DISTRICT PROFILE OF GAMPAHA DISTRICT PROFIL^j OF r GAMP AH A J; i. ^1 COMPILED FOR 1 fir ^ THE CENTRAL ENVIRONMENTAL AG MALIC WATTE NEW TOWN COLOMBO 10 r ^ DRAFT FINAL REPORT VOLUME I OF II r i B r DEVENCO (LANKA) LIMITED 138, OLD ROAD, NAWALA CEA Library T 7 r-w r^j r& C CONTEN.rrS_._ Volume I of II. Ch.l. Executive Summary Ch.2. Main Recommendations Ch.3. Environmental Setting 3.A. Physical Characteristics 3.A.I. Climate 3.A.1.1. Rainfall 3.A.I.2. Temperature 3.A.1.3. Sunshine 3.A.1.4. Wind Velocity and Direction 3.A.1.5. Relative Humidity 3.A.2. Natural Surface Drainage Patterns 3.A.2.1. Rivers in the study area. 3.A.2.2. Attanagalu Oya 3.A.2.3. Kelani Ganga CEA Library 3.A.2.4. Maha Oya 3.A.2.5. Ground Water 3.A.2.6. Ratmal Oya Basin 3.A.2.7. Attanagalu Oya Basin 3.A.2.8. Maha Oya Basin - Ecomomic Profile of 3 .B, Status of Human Resources - Socio Gampaha Dis/trict. B.l. The People B. 2. Administration of the District B.3. Land Utilization B.4. Cultivation of Tea B. 5 . Cultivation of Rubber B. 6 . :! Mixed Crops B.7. Cultivation of Paddy B.8. Employment 3.B.9. Education in Gampaha 3.B.10. Higher Education 3.B.ll. Tutories 3.B.12. Technical Education 3.B.13. Pirivena Education 3.B.14. Health 3.B.15. Medical Administration 3.B.16. Employment Profile 3 .C. Administration 3-D. Services and Infrastructure Facilities 3.D.1 Education 3 .D. 1 1. Present Condition 3 .D. 1 2. Zoning and General Education Facilities 3.D.l: 3. Higher Education 3 . D. 1. 4. Technical and Vocational Education 4 .A. 5. Fish 3 .D. 1. 5. Pirivena and Nursery Schools 4 .A. 6. Invertebrates 3 .D. 1. 6. Administration 4 .A. 7. Coastal and Marine Resources 3 .D. 1. 7. Problems and Observations 4 .A. Wetland Resources 3 .D. 2. Health and Medical Services 4.A. .1. Water bodies 3 .D. 2. 1. Present Health Conditions 4 .A. .2. Forested Mangroves 3 .D. 2. 2. Medical Services 4 .A. ,3. Non-Forested Marshes 3 . D • 2. 3. Health Services ,A, ,4. Muthurajawela and Negombo Lagoon 3 .D. 2. 4. Restructuring of the Medical and Health Service System .A, Mineral resources 3 • D. 2. 5. Administration of Medical and Health Facilities . A .1, Natural Conditions 3 .D. 2. 6. Problems and Observations .A .2, Sand for Construction 3 • D. 3. Roads . A .3, Aggregate Production 3 . D. 3 . 1. Present Condition .A Tourism 3 .D. 3. 2. Traffic Conditions 4 .A Flora 3 .D. 3 . 3 . Maintenance Conditions 4 .A 1, Forests 3 .D. 3 . 4 . Underlying'Problems and Observations 4 . A 2, Natural Vegetation 3 .D. 4. Railway 4.A 3 Botanical Gardens, Henerathgoda 3 .D. 5. Rural Electrification and Communications 3 .D. 5. i. Rural Electrification 3 .D. 5. 2. Telecommunications 4 B. Trends in Land Use 3 .D. 6 . Drainage and other constructed canal facilities 4 B.l. Agriculture Land, Shifting Cultivation, Pasture Land 3 . D. 6. 1. Hamilton Canal 4 B.l. 2. Non-plantation Agriculture 4 B.l. 2. Paddy 4 B.l. 2 . Other Field Crops 4 B 1 2. Vegetables / Volume II of II. 4 B ,1 2. Fruit Crops (Horticultural Crops) 4 B.l, 2. Home gardens 4 B.l. 2 . Export Crops Ch.4 Resources and Human Activities 4 B.l 3 . Livestock 4 .A. Renewable and Non-renewable resources 4 B.l 4 . Agricultural Services 4 .A.l. Soil 4 B. 2 Irrigation and Drainage 4 .A. 1. 1. Agro-ecological Regions 4 B. 2 1. Present Condition 4 .A.l. 2. Soil Types 4 B.2 2. Present Status of Irrigation 4 .A.l. 3. Land Systems in Gampaha District. 4 B. 2 3. Rainfed Paddy Field 4 .A.2. Domestic Water Supply 4 B.2 4. Current Status of Drainage 4 .A.2. 1. Present Status of Domestic Water Supply 4 .B. 2 5. Problems 4 .A.2, 2. Rural Water Service 4.B.3 Greater Colombo Economic Commission of Water 4 .A. 2, 3. Administration, Operation and Maintenance 4.B.3 ,1. G.C.E.C. Environmental Norms Service Projects. 4.B.3 ,1. 1 Tolerance Limits for Industrial Waste Water Discharged 4 . A. 2 4. Consumption Standards for Water Service into Common Waste Water 4 . A. 2 5. Problems affecting Water Supply 4.B.3.1.2 Norms for the Effluent from Common Waste Water 4 . A. 2 6. Kelani Ganga Treatment Plant 4 . A. 2 ,7. Domestic Waste Management ,B.3 .3 Drinking Water Standards Industrial Waste Management 4 . A.2.8. ,B.3 .4 New Sources Air,Emission Norms Agricultural Waste Management 4. A.2.9. .B.3 .5 Noise Level Criteria Ground Water Management .B.3 4.A 2 10, .6 Environmental Licensing Procedure 4 .A 2 Research and Data Generation .B.3 11, .7 Chemicals Surface Water Quality Monitoring and Control 4.A 2 12 4 .B. 3 .8 Tolerance Limits for Industrial Waste Water Discharged 4.A 2 13 Waste Reduction Technologies into Inland Surface Waters 4 . A. 3 . Fauna 4.B.3.1 .9 Tolerance Limits for Industrial Waste Water Discharged 4.A.3.1. Mammals into Marine Coastal Waters 4.A.3 2. Birds 4 .B. 3 .10 Tolerance Limits for Industrial Effluent Discharged 4 .A. 3 3 . Reptiles on Land 4.A.3 4 . Amphibians 4.B.3 .11 Hydraulic Loading Applicable for Different Soils 4.B.3.1.12 Classification of Industries and Recommended Buffer Zones 4.B.3. General Guidelines for Factory Buildings 4.B.3. Site Requirements 5.B.I. Floods 4.B.3. Building Requirements 5.B.2. Coastal Erosion 4.B.3. Approval Procedures 5.B.3. Others 4.B.3. Measures to Attract Foreign Investment and to Liberalize Trade and Exchange Controls 4.B.3. Attracting Foreign Capital 5.C. Existing problems and Existing Management Measures 4.B.3. Freeing Foreign Exchange Restrictions 4.B 3 . Industrial Factor Costs 5.C.I. Climate 4 ,B 4, Historical and Cultural Sites 5.C.2. Geology, Mineral Resources, Soil, Land 4. ,B ,5, Forest Cover 5.C.3. Employment - Agriculture 4 .. B .6 Animal Husbandry 5.C.4 Flora, Natural Vegetation 4 ..B. 7 Plantations 5.C.5. Fauna 4 ..B . 8 Integrated Rural Development Project 5.C.6. Wetland Resources 4 ..B. 8 .1 Study Objectives 5.C.7. Agricultural Land Use, Shifting Cultivation, Pasture 4 ..B. 8 .1 Important Events Land .B.8 .2 4 , Project in a Nutshell 5.C.8. Historical and Cultural Sites B.8 .3 Supply of Equipment - phase i 4 5.C.9. Forest Cover 4 .B. 8 .3 Supply of Equipment - phase ii 4.B.8 .4 Irrigation and Drainage 5.C.10. Urban and Industrial Pollution Problems 5.C.11. Clay Mining/ Land Filling/ Excavation 4 . B.8 .4 Major Irrigation (Attanagalu Oya Area) 5.C.12. General Comments 4. B.8 .4 Minor Irrigation 4. .B.8 .5. Rural Industries Potential Resources for Sustainable Development and 4 ..B. 8 .6. Human Resources Development Ch.6. 4 .B.8 .7. Social Infrastructure Environmental Management and Planning 4 .B.8 .8. Domestic Water Supply 6 .A. Potential Resources 4 .C. Power and Energy Strategies and Action Plans for the Conservation and 6.B. 4 .D. Use of Agro-Chemicals Management of Environment. 6 .B, 1. Climate 6.B 2 . Geology and Soil Existing Problems and Existing Management Measures Ch. 5. 6. 3 . Employment - Agriculture 5.A. Environmental Problems 6 . 4 . Flora 5.A.1. Encroachment 6. ,5, Fauna 5.A.2. Land Filling 6 , .6. Wetland Resources 5.A.3. Excavation 6 . B.7, Agricultural Land, Shifting Cultivation, Pasture Land 5.A.4. Brick Making 6, B.8 Historical and Cultural Sites 5.A.5. Sand Harvesting 6 B.9 Forest Cover 5.A.6. Quarry Operations 5, .A.7 . Industrial effluents APPENDICES. 5 , A. 8 . F.T.Z effluents 5. .A.9. Forest Cover 5. .A.10, Urban and Industrial Pollution Problems 5, .A.11 Clay Mining/Land Filling/Excavation Laws and Acts for Environmental Protection 5 .A.12 General Comments (i) List of Persons met and Institutions/Organisations (ii) Contacted < (iii) List of Figures 5 .B. Natural Hazards (iv) List of Tables (v) Bibliography INTRODUCTION FOREWORD 1. Gampaha District is situated to the North of Colombo and has a land area of 1,399 kilometers. It is bounded by Kelani River to the South, Mahaoya to the North, mountainous Zone of Kegalle The preparation of the environmental profile for the Gampaha District to the East, and the Indian Ocean to the West. District is a part of the on-going project for strengthning environmental agencies at district level under CEA-NORAD programme for Environmental Corporation. The profile contains an Gampaha District falls within the wet zone with an annual overview of the present state of the district environment based rainfall of 2000 - 2600 millilitres occurring during two on "the latest available information that could be gathered from monsoonal periods April - June and October - December. The different sources tempareture ranges from 23 - 31 degrees c and the mean . annual in the government sector, private sector and non-governmental humidity is 79%. Aththanagaluoya flows through the Gampaha organizations. Many places in the district were visited by the District and is the main source of water for irrigated lands.