0.1 ^. Attanngalla 10 5 5 5 13 8 Rubber - 6.5 £pconut - 18.2 Jr. Minowangoda 9 4 3 1 8 8 PlfflSmron - 0.2 tA$?®a, Cardamom, Pepper - 0.1 i , Kntana 8 8 8 10 4 6 T$bfcceo - 0.4 Citranella - 15.5 7. Mahara 7 6 7 8 9 13 Other Crops - 0.6 Toddy Tapping - 1.7 p. Gampaha 6 7 6 7 7 7 Livestock production •\, Biyagama 5 8 9 9 . 6 12 Total Agriculture & Livestock 8^tft to. Watlala 4 12 13 13 3 5 2. Agriculture services - 2.2 11 10 11 5 3 3. Hunting, trapping etc., U. Ja-Ela 3 4. Forestry, Logging - 0.4 Negombo 2 10 12 6 i /I 5. Fishing - 12.8 • 13 Kelaniya I 13 ti i2 2 / 2 Total 100.0 Source :- Dept. of Census & Statistics ( Basedon 1985/86 figures) 88 89 Table 3«9?2;l5 paddy Labor Requirements (manilay*) *0 173 OQ tO If] CvJ t— t- Da i I y Y.il a Malta Wap,n I arm I a cm 2 n:rr (Rs) (tlayr.) (ilayr.) (il a y r,) (?l.iys) I. I.nnd prnpatal ion 4/ II. 1 21. I II. 9 21. 4 2 ri.inlinp./Sowinp, 40 8.4 15. I II). 2 18. 4 Top drcsr. inp, 39 0.5 0.9 • (1.7 I. 3 •1. I'tir.t./Wr.nr! Conl nil 44 .0. 7 1.3 1.0 I. 8 !i. liarvi!si inp, 39 !!. Ii 17. 3 1(1. 9 19. 0 riu' I t I], F hi cr.lt i pr/C I citi i nr -II 2 14.7 10. ,r) 8. 18. 9 VI (.) U 7. Transport 41. I.J 2. 3 I. a 3. 2 iZ 72. 7 o 40. 4 4/. n 84. 6 i; rj Sun r r.i:: I In; lltiitl Ap.r it:u I Inn I II cm; It mat It Survey, Maliawdi |)':vr.ltipir.<:nt 'U iu. I'l njr-.r.l, .InMI; |!)8(i rv. >. 13 'U ro o. tl. .C) m I- Ci U 1 o U v tJ n >• Cl. o 41 *l f= m Cl o w m n i-j u u i- — o i_.i-.cv M v (J — -c 90 91 Tabte'3B-2.S • Pepper Labor Requirements Table 38-29 Pepper Production Cost / y e .1 r : 1 2 3 . 5 0-10 11 -15 Average I 2 3 \ 5 (i - year 11 em 11 c —— 1 Pcnc i nr. 10 - P e n c i n f, 1. 500 -- - - 2 1..mil I. 1 c.1 ring 6' ! - ^< - Tools 11)0 100 100 100 '. 100 . 100 100 3 1. c. vol |i e g II) : - - PVH cosl 15!) 150 150 150 ; I50 - ! \ II n 1 i n g 50 ' 1 -"" - l c r I i 1 i z c r 450 750 I. 200 I. 550 I, 800 2.400 3.000 5 PYH App 1 ic.it ion 10 - - - PI.in Is 1. 050 300 I50 .- : - Rs2.533 (i Holer. 12 - "- - Tolal 3. 250 I. 300 l. GU0 I. 800 2. 050 2.500 3. I00 7 Planting 15 - -" : - Annual a v v. i a g e product ion cosl (HIRI. I5°< iip) Rs2.9I3 8 Mm Ichi nR 5 - ' - * Source: I' I a n n i n g Notes n n M . \l . C Economic Unit. Dept. of M. V. . C.19B5 !) 1 ii f i 1 1 i n g ,- 10 5 . - Note : lisl.im.ited cosl (15% increase f i om 1DR1) Ill Af 1 or care 12 20 28 - II Weed inp, - U 26 45 12 Mulching 5 5 5 5 in Fori, i 1 \T. Ing 15 20 30 45 45 45 H Slash/Weed - 4 5 6 6 6 i 15 Pruning vines - 3 5 10 15 15 10 I'cst/iliscase conlro - 2 2 2 2 2 17 Harvest i ng - - 12 it 22 22 II! I'r occss i HR - - 2 .1 5 5 1!) I! 1 can/grade - - I I 2 2 Tolal I50 86 121 134 97 97 | • • ! \nnihil Average l.'.ilior Cost (Hs 40 M/0) Source: Planning Holes on M ; E . C Economic ll n i 1. Hep I., of M . p, . C.I985 92 93 TAHLE •/<3B-31 COPFCE PRODUCTION COST (Rs/acrc) Tabta.-J&B-^o Coffee Labor Requirements (manilays/acrc) Year year 1 2 3 , 4 5 6-10 ! ' 2 ! 3 A- 5 R - 10 11-12 Average Item 11-15 Averaye 1I. nm 1. Fencing 1.500 1 l:'! 11 c i n R 10 ? lools 100 100 100 100 100 LOO 100 2 I,.uiil ('. I nan i up, U 1. FYM Cost 100 100 100 IOO 100 100 100 ,'? I.dvi'l p n K 10 4 i urlilij.pr 750 1,125 1.500 1,500 1,500 I.5O0 \ II" I rj i np, -10 5 Plants 170 10 20 f> FHI Appl icat ion 8 Total 2.395 "90 1.315 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,700 R5 l,R.75 Annual Average Production (i I'i'i I Ho Inn Rs 1,926 in Cost (I'JMI, 15% '.'|.') 7 P I a ii I i" R 12 Source: Planning Moles on M.fc'.C. ' Economic IJnil Ocpt. of M.E.C. 1905 8 M'llr.liinp, , 1 Motes: Estimated cost (increased 15% fiotn 1901) !) InMllinp, II) After Can; 12 20 28 11 W 13 Port iIizing 10 15 2540 . 10 40 40 Ai'FICULLURNL Pi ijcJucUciii COST « \\ Slar.li/I1cnd ' ' ' •' : fi. 6 fi G TBC PCRRC.IILNYC v[ :I|'IICTILLMAL PRODUCTION curl III YIOSS FARM INCOME IR, Ifihtilnli-d BELOW, WILH DCLNIH IN TNBLE 2.3.4.12 ~ 13. I fi P r ii n i n g "2 2 3 3 3 |G Pcsl/dincase conltnl 2 : 2 •2 3 3 3 Table-3B-32 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION COST ; i: ; 17 Harvesting 10 15 20 20 30 Cdst/Gtoss Income Farm Si7.e Type ol former |P, Pi or.ness i ng (Acre) Farmer A . Farmer B 2 3 ;5 5 : (%) (%) I!) Clnaii/Rraili! 2 2 2 largo-Scale rnuncis 10.0 43 40 I nta I 137 fill LLLFI LL)!L 7!) 7!) 8!) 80.3 Medium-Scale formers 4.0 50 44 Standard Fairners 1.2 . 56 : 57 Annual Average labor Cost (Rs 40 M/D) Rs3. 572 Small-Scale Fatmers 0.5 G2 58 Source: Manning Notes on Mi E , C Gconomic Unit, Dept. of ME . C • 1985 Very Smnll Farmers 0.25 ' 34 ' • fanner A: farmeis cultivating Coconut and poddy odly. fai met D: farmers cultivating coconut, paddy and minor export oops. 94. 95 \ab\e .3/8^33 Farm Management-Present A i i i i i ; • ! i ; i j i •: ruiI ; i ! ! Gross Production j Production Anount ' ! j rara Size Land ; ;rea • tine j Per- ; Cr:??ing Pattern Crc??- ; ; J Production ! Net Fara inr0Be i I 1 Far: i i sn« i Yield Total 1 Unit Gross i .Cost i (acre) . Use j tfcrej j tunc! son : Area • | {%) \ ...... \ .. incoae! Rs i Income °at;c i | i ! | • ! ton /acre Yield | Rs/ton Hs . j ! | i Paddy ! 2.0 j i ! 2 Yaha Daddy i SO 1.13 18 4. 573 3. 263 Large ! i : Full j • -r j 4.034 j 4.234 | Parser! ! time- 2 i 2 Maha oaddy 1 100 L 25 2.5; 4,573 -' 11.433 to (ICG) | Upland i 2.0 i | ! 3 Coconut 1 100 5.519" i5.914 ! en a°0nuts 7.120 • 1.8 12.316 4. 325 ! £.491 j ! ! ' ! ! 1 . Total . 32.517 i 1 ! : j L | 13.873 l Total £.639 | 57.3 i Faddy I 1.!) j • j ! 1 Yaha oaddy 30 • 1.13 - 0. 9 ; 573 Medium | ! : Full • +• :ff. 4. 116 ! 2.412. j 1.704 j Far—- ' | ! tiae ' '! 1 Maha paddy i 100 1.25 "L'25 • 4.573 5.716 Upland j 2.0 j ; j 3 Coconut "'3.213 "!2. 498 ! (Hi) \ j 100 890nuts 2.670 • L 3 4.305 1.620 i 2.136 i Total 14.533 i.2ou ; Total 7.338 j 50.5 i Paddy 0.5 i Fell j 0.5 Yaha paddy i 100 L 13 0. 555 4.573 2. 5S4 1.507 1.077 j Standard • time i -r i j ! ^ 2. r n s r - ; -r '! 1 Co Maha paddy i 100 1. 15 0. 575 . 4. 573 . 2. 529 1. 507 j 1.122 ! Upland 0.7 : Part i 0.7 Coconut 1 100 i. 3 1.121 1 time! -j SSOnuts 623 „ 540 j 581 i i Total S.234 3. j Total 2.730 • 43 5 | Paddy ; 0.2 ; Part i 0.2 Yaha Daddy j 100 1. 13 0. 226 4.573 1.033 j 738 j 255 j iaail i ' Dae i • -r • : • Parser i ! 1 — ! 0.2 «aha paddy ! 100 1.15 0.23 4.573 1.051 j 750 ! *Q1 j •0. 5) : Upland | 0.2 | F'-'il o 390nuts 445 I j | tics •j. Luconut | I'jCr 1. 8 301 270 j 331 ! ! Total 2.235 > 1. 753 ; Total 1.097 i 38 j Paddy - | Part i i very Saall ! ! tine ! i 1 " Farmer j i (0. 25) j Upland 0.25 j FuII ; 0. 25 Coconut 100 • 3G0nuts 222 1. P* j tiae i . i 8 400 265 | i ! I ( Tabie 3.^-34- ;."=rrn Management - Present 3 Gross Prcdaciion Production Amount = Fui! i i ; o Production Vet Farm ! Far- Size ! Land ',r 3 ' list' Per- ! Crocp:ng patter". i nccae i i • Part i < j : Yield Unit Gross LC'Sv i !nccse Ratio (acre) : Use \ (acre; • t; I son : Area (acre) i : ton / Yield Ps/icn Rs .... . *« i. Ho 4.034 , 2. 0 Yana ?a^y 1.8 4.573 4 23* Large J I ; 2 0 Mana paddv 102V0 •! i1.2. ii5 . 2.5 4.573' 11.433 5.519 1.3 p Sis ,-araer upiasc •J. 'j aw i wv;3.0 Coconut 7.120 i IL'U i • £90 10. 000. II 200 7.241 3.2-14 (10.0) ; me | ! 1. 0 Pecoer i i. ii 1.82 I ; U0 Coffee 10. 000, 18. 200 5. 49S 10. 702 12 i 1. 52 1. 52 Total 65. 917 26. 512 Total 40.3C5 : Paddy ! 1 0 '' i 1 1.0 Yaha paddy - 30 i 1.13 0.9 4.573" 4. 116 j 2.412 ' 1.704 M*di»-> i 1 iMH. .Maha oaddy 100 ! 1.25 • 1.25 • 4.573- 5.716 3.218 • : 2.423 • Farmer | Upland : 3.0 - Full I 10 | 3. 0 Coconut • 100 i 390 ". . 2.670 -• 1.8 r... 4. 306 . 1.520 ' i 3. l£n (4.0) ! i •' tine' : 0.5 ?e??er i7 ! 1. 32 0.91 10.000' 9. 100 i 3.820.. ; 3.280 | : j ; 0.5 Coffee ' 17 j L52 - 0..31 10. OOO/ 3.100 j 3.000 : 5. 100 Total,' j Total i ' ' 31.338 14,070 ' 17. 763. 55.3 Faddv 1 0.5 'Full' ! i 0.5 Yaha oaddy 100 1 1.13 • 0.555 4. -573 2. 534 1. 507 ! 1. 077 jlancard tine i , 0.5 Maha paddy 100 1 L 15 ... 0.575. 4.573 . 2. 623. . 1.507 : 1. 122 981 "-'-..id | fi.S ^ ! LOjO. o Coconut 100 S90 534 1.8 - 540 : 421 | Fart i i 0.3 Pepper 50 i 1.32 0.91 10.000 5.174 3.554 2. 620 I Total 12.348 7.108 '. • Total 5.240 ; i i 42.4 ! Paddv ! 0 2 ' Full | 0.2 Yaha oaddy { 100 1. 13 0. 226 4. 573 1.033 • 738 ' 295 Ssnail ' i " tine i ! 0.2 Maha oaddy 100 1.15 . . 0.23 4.573'.. 1.051 . 750 301 Farraer Upland ! 0 3 • - ! ' 0.3 Coconut \ 100 390 ' 267 1. 3 301 270 210 (0.5) ! Part i j 0. 1 Pepper j 23 1.32 0. 182 10.000 1. 320 S00 I 1.000 j Total' 4.334 2. 558 Total 1.225 41.7 i i time: j I | ! Paddy j - : Full i j • | - ! 1 1 j | j Fart ! 0.25 Coconut j i00 | 320 222 1 8 400 Total 400 : Total 400 j | | | ! : •!"s ' ! II 1 1 Table 3B-3f3 rarm Income (())* s l: a 1 in Si 7. n 7r 11 |ip i 11 f. Oior.r. Cost Table Farmjvio^(A) ;. ;;.;> •; . ; P a 1 m 1 nciimi: Pattern Product ion : I arm Siz (• r.i r) B.l CropMnR flrtfss (act n) (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) Cos I (X) • ;far'm ,.,—__. I Pnt tern- Productib ' -Income • (acre) • Incon f ' Ratio 1. a I r, n —8 . 208 -_.«___._ | <™ <-) (Rs)' \ '.(RS)' 4,034 4. 234 . (Rs) t%) 1»I a I'a'I'lyd. 6) 1. a r r c P a t m c 1 I Yala Paddy (j. 5) 8. 268 •filla Paddy (2.0) II. 433 5. 519 5. 914 4. 031 '". 4.2.1.4 fa rmor Maha Paddy (2 q) w,m (10. 11) I r.nnut (8. 0) 12. 8IG 4. 220 8,496 .5.519 5. 9M (10. (!) Coconut' (flu) 12.816 Irrei (|.|)) 18, 200 7,241 10,959 (1,325. 8. 491 (:frr.r. : 32.517 1.3; 878 ' (1.010). 200 5.498 10.702 • 18.639 57. 3 .Med i nm Yala Paddy - • —. 4 I (0. 8) 1.1 IG 00.917 20.012 40.305 fill 2.412- 1,-704 T.1 r racr Hali.i Paddy (|. ()) Med i 'iff M.i Paddy (|). R) i 5.7IR : 4. 110 2.. 112, 1. 704 3; 2IB 2.498 tiha Paddy(I. 0) 5. 710 3. 218 2. 498 a id I CocoimI. (;| |)j 4. Hon I.G2I) 3, 180 Par ntr (4.0) :::nnut (3.0) .4, 800 I. 020 3. I8G H.G38 : 7. 250 7.' 388 50. 5 ~ • - .— SI anil a ril Ya la paddy (n, r,j ''.cpr.r (0.5) 9. 100 3, 820 2.584 • 5, 280 .1.507 1. 077 1 Parmer Maha IMildy (0.'5) t:Mrt (0.5) 8.100 3. 000. . 5.100 2.629 1.507 i 1 1. 122 : (I. 2) Coconut (()7) - 31. 838 14,070 17.708 55. 8 I 121 540 581 Standard Ma Paddy ((). !i) 2. 584 1.507 1. 077 3, 554 2,780 43.5 Small . Parmer liha Paddy (0.5) 2. 029 1. 507 : 1. 122 Ya la Paddy.(0. 2) . 1.033 738 ' '• 1 1 265 f ' ' |: i. • • 1 .. L I : Parmor Liconul (0.6)' !l(il 540 j Maha Paddy(0.2) ; (1.2) 1 121 1.051 1 .750 i 301 : I- * 1 1 .';; i • ' ' '• ' .: • iU i) ' f\< !)'< |(0. 5) Coconut .((). ,1).; •inner (11.3) 0. m 3.551 ' 2.020 Ml' - 270 531 j • ', ! 1 : -iritis I2.:H8 7, 108 i 5.240 42. \ !.. 1 1. 758 1. 097 38 • - L—i. Vor'j Small I Sma 11 ;ila Paddy(0.2) 1.033 738 . 295 i " i * Parmer | •1. • Coconut' (0.25) Parnrr tiha Paddy(0.2) 1.051,. . 750 301. -100 265 i 1 { • 1' * 1 .1 " . 135 1 1 1 > " 9 1 ! :! 1 j. . (0.25) I I (0.5) rv.uiiiii (0.3) 801 270 210 , 1 -. Li' ,'| „ i . "V ' :• i ' " ' •:"per (0.1) 1.820 800 ' 1.000 i • 4,381 2. 558 1, 820 41.7 Very Small *. i-:r»nul .(IJ. 25) 400 - 400 j ' * ' ' Parnrr + : lamer m inlroducled intercropping of pepper, etc. 98 99 3 .C, Administration The Decentralized Capital Budget (DCB) and the District Development Council Budget (DDCB) are the main financial sources for local administration. Each AGA division or As one of 25 districts in Sri Lanka, the Gampaha Electorate is allocated an annual DCB of Rs.2.75 million district has 13 Electorate divisions, each of which and the DDCB of Rs.2.125 million; Both funds are used elects a Member of Parliament (MP). Assistant mainly for capital investment and improvement of schools, Government (AGA) divisions coincide with these 13 electrification, raods, irrigation, water supply drainage Electorates. facilities, etc., however amounts are reported to be insufficient. The district is administratively represented by the Government Agent (GA), who is appointed by the Ministry Constraints to public administration are lack of unified of Home Affairs, and presiding 13 Assistant Government and co-ordinated administration. The Government Agent Agents (AGAs) stationed at the 13 AGA offices. Each with his secretariate "Kacheri" is required to AGA division has 15 to 55 Grama Sevaka (GS) divisions co-ordinate multiple line activities such as those of t;he where Village Level Officers are stationed. There are Ministry of Home Affairs - GA - AGA - Village Level 444 GS divisions in the district. Officers, those of the Ministry of Local , Government, Housing and Construction - local authorities (MC, UC and DDC) - Sub-Officers, and those of the line ministries - Apart from the above, the Local Authorities are local officers. The District Development Council, which organized under the jurisdict ion of the Ministry of is the sole representative assembly of the district, does Local Government, Housing and Construction. Local not necessarily administer the MC and UC. The District authorities such as the Munic ipal Council (MC), Urban Minister and Government Agent are supposed to formulate Councils (UC) and Town Council s (TC) were organized in the core of the district's general consensus; however, urban areas and Village Counc ils (VC) were placed in they are not necessarily well informed of the activities rural areas. The MC and the 6 UCs each have an of the line ministries. elected assembly and are admi nistratively represented by the Secretary who is dis patched from the said ministry. The TCs and VCs we re similarly organized, The Integrated Rural Development Project (IRDP) aims to but were unified into one Distr ict Development Council comprehensively combine coherent activities for long-term (DDC) in 1981. development of the district's potential by eliminating and co-ordinating discordant activities of the above sectoral administration. For this purpose, an The DDC consists of 13 Members of Parliament and 12 implementing body is required for the processes of other members separately elected from the district, and formulation, implementation and operation of the IRDP. is chaired by the District Minister who is nominated The Ministry of Plan Implementation, therefore, delegated from among the district's MPs. They secretary to the its Division of Regional Development (RDD) to undertake DDC is also assigned to the Government Agent who the IRDP. Accordingly the RDD posted its officers to directs 37 Sub-Officers stationed at ex-TC and VC the Planning Unit of the district. territories. The DDC's objective is to develop the district, except those area under the MC and UCs. Local administration of the district is thus carried out by two separate ministries. Line ministries such as education, health, agricultural development and research, land and land development, regional development, rural development, etc. also assign local officers and independently carry out administration of their own fields. Therefore, the District Minister and the Government Agent are delegated to co-ordinate the line organization of various ministries. 100 101 1—> o tL i. u OJ n qL—•j • CTT? 3.D. Services and Infrastructure Facilities. 3.D.I. Education 3.D.1.1 Present Conditions era c:> t_i - -< Education in Sri Lanka is divided into three in i j 1/1 i. categories; primary school (kindergarten-grade 5, • a. C) I-. • "» age 5-10), junior secondary school (grades 6-10, age •!••< l! J l.J to •-. - —f ( 11-15), and senior secondary school (grade 11-12., a; 1 > C:^J I.' age 16-17) for a total of 13 years. As a result of L) i- reform of the general education system, kindergarten has been included in the primary school so that ht' 4-' l/l system comprises 13 years rather than 12 grades. At the end of junior secondary school, students take the General Certification of Education examination '•r for entrance into the senior secondary school. At 'a the end of the latter, students take the*GCE 0) Advanced Level examination for entrance into CI university or higher educational institutions. 1J Children of school age in Gampaha district (from 5 and 19 years of age) number 434,638 as of 1981, 5 B C3 S comprising about 1/3 of the district's total population., The percentage of children of school 4) age between the ages of 5 and 14 is 88.7% which is CO higher than the national average of 84.8% as well as the average for the district of Colombo (87.1%) III indicating a high level of interest in education. The literacy rate is also very high in Gampaha district at 94.2% as opposed to the national average of 86.5%. ••? On the other hand, despite the fact that education upto the university level is free, the number of CO dropouts from years 1-5 of primary school in Gampaha district was 35,513, from years 6 of primary to 2 of junior secondary was 102,666 and from years 3-4 of junior secondary was 167,254. Thus only about 30% of total school age children attend school until the final year of secondary school. The other 70% quit school due to family situations or an inability to cr ' i1d- keep up with the school work. About 8,000 students o o V) (t) a year graduate from high school and take the GCE — Hi l- 102 103 Due to the competitive education system, many students leave Gampaha district to attend better schools in Colombo. The educational standards of 3.D.1.4. Technical and Vocational Education . the science division in particular are low and 47.8% of science students go the Colombo to complete their education. Even within Gampaha district there is There are 22 technical institutions and 5 affiliated general trend for students from remote rural areas technical units in Sri Lanka under the jurisdication to gravitate towards the larger schools in the urban of the Ministry of Higher Education and Technical areas. Education. Training covers many subjects such as automotive mechanics, radio and electronic 3.D.1.2 Zoning and General Education Facilities mechanics, telecommuncations, etc. Training courses are arranged for a variety of levels and Thete are 15 educational circuits within the Gampaha training periods (usually 2 years), as well as district two of which are Tamil educational circuits full-time and part-time courses. Full-time craft having no boundaries. Recently, the cluster system level courses are offered to youth under 19 years has been implemented on a pilot basis with 26 model of age who have passed grade 8, while part-time cqurses clusters within the Gampaha district. A cluster are offered to those who are already employed in a normally comprises 10-20 primary and secondary relevant field. Total enrollment in programmes in schools with a total pupil enrollment of the technical institutions was 21,798 in 1984 and approximately 3,000-10,000 and a teaching staff of enrollment according to level is shown in Table 100-400. The largest secondary school with the 3.D-1. The popularity of courses which provide most potential and an. efficient principal is a higher national diploma is apparent among the designated as the core school. The core school technical trainees. serves as the resource center of the cluster and all resources are available to every school within the cluster thereby reducing under-utilization and unnecessary duplication of equipment, facilities and The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Employment is also teachers. In future it is envisioned that the responsible for coordination of training programmes cluster system will develop into a network which were formerly run separately by individual integrating the 58 school zones in the district with ministries and departments. The main activities of core schools established in each zone. the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Employment are (i) preparation of youth employment and training programmest (ii) operation of a graduate placement In view of the above, facilities and equipment service, (iii) organization of guidance, training required for high level instruction in specific and facility schemes for self-employment, and (iv) subjects, particularly the sciences, should be job training. established in the core schools. Moreover, the overall standard of general education in Gampaha district should be improved to prevent the exodus of students to schools in Colombo. There are some small scale facilities for training in traditional industries such as woodworking, weaving and craft run by the Department of Small 3.D.1.3 Higher Education Industries of the Ministry of Rural Development in Gampaha district. Institutions for higher education in Sri Lanka have been rapidly developed over the last 40 years. At present there are .18 institutions for higher education including 8 universities and one private medical college. There are several such institutions located in Gampaha district including Kelaniya University which has commerce, literature and science departments and 5 teacher training colleges. 104 105 Table 3.D-1 Number of Technical Trainees 3.D.1.6 Administration There are four ministries concerned with education Level (A) (B) (B)/(A) at the national level. The Ministry of Education 1980-81 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 is responsible for the planning, implementation and maintenance of general education and teacher- Craft 3,851 2,947 2,254 2,657 0 .7 training programmes. The Ministry of Higher Education and Technical education which was Certificate 6,336 9,280 10,105 1 ,039 0 .2 established in 1978 is responsible for university and specialized technical education. The Ministry . 754 . .4 Diploma 1 ,178 1,176 1 ,039 1 of Education Services was establishyed in 1980 to oversee production and distribution of textbooks, Higher equipment and furniture and construction of school National Dipl. 1,163 3,776 4 ,059 4 .030 3 .5 buildings, as well as the school lunch programme and library services. Dipl.of CITP - 3 ,200 5,234 3,790 - The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Employment is Dipl.of NAB 566 609 - - - responsible for vocational and technical training. TOTAL 12,104 20,381 23,403 21,798 1 .8 3.D.1.7 Problems and Observations Source: Human Resources Development in Sri Lanka, 1985. Problems related to education in the Gampaha district include the following - 3.D.1.5 Pirivena and Nursery Schools The Pirivena have a history of almost 110 years in (i) Outflow of Students to Colombo Sri Lanka and provide teaching based on Buddhism. There are 46 Pirivenas in Gampaha district at which not only monks, but also children of Buddhist families The rate of school attendance is higher in study oriental languages such as Pali and Sanskrit in Gampaha district than in the district of addition to the normal school curriculum. The Colombo. In 1981, 88.7% of the population facilities and equipment however, are superannuated and between the ages of 5-12 attended school versus improvement of three pirivenas in particular is 87.1% in Colombo district and 84.8% in Sri urgently required. Lanka. This higher rate reflects the higher degree of educational competition in Gampaha. In the rural areas of Gampaha district many mothers In 1984, almost 5,137 students left Gampaha to work full-time and the older children are often kept attend schools in Colombo, including not only home from school to look after the pre-school children. Nursery schools would not only alleviate secondary pupils but also primary school this problem but would also contribute to improvement students who commute to Colombo daily. A in general health by providing family health workers great deal of time and money are expended and who could instruct the mothers in basic nutrition, the large number of students contributes weigh the babies, etc. It is therefore necessary to significantly to traffic congestion at rush establish at least one nursery school in every village. hours. Of the total number of students (grades 0-12), 3.3% commute to Colombo. The number of commuters is particularly high among science majors (47.8%) and commerce and arts related majors (8.5%). Moreover, this trend is particularly noticeable in the circuits which 106 107 are closer to Colombo including Kelaniya (9.0%), Gampaha (4.6%), Wattala (4.3%) and Mahara (4.3%). Similarly* the large number of Z3 •' •o students commuting from rural areas to urban nj t. schools within Gampaha district is also a ttO *j V) significant problem. Circuits with comparatively o large outflow of students are Mahara, Biyagama and Attanagalla. «-i nj Z3 The above trend is caused by (i) lack of -ri i— educational facilities and equipment tM3 l_ particularly for science, commerce and arts to (ii) Dropouts from Smaller Remote Schools •»- o Small schools are generally located in rural E areas where the socioeconomic and educational CD 4^ levels of the inhabitants are comparately low. in >i The disadvantages associated with the poorer in t: environment result in a larger number of o repeaters and dropouts in remote village | -j to schools. Improvement of schools in rural u ~C1 areas such as Divulapitiya, Mirigama, III to Attanagalla and Weke should therefore be I considered. *? i (iii)Training Opportunities for Dropouts ill Children of school age (5-19 years) in Gampaha district number 434,638 as of 1981, representing one-third of the district's total population. However, the number of school dropouts from grades 0-4 is 35,513, from grades 5-7 is 102,666 andfrom grades 8-9 is 167,254. Thus 70% of school age children dropout of school while only a small percentage succeed in entering senior secondary schools. u Furthermore, nearly 8,000 students take the GCE to Advanced Level exam but no more than 500 can be 41 accommodated by the existing universities. to C3 ri »•« V tJ ^ Eighty percent of the original candidates o o O O qualify for admission, yet they are often — Q — O u t unemployed due to lack of opportunities for to «.o their qualifications. There is thus a high demand for technical and vocational education for unemployed educated youth ...May 1992 10?) 109 Table Core Schools in Gampaha Distiict Tabic General Education in Gampaha i yar.ama M . M . V . School j District 1 1 n IY A n A M A 2 1I n r ana Rama M. V. School ') i S c h o t) 1 No. of ; \o. of No. of No. of .) iapiip.askanila M. V. School School Type Class- (A)/(C) (A)/(B) - - - Kirintliwp.la M . M . V . School Year Schools • Tup t Is Teach" - r. r ooms 1 (A) (fi (0 diihi'I; ft lck.il.ana I'ailmawa 1 h ic M. V. School 1t Mir ip,ama \) . S. Scnanaynkc M. M. V. School ! MIRIGAMA C (if a tic 3 Schoo 1 18C 14,438 2. 82*. 1. 116 12. 9 5. 1 nlVIII.Al'ITI YA 7 Hiviil.ifill.iya M. V. School .« SI.. Mary', s M . V . School Grade 2 School 1 —11 273 '. IN. 524 4. 50 -. 3. 272 35. 0 25. 4 HliRllMnil !) ||,ir ischanilra M. V. School M-I.ANlYn 11) Dharmaloka M. V. School |C School 1~H 99 | 95. 321 2. 93.? 2.386 40. 4. 32. 4 1 ...j KATANA . ] II T inihi fi r .1s It a hiwa M. V. School J 12 Ma 1I1! dm .1 U.indara M. V. School |A • B School 7-1.1 38 i 75.282 2. 20»? 2. 206 40. 2 34. 1 • GAMI'AllA 13 Yakkala Cliamlrajothi M. V. School 14 Gal ah ill yawn M. M . V. School Total 1 596 299. 565 12. 8. 646 34. 6 24. 0 15 K.itlawalh.1 M . V . School MAIIAHA IG Kentl.1l lyatlda|ialliw,i M. V. School Nolo : Generally Grad-. 3 schools arc Incited in riiral tt'.mole atear, av! |A • ll sc.hotil n urban areas. MaUiiriaRAla karutmathna M. V. School 18 St. Anthony's M. M. V. School WATTARA 19 GohsaI toes M . V . 1 20 Gootl Shepherds Convent Nayakkanda 21 St. Sebastian M. V. School .IA-F.I.A 22 nal.HW.1lla M . V . Christ Kinp. ColleRe tndella 23 Nittamhttwa SanRSboili M. V. School 24 AnANAliAI.U 25 llrlpola .lapalawatla M. V. School M1HIIW A Mn 1)11 A 26 110 111 3.D.(1)3. Health and Medical Services contrast/ the District Hospitals at the next level have an occupancy rate of only 70%. The desire of patients to travel longer distances ih the hopes of receiving more professional care is understandable. Present Health Conditions However^ even these central hospitals require urgent Health conditions in Gampaha district evalued improvements in facilities and standards. An according to standard health indices such as crude birth rate, mortality rate, nutrition and health adequate number of doctors is a prerequisite to such facilities, are comparatively good in reference to improvement. the national average. However/ the percentage of vaccinations to prevent tetanus and polio in infants is lower than the national average and there is a high incidence of such diseases as hepatitis and 3. Health Services cirrhosis of the liver. Moreover, the health service standards in the inland regions df In addition to medical facilities, health services Divulatpitiya, Minuwahgoda, Mirigama, etc. are aimed at disease prevention are also essential. It particularly low* and the incidence of diarrhea, is reported that if adequate health services were hepatitis and malaria in Divulapitiya and provided, the majority of outpatient and 60% of , MinuWangoda is high. regular patient diseases are preventable. It is also necessary to increase the people's awareness of health care and general hygiene within the home and Medical Services environmental sanitation* Medical facilities in Sri Lanka are classified into Health services staff centered in the M.O.H. Offices 9 types according to facility scale, number of of Gampaha district include Medical Health Officers, specialists, number of health care assistants, etc. Public Health Nursing Sisters, Supervising Public Total number of medical facilities in Gampaha Health Midwives, Public Health Inspectors and School district is 58 (excluding teaching hospitals), with Dental Therapists. The district is divided into 9 a total of 2,605 beds. The number of beds per 1000 health service areas and staff are assigned to visit is thus only 2.0, lower than the national average of each area. However, some regions such as 3.3. Divulapitiya and Attanagalla have no Health Offices. Moreover, the 9 health service areas do not correspond with the existing political divisions Gampaha district has the second highest population (Regions), giving rise to administrative problems; density in Sri Lanka; The total number of patients in the district's 58 facilities (excluding teaching hospitals) in 1985 was 132,007 While the total Public Health Mikdwives provide health instruction number of outpatients was 2,373,776. The number of and consultation to each household? however, there medical staff (including doctorsj nurses, assistant medical practitioilers, etc.) per 100,000 population are ho permanent central facilities for their is much lower than the national average and present activities and consequently, it is all they can do staff are insufficient to meet the needs of the to make the rounds of a small number of pregnant district's expanding population. women patients, and they are often unable to meet the service needs of the entire area; Moreover, doctors are generally concentrated only in medical and Better health management for combined the central hospitals. Consequently, patients also skill among tend to gravitate towards the three Base Hospitals, health services, a higher level °* of the central facilities in the area. Not only are health personnel and promotion of effective use these hospitals crowded with outpatients during medical and health facilities are thus urgent regular hours, but the occupancy rate is 120%. In requirements. 112 113 i Restructuring of the Medical and Health Service System As afforementioned, the population density in Gampaha district is second-highest in Sri Lanka. The number of facilities and the existing system are In order to correct the above deficiencies, a insufficient to respond to the increased demands, programme to re-structure health care services has and consequently, the number of hospitals, clinics, been formulated and adopted by the Government of Sri and medical staff is lower than the national Lanka. The programme envisages the provision of average. Moreover, due to the lack of doctors in one Family Health Worker per 3;000 people for the rural hospitals, patients are overly concentrated in Gramodaya Health Centre (GHC), the most peripheral the Base Hospitals. Unfortunately, the facilities unit of the health care system. Through upgrading, in these base hospitals have deteriorated and it is strengthening and establishment of new institutions, difficult to provide adequate medical service. As it is planned to provide first level and second for health care services, due to lack of permanent level referral units at Sub-Divisional and centers for the Public Health Midwives activities, Divisional Health Centers. These together will adequate health care services in the 9 health compose the Primary Health Care Complex (PHC service areas cannot be provided. Complex). The Government of Sri Lanka has introduced the PHC Complex plan to alleviate these problems by The establishment of Primary Health Care in the establishing a health service system in the rural rural area is one of the Government's policies which areas. Gampaha has been designated as the model was stated in the election manifesto in 1977 as district for introduction of the plan which has yet followsi "Restore the high standards of health care to be implemented. It is recommended that top and health service particularly in the rural areas priority be given-to implementation of this plan in through both the Ayurvedic and the Western System." order to overcome the problems described above. The implementation plan for this programme has been completed as presented in Figure 2.4;5.2., but has yet to be applied. Administration of Medical and Health Services Medical and health services in Sri Lanka are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Women's Affairs and Teaching Hospitals and the Ministry of Indigenous Medicine. Problems and Observations The basic problems concerning medical and health services in Gampaha district are (i) inadequacy of the existing health system to keep pace with the increasing population, (ii) unequal distribution of health facilities in the district, and (iii) lack of a coordinated system for preventative health care services and medical services. 114 115 8 <. Table Health Indicators DIVULAPITY/A * ^r . A 1 n il i i: a lor damp ah a Sri Lanka ® Mi r i g omo * A MIRIGAMA trndc llirlh Rale(|ier 1. 1)0(1) l!)84 16. 1 24. 8 :| Ci mil: Dei ( \ V^ ®» V) H' Rale (per |. ()()()) 1 984 5. 8 6. 5 <:i • ®Ne g o t'n b o 1 Ml NUWANGODA^ ^ cvrj: : : :—• » | tv • .c: In fa n I Mori, a lily (per ], ()()()) (\'}i:> I" f£)M Inuwongo'do A / rl 24.0 (III80) 29. 5 enr > ftT TA N A G A LLA •r.;j TR. Ha let na 1 lor la 1 i l.y llal.i: 0.35 (1980) 0. 6 uni) ^- , v~ * ®<& Gornpalia » (TO (DJ o e I a ] ° J I \~ ° 1 ,j. - <|)G d mp o h o | 2p-i GAMPAHA / MAHARA 1, if<: fiitpn :lanry a 1. H i t 1. Ii (1979) 66. 4 G8. 35 . vyJ(Dna qomol j \ VVATTALA 31 Pa dawana * r^V /'''" v * t: tlir on ii; Ma 1 mil r i I ion lil. 44 % 20. 86 « (5)| ^" Central Dispensary (31) O Maternity Home (2) 116 11 7 6 Table >*.D:fe Sanitation Indicators Table't^- Medical facilities iti Gampalia ( llnil : % ) 1.' aI: s o f 1 Tola 1 1 ttrl i r:n lor | Cam [i a Ii a ,1 liospi 1 V Isitor - Sri l.anka la l.ep/.u y | I. o c a 1 i o n He la 1i za I i on Unit ned Population with w.i 1 cr ,il home or 713(H) NA vicinity (in,,,) 69. 6(M )" 5 NA |. T e a <: It i n \\ j Rag.im.-i (JA--F.U) 7- Hospital j 1 715 Population Willi ndr.ipi.itc sanitary 83. 3 66. 6 2. Provincial facilities at homo or vicinity (|!)S|) llosp i 1 a 1 Infants immuni7.cil with lien 237.302 Campalia 1 3 17 27.811 G2. 1 66. 8 X Rase I. 003 ' (198.1) 33 28. 817 164.842 3 llosp i la I Wnttipiliwala (AT TAMAliAl.l.A) 3 |)|'T Infants immunized with 242.750 Nnromlio 3 33 25.778 00. G 66. 4 (1984) — 110.294 |) i v II 1 a p i t i y a 98 8. 177 Infants immunized with GI'V L2. 175 130. 426 (57. 7 Mir • p.ama 65. 4 /(. District 88 1 -1 469 (1380 Hospital 85. 518 M i nuwanr.oda 8. 358 Pie.Rnant women immunized against 75 118,300 53. 8- 47. 0 108 Tetanus Toxoid (198-1) llompe (Wckc) j 8.879 • - •-- •- -• 2.943 50. 115 Women attended to tiy trained liealtli IMdawalu (WliKli) 61 90.. 0 79. 1) ,17. 218 staff durinp, prr.p,nnnr:y (1980) Akarar.ama (III VIII.AP IT I Y A) 1 2 fi. Per iphei a 1 615 1 170 Number ol deliveries at insl itut ions Unit NA pamiinnama (WATTARA) 2 I NA 61. 3 76. 1 (198(1) 53 NA , Kiribalhp,oda (KEUNlilA) j NA __. 1 Babies up to one year old cared for by NA NA .la' fila 22 80.0 trained staff (1980) fi. Rnr.ll NA 51 1 12 NA 3 llospi la I I) i y a Rama HA NA Source: Annilal lleallli lliillelin, Sri l.anka. I9II4. Ministry of Health Hdupi la (HAH All A) 20 I . • 7, Ma torn i l.y J M II I C b " !) nnilr. I 11 Homes ft • M II = 2 ""'Is Central 16! 16-1 -- -- lllspons.li ies 32 8. Hun 1.1 a 1 „ llispcnsar ier NA 1 Branch'dispensaries k visiting stations NA T„i,T| ( excliidinR TeacliirtR llospil.11 ) - —_ M 0 II Area 9 Source : Annual Health Hnllel.in - Sri l.anka. 1984 118 119 3.D.3 Roads Table S^"? Key Henllh Personnel, 1984 Campah 1 II i s I r i c I i Lanka 3-D.3.1 Present Conditions Key II r: a 11 h Personnel Htt PerlOO.000 Ha Per 100.000 The road network in the Gampaha district is comparatively well developed due to its ledical III f i ccr (Cur .11 i vr. Service) 128 8. 7 1. ir.5 II. 2 proximity to the capital, Colombo, and the high population density. Total road extension in ilcdical 01 ( icer (Ailmin isl.r ai i vc Service) ;i 0. 2 194 0. G the district is 1,503km while road density is 1.07km/km2> Becon<) oniy to the Colombo district Medical Officer nf Ileal III 12 0. R 102 0. fi (i.i35k™/itn3 ) • The national average road density is only 0.39 km, indicating the high level of Denial Surgeon 23 1. Ii 288 1. 8 development in Gampaha. Roads in Sri Lanka are classified into four types according to Assistant Medical I'racl.i I inner 70 4. 8 984 0. 3 purpose, average daily traffic volume, width and speed limit. Total road length for each II11 r r. e H8 37. 8 7. 400 47. 0 road type is presented in the following table. I' ii 1 i c Ilea 1 lit Nursing Sister 22 1. 5 200 1.3 -* T11 Ii 1 i r, 11 c. a II Ii Inspector fill 4. 0 910 r>. 8 Table 3.D.8. Family Ilea 1 Hi Worker 2 no 17.4 3.00) 19. 1 Family llealtli Wot kcr (1 nr. 1 i i 111 i on) 117 N A Road Kilmeteraae in Gampaha District Pharmacist 17 N A Medical l.ahotalory Techno 1 op. i r. 1 IG NA A Class B Class C Class D Class N A D i r. c e n r. e r Daily average 3,000 or 1,000-3,000 1,000 or 30 or traffic more less less Source: Annual Health llul.letiii. Sri Lanka. 1984. Ministry ol Health Pavement 8 .Om 4. 5m 3. 5m gravel Off ice of the IIIHIS. Onmpaha. . Driving 40km/h or 25-40 km/h 10-25 km/h 10 km/h speed more or less "i|.e: Personnel related to the Teaching Hospital at Ragafna are excluded. Extension 178km 484km 387km 454km Maintenance of roads within the district has not kept pace with the rapid increase in traffic volume and number of automobiles due to lack of funds and equipment, as well as to continuous heavy rains during the monsoon season. Consequently the number of roads requiring repair is steadily increasing. In general, A class roads are in comparatively good condition; however, 40-45% of B to D class roads require at least some repair work. 120 121 KURUNEGALA DISTRICT 3.D.3.2 Traffic Conditions PUTTAlAM DISTRICT Buses, either privately or publicly managed, play a major role in providing public transportation in Gampaha district. Buses operated by the Sri Lanka Transport Board, a public corporation, make a total of 800 round trips daily in Gampaha district alone, with over 100 round trips on major bus routes and about 50 round trips per day on other bus HEGOMBO. routes. Moreover, private buses have also been increasing in recent years and bus terminals have been established in the district's major cities. KEGALLE DISTRICT Commuters to Colombo are numerous from the coastal and southern area of Gampaha district and consequently traffic on the trunk roads in the morning and evening is heavy. The rapid increase in such heavy traffic is contributing to the deterioration of existing roads. Motorization has occurred extremely rapidly in Sri Lanka and the number of privately owned vehicles increased 2.5 times from 1977-1985, totalling about 524,000 vehicles in 1985. The number of traffic accidents in the district has correspondingly increased by 1.6 times in the five year period from 1977-1981. 3.D.3.3 Maintenance Conditions The Road Development Authority under the Ministry of Highways is responsible for X H'.< K Olslrlcl Bcundory maintenance of roads in Sri Lanka. The Chief AGA Div Boundary Engineer's Office supervises development, repair and maintenance of roads in Gampaha district. There are four branch offices, referred to as Road Network and Maintenance Office « '••iii A class Executive Engineer's Offices, operating under the Chief Engineer's Office as well as 30 Road B class Maintenance Depots. These administrative agencies supervise technical level of maintenance work arid management of funds, and C doss are also responsible for rental of construction equipment. Actual labour is provided by Chief Engineer's Office (I) . •<§> private local construction companies. However, the amount of equipment available and the level * Executive Engineer's Office (4) (I) Maintenance Depot (30} 122 123 of development of local construction enterprises is frequently insufficient to keep pace with the work load, and consequently, repair work in many cases is dependent upon manual labour. The effectiveness of road Table-3D -9 maintenance is thus less than desirable. A Class B Class Negombo E.E.'s Office 28.48 miles 166.28 miles 3.D.3.4 Underlying Problems and Observations Gampaha E.E.'s Office 51,27 miles 189.76 miles Class A Roads The most pressing requirement is increased efficiency of maintenance of existing roads, 1. Road Surface Maintenance = Rs.l707/mile per and minimization of damage caused to these month roads by the increasing traffic volume. For this purpose, it is recommended that a 2. General Up Keep maintenance system be established with Weeding & Cleaning =. Rs.l581/mile per allocation of heavy construction equipment to month, the Chief Engineer's Office at the district level, and of light equipment to the four Class B Roads Executive Engineer's Offices. 1. Road Surface Maintenance = Rs.l024/mile per month. Study of an integrated transportation system covering a wide area including the capital of 2, General Up Keep = Rs.l581/mile per Colombo, should also be studied for future month, implementation. There are about 175 bridges within the district. Replacement of those Class A and B Roads are generally in good condition, which have dangerously deteriorated is required, and it is envisioned that the construction of additional new birdges will also be required. 124 125 Table-3-5-io rockj Lehgths 3.D.3 i5 Name Road Width Location Length 1. Pasyala - Giriulla 22'0" 6.5 - 7.0 0.5 Colombo - Katunayake Express Wav» 2. Aluthgama - Vigoda 17'0" 1.5 - 2.00 0.5 3. Biyanwila - Ganemulla 20' 0 1.50 1.50 18' 4 . 25 - 4.75 0.50 An Express highway between Colombo and the Katunayake Airport has 4. Miriswatte - 18' 1.25 - 1.50 been the Subject of discussion for guite some time and finally Wathurugama 18' 3.25 - 3.50 concrete steps have been taken to implement the proposal. The 16* 4.00 - 4.25 figures and tables annexed give the relevant details that are 5. Pasyala - Attanagalla 18' 4.00 - 4.25 0. 25 available at the present time. 6. Tihariya - Worapola 16* 2.00 - 3.00 1.0 7. Yakkala - Radawana 22' 1.25 - 1.75 0.50 18' 2;75 - 3.75 1.0 Please refer Figures 3.D-4,3.D-5 and Tables 3.D-11 to 3.D-17 18' 5.75 - 6.00 0 . 25 in this connection. 8. Botale - Mirigama 18' 3.00 - 3.50 0.50 • 9. Danwita - Mirigama 15* 0 - 0.50 0.5 15' 1 - 1.25 0. 25 15* 2 - 3.75 1.75 10. Hanwella - Urapola 18' 2.25 - 2.75 0.50 * 16' 3 . 25 - 3.50 0.25 20' 7.25 - 8.00 0.75 20' 12.00 -12.25 0.25 11. Kaleliya - Madagampitiya 18' 5.00 - 6.35 1.35 12. Mirigama - Nolla 18' 0 - 1.75 1.75 18' 3 .00 - 3.25 0. 25 18' 4 .00 - 4.25 0.25 13 . Urapola - Wathurugama 16' 0i00 - 1.00 1.00 16' 1.25 - 2.00 0. 75 14. Veyangoda - Badurugama 17' 2.00 - 3.00 1.0 18' 4.25 - 5.36 1.11 15. Veyangoda - Kaleliya 18* 4.00 - 4.63 0.63 16. Veyangoda - Ruwanwella 25' 2.50 - 2.75 0.2 24' 4 .00 - 4.75 0.75 18' 7.75 - 8.50 0.75 I 18' 10.00 -10.75 0.75 17. Walpola - Mailawala 17' 1.5 -2.50 1.0 17' 2.75 - 4.25 1.50 17* 5.00 - 5.75 0.75 18. Weweldeniya - Mirigama 16* 1.50 - 2.00 0.50 19. Kadawatha - 17*0" 0 - 2.20 2;20 Mawaramandiya 0.50 20. Makola - Udupola 18' 1.00 -1.50 i 20' 4.00 - 8.00 4 .00 I 21. Old Kandy Road 20* 0 - 0.43 0.43 i 22. Delgoda - Dompe 20' 1.00 - 2.00 1.00 20* 2.50 - 6.00 3.50 23. Weliweriya - 20' 1.00 - 1.50 0.50 Kirindiwela i 126 127 Table 3.p 12Project Cost (Case-2) Table^V&il Future Traffic Volume (All vehicles) r Unit: Million Rs (Unit: vehicles/day—• / —/ )/ Year Item Foreign Local Tax Total 1 — 1— Section 2000 2010 Earth Work 1,259.5 289.6 28ff.8 1,835.9 Airport IC - KEPZ IC 20,100 41,000 Paving Work 685.7 142.a 96.6 925.1 (17,400) (39,700) Bridge Work 540.6 392.7 267.9 1,201.2 KEPZ IC - Ekala IC 22,100 47,900 Miscellaneous 576.1 85.9 181.5 843.5 (19,300) (47,000) Construction 3,061.9 911.0 832.8 4,805.7 Ekala IC - Ragama IC 30,800 58,800 Cost (18,000) (49,800) Land Acquisition — 586.4 -- 586.4 Ragama IC - Dalugama IC 30,900 56,100 it (8,100) (36,300) Engineering 202.1 60.2 54.9 317.2 Services, etc Dalugama IC - Peliyagoda IC 29,600 59,300 (15,400) (46,200) Contingencies 489.6 233.6 133.2 856.4 Note: Upper; Toll free case Total Project Lower; Toll charged case on the section Dalugama IC- Ragama IC wilh loll Cost 3,753.6 1,791;2 1,020.9 / 6,565.7 rates Rs.20/ trip for light vehicles, Rs. 30/ trip for medium vehicles i and Rs.50/ trip for heavy vehicles. Percentage (%) 57% 27% 16% 100% Project Cost The project cost of each main work was estimated by considering of three Economic Evaluation / components, foreign currency, local currency and tax, which were based on the prices in September, 1991. The project costs are summarized in Table 13T)TI2. The economic benefits of the Project Road were estimated as savings in vehicle operating cost and time cost savings and then compared with the economic project costs. The results of the economic evaluation are shown below for the Case-2 selected through the evaluation of comprehensive view points. Table 3TH3 Results of Economic Evaluation (Case-2) Index EIRR (%) NPV (Rs.Mn) * B/C* 19.04 3,342 2.00 Note: Opportunity cost of capital =12% 1 30 131 Table l4Estimated Project Cost (Case -1) Table Q.T>r\5 Estimated Project Cost (Case -2) >orei|o Curreoci Local Currency lai Foreiio Curreoci Local Curreoci Tax Uo i t Aaouot Uoit Aaouot Uoit Aaouot Uoil Aaouot Uoit Aaouot Uoit Aaouot No, Wo f k 1KB Joi t Quaol i 1y Cost (Rs ) Cost Cost No. Wort Ilea Jail Quaali t y Cost (Rs.) Cost (Rs.) Cost 1 EARTH WORK (Rs. 1 (Rs 1 (Rs I Cult ioi k Fi11 in* EARTH WORX 1. I, Cutlioi k Fi 11ioi 1, 1. Clearioi A Grubbioi U3 623000 8( 4 9. 8 4 0. 00! lo. 1 10. 092. 600 16 9. 96 8 000 I. I, Clearioi k Grubbiai U3 153(50 80 1 2. 29 2. 000 16. 2 2. 4 8 9. 1 3 0 16 2. 4 58 4 00 1 1. 2 Cult i q j? 4 Pillion M) mmo IS 207. 193. 76( 26 3 2. 17 3. 1J< )! 40. ?62. Ul I. I, 2 Cullioi 4 Fi11 ioi M) 1412630 167 23 5. 909. 1 1 0 26 36. 1 2 8. 380 3) 4( 616 790 1. 1, 3 Borrow Fi 11 ioi U3 1 3 205 3' 263 347. 199. 39< 45 59. 4 2). 85( 52 I. I. 3 Sorroi Fi 11ioi U3 l((644o 2(3 4 )8. 2 7 3. 7 20 45 7 4. 989, 800 52 86. Ufjtt 1. Sod Ground Worts (8.6(7 5(0 I. 2 Soil Grouod Works 1. 2. 1 SlDd Ult Ml 4111S 0 375 I54. HI. 15< 5] 2 1. 7 90. 95C 109 4 4. 8 1 5. 350 I. 2. I Saod Mai M3 483120 315 1 8 1, 1 70, 000 5) 2 5, 605. 360 109 52. 660 080 1. 2. 2wmmmnmnanmci U 787690 300 236. 307. 00( 4! )7.8A9. lit (A 4 7. 2( 1. 40( I. 1. 2 Saod Dili id Pile UO. 4a) M 92S580 300 21 7. 6 7 4. 000 48 4 4, 4 2 7. 8 4 0 60 b5. 5)4, 8oo 1. 3 Gibers I. 3 Others 1. 3. 1 Boi Caliert 8x5a u S2 I48550 7. 7 24. (AO 110940 5. 1(8. 680 1 5920 3. 94 7. 840 I. 3. I Boa Calvert 8x5b M 61 148550 9. 06 1. 550 1 1 09 40 6. 161. 340 7 59 20 4. 6)1. 120 1. 3. J Boi Caliert 3x3i u 453 27 7 60 Ii. 57 5. 280 24 92A II. 168. 1(0 I4I4A C. 405 4 20 I, 3, 2 Boi Culvert 3x3a U 500 27 7 60 1 3, 880, 000 2 4 9 20 1 2. 4 60. 000 14140 7. OJfl^Oli 1. 3. 3 Pipe Culvert g 1. 8a u I0S 7446 761.830 11477 2. 255. 085 118) 229. 2 1 5 I. 3. I Pipe Culvert 0 1. 8a U 130 7 4 4 6 96 7. 9 80 21477 2. 192. 010 218) 28). 7 90 1. 3. 4 Pipe Calvert t 1. 5a u I35 55I9 145. 065 Koio 2. 162,100 1159 2)7! 4(5 I. J. 4 Pipe Culvert if 1. Sa U 145 5519 too. i55 1 60 20 2. 3 2 2. 900 1759 255. OSS 1. 3. 5 Pipe Culrert t 1. 2i u S3 2 4 93 1)1. 119 9(58 511.814 loSi 56. 07 4 "I. ). 5Pip e Culvert t 1. 2a U 51 2 4 93 I4i. IAI 9658 550. 506 1058 (A. 3A6 1. 3. 6 Pipe Calvert 1 0. 9a u I00 2 2 7 1 iil. lAo 913A 9i) AAA 111 71. 700 1.3. ( Pipe Culvert $ 0. 9a U 108 1171 i45. 1(6 92)0 995. 8 40 727 18. Sl( 1. 3. 7 Roid Dra i oace Ki 30. S 3I9IJOA 97.34 6. 85HMIo H —mum 3 ). 3 3 3. 7 55 I. 3, J Road Draioate Ki 27. 9 3I9I1AA 89.04 9.4 30 2848880 7 9. 4 83. 7 51092912 0 30, 4 9i. 189 Sub-Totil 1. 114. 4 5 4. 254 2 7 1. 1 90. 9 39 155.957. 0 1 9 Sub-Tota1 1. 2 59. 4 6 4. 5 1 4 289. 6 1 3. 858 286. 7 9 5. 9 1* 1. 6 4 1. 602. 2 1 2 1. 8)5. 814. 298 PAYING WORK 2) PAVING WORK 1.1.1A Surface Course Too S 9 7 7 0 I949 116. 491.1)0 209 (i. 491. 9)0 ilo 1 2. 55 1. 700 2, I. I Surface Course Too 66 9 20 1949 1 30. 4 27. 080 209 1 3. 986. 280 210 1 4. 05). 200 i. i. i Priae/Tack Cost Mi 54)380 16.8 9. 1 28.7 84 A. 3 163. 014 1. A86. 7 60 2. I, 2 Ptiae/Tack Coat M2 608320 16. 8 10. 219. 776 0. ) 1 8 2. 4 96 2 1. 116. (40 i. 1,3 Bioder Course (Bituai.) Too II2220 I58l 177. 419.820 335 3 7. 59 3. 7A0 215 24. 1 27. 300 2. I. 3 Bioder Course (Bituai,) Ton 126130 1581 200. 360. 130 ))5 4 2. 4 54. 550 215 21. 14(. 950 i.1, 5 Base Course Bi tuai. Tod Il22i0 I423 1 59. 689. 060 302 33. 890. 4 40 194 2 1. 7 70. 680 2, I, 5 Base Course Bituai. Too 125130 1423 1 80. 3 36. 1 90 302 38. 27 2. 4 (0 I9< 24. 585. 6 20 2. 1. 6 Bise Course Crushed M3 8SSS0 904 7 7. 337. 200 181 1 5. 4 84. 550 1)1 II. 7 20. 350 2. I. ( Base Course Crushed U3 96 7 70 9A4 81. 4 80. 080 181 17. 515. 370 1)1 1). 151. 490 i. 1.1 Sub-bise Course (Gravel) M3 8SSS0 685 58. (01.750 263 2 2. 4 9 9. ( 50 1)7 II. 710. 351 2. I. I Sub-base Course (Gravel) U3 96170 (85 6 6. 281. 4 50 2(3 25.4 5A. 510 1)7 11. 151. 490 i. 1. s Shoulder Pneaeol Ui 548 0 94 0 114 0 i. I. 8 Concrete Curb U 7 950 342 2. 718, 900 500 3, 9 7 5. 000 128 1. Oil. (AO 1.1, < Concrete Curb U 7030 Ul 2. 404. 260 50A 3. 515. 000 128 899. 840 I, I. $ Asphalt Curve U . 38810 127 4. 9 28. 870 25 91A. i50 16 20. 0 i.1. J Asphalt Cur re U 9 010 111 1. 144. 176 25 115. 15A 16 144. 160 !, I. 10 Lane Mark U * 141880 io 2. 9 51. 600 0. 2 29. 51( 9 1. 3)0. 920 !. 1, lo LiDe Mark U U 7 88A io i. 957. (AO 0. 2 19.5I( 1. 3)0. 920 Sub-Total (85. 116. 61( 1 4 2. 8)6. 4 9 2 9 6. 586. 8 10 Sub-Total 60S. 174. 474 1 25. 89 3. IIA 8 5. 351. A(0 1 92 5. 1 40. 0)8 816. 419. 644 3) 3RIDGE WORKS i BRIDGE WORKS 3. I. I Road Bridie IO 132. Table 9-Tn6 Results of Unit Cost Analysis No. Work 1 ten Jo it Unit Price Foreign Loca 1 fix 1 EARTH WORK 1. CuttiOK & Killing 1. 1. Cleariox k Grubbing U3 112. 2 160' 80 72' 16. 2 H 16 HI 1. 1, 2 Cutting & Filling U3 221 loo1 16' 73 26 Ii1 33 15 1. 1. 3 Borroi Fi11ing U3 36( looi 26: 73' 45 13' 52 1". Soft Ground Works ... .,j •t so 1. 1. 1 Siod Mat U3 537 100' 375 70} 53 10} 109 20} 1. i. 2 Siod Draigo Pile UO. 4a) U 401 I001 300 73} 48 -fin 60 1. 3 Others 1. 3. 1 Box Culvert 8x5a U 335410 loo; 148550 116940 33' 7 59 20 23'i 1. J. 2 Box Culvert 3x]o y 66820 1601 11760 42 24920 371 14140 ilf sr J i.} .a - — r- 1. 3. 3 Pipe Culvert 1. 8B u 31466 100 7146 25' 21477 6* 21*3 *u •— jrz tit 1. 3. 4 Pipe Culvert a 1. 5i M 23298 - loo; 5519 24' 1 6020 6*! 1759 1. 3. 5 Pipe Culvert t 1. 2a y 1 3 209 loo;; 24 93 4658 731 105* 1 1 1, 3. 5 Pipe Culvert t 0. 9a u 1 2 2 28 I00 , ii7l 13. 9230 75 727 (} 10 1. 3. ? Road Drainage ka 7133490 100'i 3191700 45} 2848880 40} 1 0929 1 0 0) 15} UI "TJ 2) PAVING WORK CI 2. 1. 1 Surface Course Ton 2 3 6 8 loot 1949 82} 209 9'L 210 9} in !t| — 2. 1. 2 Priae/Tack Coat U2 19. 1 100 16.8 III 0. 3 2 2 10} •t- j- ci. 1 o O) 4-' 2. 1. 3 Binder Course (Bituai.) Ton ihl loo : 1581 14[ 335 I* 215 a :> 2. 1. 5 Base Course Bituai. Ton 1919 too 1423 741 302 16} 194 10} IZ 2. i. e Base Course Crushed in 1222 100} 904 u 1*1 15} 137 ii} o 2. 1. ? Sub-base Course (Gravel) U) 1085 160 6*5 63i } 263 137 13} p lr 2. 1. 8 Sboulder Paveaent Mi 756 I00[ 54* m 94 13} 114 15} CO 2. 1. 8 Concrete Curb M 970 100$ 342 35} 500 52$ 128 13} t; o 2. 1. 9 Asphalt Curve U 168 loo: 12] 75} 25 15} 16 10} u I. 1. 10 Lane Mark U 29. 2 loot 20 68} 0. 2 u 9 fUK -v (V CO BRIDGE WORKS o 3. 1. 1 Road-Bridge 10 A MISCELLANEOUS WORK 4. 1. 1Media n Strip M 721 100} 347 48} 283 39} 91 13} 4. 1. 2 Steel Guard Rail M 3194 100} 2112 37 33} m C3 11 1045 C3 4. 1. 3 lllunioation Each 146870 100} 126090 2220 2} 1 8 5 60 13} ri RI 4. 1.4 Traffic Sign lach 3449300 100} 2598000 75} 3 8300 1} 813000 1 1. 5 Road Sign G-Tvpe Each 384310 100} 231020 60} 27 680 7X 125610 33ui} 4. 1. 6 Road Sign F-Tvpe Each 123840 100} 7 6 2 50 111 59 20 41670 33} 1. 1. J Road Sign D-Tipe Each 84670 100} 4 9 4 1 0 5*} 7450 n 27 250 32} 4. 1. 8 Control Office Ui 25000 IOO1, 10000 46} 1 2500 50} 2560 10} 4, 1.9 Toll Gale iach 90000000 loot 45000000 56} 27000000 30} 18000000 20} C3 1, I. Io Barbed Wire Fence y 330 1001 15 ^ 294 49} il 1,1. II Frontage Road Asph. -H KB 8163500 100} 5515*60 68} 1119000 14} 1468700 18} 1.1. Ii Frontage Road Asph. -L KB 2495300 106} 1659600 39*460 161 437960 1*} 1.1. 13 Frontage Road gravel) KB 618000 106} 335600 65} 131*00 il> 86 800 11} in tlj "3 :/i • — I - f. a en Ui (.. CO to -c to 134 135 Railway Work on the New Railway line (3rd Line) from Colombo to Ragama have already started* Earth falling of the new trace (length of 9 Miles) have been completed. 04 nos. Bridges nearing completion . 03 Railway Stations namely Dematagoda, Hunupitiya and WanaWasala have been improved. This project is to be completed by December 1993 at a cost of Rs;83 million. Improvements to the existing railway line from Maradana to Veyangoda will commence shortly with the assistance of the Japanese Government. (i) Metal Bellest of 22'' high to be provided. (ii) New sleepers to be provided * (iii)New iron girdg to the entire length of 24 miles (double line) to be provided. Rehabilitation of the existing railway line from Ragama to Negombo will also commence simultaneously. This project is also financed by the Japanese Government; (i) Metal ballast of 18" high to be provided. Both these projects to be completed within three years at a cost of 800 million rupees. Maintenance 15000 concrete sleepers have been provided so far between Maradana and Mirigama. Proposals A container yard at Katuhayake has been proposed for future consideration. It is requested to improve the existing railway line from Keiahiya to Goriawala and extend upto Biyagama to provide better transport facilities to Employees of F.TiZ: At present it is neglected. No decision has been taken so far* (iil)It is proposed to have double lines from Ragama to Negombo. 136 137 b>. L. R. *A MX A SAM SIGNALLING SYSTEMsl Centrally Controlled Signalling System At the moment centrally controlled signalling system „ -j- p -CEMTRAJJdED exists from Maradana to Veyangoda and Negombo in the Gampaha district. A.U.S. &LOCLK But it is proposed to extend centrally controlled signalling area to Mirigama by end of December 1992 and to Polgahawela thereafter. il.AlM^1«JA,ll t\(H TABLET BLOCK SYSTEM 3 35 073' *A11 exposed signalling equipment installed in the TRAIN TOKEN field (specially between Gampaha - Veyangoda and SYSTEM Gampaha - Ganemtiila) are either damaged or stolen very frequently; This has caused the Railway , t ; .^.':. ' ' "H'WII IN ' KM authorities a great problem of replacing or maintaining as these items are very expensive* tIAT 7 ICALOA 347- T92 \1 Ml"IQAM4^e 3T0 »»•»'«»..- ^eVaNOODMRS 378> TlAOAMA tlV64«> CAtLr. F iq. 3.3) • 6-0). 13ft 139 3 .D.5. Rural Electrification and 001^111* ^flMnns (iv) Electrification Rate 3D.5.1. Rural Electrification Data on power distribution by local authorities were unavailable and consequently, the (i) General electrification rate could not be clearly determined. The electrification rate was Rural electrification in Sri Lanka commenced in therefore estimated as the number of 1961 with the Fifty Village Scheme implemented electrified households versus the total number by the village councils with government funds. of households amounting to a national rate of In 1969 the Ceylon Electricity Board was 22.5% for 1985. The rate for the entire established and, since that time, this agency Gampaha district was estimated at 52%, while has been promoting electrification based on that for the rural area was estimated at 20% yearly plans. A rural electrification plan is and for the GCEC area at 83%. The presently being implemented under an ADB loan electrification rate for the rural area is first allocated in 1980. * noticeably lower than that of the GCEC. Gampaha is located adjacent to Colombo and (v) Problems and Observations electrification has been implemented in this area for a number of years, particularly in the As with other basic infrastructures in Gampaha GCEC area. Since 1983, 185 schemes have been district, electrification was implemented implemeted with financing from the ADB loan and numerous years ago and consequently, the Government of Sri Lanka. distribution facilities are superannuated and in poor condition. Although distribution The electrification rate in Gampaha district at facilities installed under the recent rural the Grama Sevaka (GS) level is 48.6% in the electrification scheme financed by the ADB loan rural area and 80.3% in the GCEC area, while are well constructed according to standard that at the village level is 44.6% and 82.8%, design, other facilities in the majority of respectively. In the rural area, over half of areas require improvement. the GS and villages lack distribution lines, and this trend is particularly evident in At present, there are inconsistencies in the Mirigama AGA. layout of the 3 3kV and 11KV high voltage distribution network. Moreover, the network (ii) Agencies Concerned with Electric Power is of low reliability and lacks distribution capacity. Similarly, low voltage lines are Activities related to electric power generation heavily overloaded during peak hours which are undertaken by the CEB under the Ministry of results in poor voltage regulation and high Power and Energy, the Lanka Electricity Company energy losses. Thus it is considered (LECO) and Local Authorities. In Gampaha necessary not only to extend rural district, 15 Local Authorities are responsible electrification in the Study area but also to for power distribution; however, recently, this reinforce the existing distribution network to responsibility has been transferred to LECO. ensure high reliability. (iii)Power Supply In areas which remain unelectrified, kerosene lamps are used for lighting at a monthly fuel At present there are 11 hydropower stations expenditure of about Rs.40/=. This (capacity: 679.3MW) and 5 thermal power expenditure is similar to that required for stations (capacity:290MW) in Sri Lanka. Total electric rates, indicating that such rates are energy generated in 1985 was 2464GWh. Of this payable by local residents. The low total, 97% was provided by hydropower while electrification rate in rural areas is only 3% was provided by thermal power. There generally attributed to the low density of is one thermal power station in Gampaha distribution lines. Under the present tariff district with a total capacity of 80MW. system of CEB, new subscribers are charged for 141 140 the overhead service connection including line the Western Region and the Metropolitan Region extension, as well as the usual costs of house cover Gampaha district, and telecommunication in the rural area is covered by the Gampaha wiring, lighting facilities, etc. The initial Engineer's Office of the Western Region. cost is thus more than Rs. 3,000/=. Due to the low density of distribution lines and the dist ance of households from public roads, the (iii)Problems and Observations cost of connecting households to the distribution system is much greater in rural Superannuation and lack of facilities are the areas than in urban areas, greatly inhibiting main problems in Gampaha district. Telephone rural electrification. lines in the form of cables are rare and the majority of lines consist of a pair of open wires strung along the main roads. The lines 3 3>%2. Telecommunications are strung on the opposite side of the road from the distribution lines to avoid (i) General Conditions interference; however, use of the existing Total number of working telephone lines in Sri distribution line poles upon establishment of Lanka as of the end of 1985 were 85,100, and a design standard should be considered as an the distribution of telephones is gradually alternative approach to extension. The spreading from public agencies to the average latter method is more cost efficient than household. Due to superannuation of existing installation of separate poles for every facilities and lack of sufficient new telephone line. facilities, the number of telephones is inadequate to meet present demands. There are only about 1,100 working telephone lines in the rural area and the majority of A master plan for development of a national these are installed in public agencies. As telecommunications facilities are closely communications network by the year 2000 linked to rural economic development, extension commenced with Japanese cooperation in 1985, of such facilities in the study area is and extension of telecommunications facilities urgently required. is being promoted throughout the country. The master plan aims to (i)meet 100% of telephone demand, (ii)to complete a digital trunk network, (iii)to introduce new technology and service, and (iv)to eliminate disparity in telephone coverage and service between urban and rural areas. There are 5,800 telephone lines in Gampaha district, only 19% of which are located in the rural area while 81% are located in the GCEC area. The coverage rate is 0.14 phones/100 people in the rural area and 0.63/100 in the GCEC area. The coverage rate for the entire nation is 0.54/100 whereas that for Gampaha district is only 0.38/100, indicating that the coverage rate is Gampaha district is much lower than that in the rest of the country. (ii) Agencies Concerned with Telecommunications The Sri Lanka Telecommunication Department (SLTD) under the Ministry of Post and Telecommunication, is the sole agency responsible for telecommunication services in Sri Lanka. The three Engineer's Offices of 143 •T> 6 Drainage and other constructed canal -facilities 3/D -.6 HAMILTC-K CANAL * Hamilton canal between Handala and toegombo lagoon had been constructed in the early 19th century by the British as an addition to the system of Canal for water transport constructed by the Portuguese and the Dutch* TWO articles written by Dr* Granville Fernando and Mr* Elmo Benedict aire quoted as they give a fate overview of the waterway. Dr* Granville Fernando :- "The Dutch who captured power subduing the Portuguese somewhere in 1658, among other things were expert engineers. Some feats of their great engineering skill are Still to be seen like forts and fortresses, beacons and bridges, and lamps and light houses that adorh our country in various parts of the island even today. The picturesque Hamilton - Canal running through scenic country starting from the metropolis of Colombo, passing through the famous fishing town of Negombo, the ancient and historic port of chilaw and reaching Puttlam, alirtost Within sight of the tip of the Kalpitiya penihsula - a good distance of about 80 miles - is one such masterpiece of clever Dutch engineering* The history of this famous Dutch canal, popularly known as the Hamilton canal is interesting* Ih bygone times, cinnamon was one of the major exports of the island, especially during the Dutch Period* This short Stunted Shrub with it's sWeet smelling aroma^ was cultivated mostly in the hinterland of the coastal town of Meaombo. indeed it was one of the major cash crops of the island that brought in a tidy sum to the country coffers* Fig. 3.1)-'/ Power Distribution Network in Gampaha District 145 144- The Christmas air was cold and chilly. As I go down to the embankment to get a few pictures Negombo was preparing for Much of the trade in spices was in the hands of the Moors, Christmas. Although it was mid-day, the morning air was cold and especially business in cinnamon. The Portuguese once they captured chilly. In the busy bazaar, jostling crowds dashed past me power in Sri Lanka, ousted the Moors and took possession of the presumably doing their last minute Christmas shopping. cinnamon trade in the island. The canal waters looked so peaceful, still and placid Sadly The Dutch Were so charmed by the cinnamon that they captured the however, this otherwise scenic picture was marred by a few cadjan town of Negombo from the Portuguses in 1640. thatched shanties on one of the banks. A fibre glass boat with it's famous "put - put" noise come along. As this bright coloured mechanised boatglides along cutting through the placid waters The latter ire-captured in the same year but were finally dislodged carries with it a trail of white frothy foam which ends up in a in 1644. hundred ripples that soon disappear in the cooling waters before they hit the canal bank. Yes; the Hamilton Canal has a story, a scenic story. The Dutch made Negombo a good stronghold improved the fort, and soon gathered all the cinnamon around the area, exporting it the world over. Elmo Benedict:- "I spoke to some who were to participate in the work, and the first reaction that I met with was that the Hamilton Canal should not be considered in isolation; it should be studied Transport of this main product by land was difficult and arduous. in relation to the lives of people. Being masters of canal making as in their home country - Holland - they soon built a fine system of canals. With this reaction, my thoughts went back to the advantages that could be reaped by the development of the 72 mile Colombo -Puttalam The Hamilton Canal is one such example of expert Dutch engineering. Canal. Cinnamon collected from the hinterland of Negombo and other such The advantages are; Easy mode of transport, quicker transportation coastal towns found their way to the capital city of Colombo of building materials, development of the area for tourism, the through these beautiful man made waterways. Rich spices like building of cottages, cheaper mode of conveyance and making the cinnamon were usually sent down in the famous romantic "padda- drainage system more effective so as to benefit adjacent lands. boats", a few of which are still seen transporting river sand at the mouth of the Kelani Ganga. This is a laudable program; and the people felt it should be continued. About 400 are employed in the Uswetakeiyawa area Glidi: jng along in these scenic padda boats through this picturesque Where there is a Canal Development Division. canal that takes you through beautiful and idyllic surroundings is a charming and romantic experience which any tourist or for that matter any one of us would I am sure will never forget. But the purpose of the marathon shramadana was for the development of land in these areas. How could the Muthurajawela tract be kept from flooding, and how provision was to be made for drainage which Yes; this canal and it's scenic meanderings has made many a poet to is essential. In this, the canal plays a part. wax eloquent to sing it's praises both in verse and in song. Composers like the late C.T. Fernando have gone into raptures when singing the beauties of this canal by the sea. The people also have their suggestions. They feel the area between the Hamilton Canal and the old Dutch Canal where the shramadana began is a vast area, It is their view that this area should be In days gone by, it was tough time for the boatmen who worked the blocked out into polders. famous padda-boairs. To lessen their workload they known a "paaru- kavi". 146 147 The area, an acreage of 4,800 acres in extent is on the West of the old Dutch Canal,' and the smaller acreage is in the Wewala RilaUla on the East of the Canal; How could excess Water be conveyed across to the sea, was the question posed to me. The people feel that pumping should be a permanent feature. Its need had been recognised by a request made be Fr; Cyril Peries who applied for pumps through the Freedom from Hunger Campaign between 1965-70, and Was successful in gaining acceptance both from the people and Government for the use of these pumps* The pumps did come finally from Australia. I saw some pumps fixed to advantage in Uswetakeiyawa and Welligampitiya. But the people feel temporary benefits of this nature, are insufficient. A permanent pumpinq scheme should be installed, together with improvements to internal drainage channels; The dredging of the Hamilton Canal has done a world of good because noW more Water is contained in the canal* This prevents flooding of the roads of the area. The probleirt facing the people is the seel water infiltration and how it could be arrested; Could not concrete cushioning oh impervious clay arrest seepage. One of the goals of this program is to promote tourism; There is scope for it; The building of the banks of the Hamilton Cahal should be expedited if launches are to move Without further damage to the sides of the canal; Erosion of the land could be arrested only in this manner; But people feel that this bank should start from a depth that will stand the force of the displaced WaterS_ *S launches move. And it is in this cahal that the mechanised boats of tt: fishermen are moored; 148