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Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA LIMI 600-521-0600 UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE CHEROKEE AND DAKOTA LANGUAGE LETTERS; ILLUSTRATIONS OF NINETEENTH CENTURY DISCOURSE A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By LAURA LEE ANDERSON Norman, Oklahoma 1999 UMI Number 9952407 UMI* UMI Microform99524G7 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 © Copyright by LAURA LEE ANDERSON 1999 All Rights Reserved. CHEROKEE AND DAKOTA LANGUAGE LETTERS: ILLUSTRATIONS OF NINETEENTH CENTURY DISCOURSE A Dissertation APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY BY '-1^ V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation acknowledges the assistance and generosity of the following: The Minnesota Historical Society, the Newberry Library, the Western History Library, and Joseph LoCicero, IV for the Cherokee Font (1995: Mellon Fund of Yale University); University of Oklahoma Dissertation Committee Members, Morris Foster, John Dunn, Clara Sue Kidwell, Margaret Bender, Loretta Fowler, and Joseph Whitecotton; Former linguistic instructors Barbara Johnstone and Kathy Ferreira; Cherokee language co-instructors George Pumpkin, Polly Reed, and Bobby Blossom; former University of Oklahoma Cherokee students Linda Jordon. Onita Lynch, Bill Shelton, Trish Weeden and 1992-99 Cherokee I, II, III classes; and the instruction of Durbin Feeling and Willard Walker; Dakota language instructor Calvin Fastwolf, David Miller, and University of Oklahoma LûT^ora I, II, III classes 1996-97. Former and present fellow instructors in the University of Oklahoma’s Native American Language Preservation program: Margaret Mauldin, Gus Palmer, LeRoy Sealy, Linda Jordon, Marcia Haag, Alice Anderton, Pam Innes, and Jack Schultz, Especially my husband Gary Clayton Anderson, my daughter, Kari Marie and Chas Harding, my sons, Evan Christoflfer and Jon Karl who have all grown up with the demands of this endeavor I thank my entire family for their patience, support, and unselfishness. This project rests on more than my shoulders. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.........................................................................................iv TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS......................................................................................vii LIST OF INSERTS.....................................................................................................vii ABSTRACT................................................................................................................ vii TEXT OF DISSERTATION CHAPTER PAGE I Nineteenth Century Cherokee and Dakota Letters............................... 1 II A Narrow History of the Influence of Literacy on the Cherokee and Dakota........................ 28 III Cherokee and Dakota Letters...............................................................80 IV Conclusion: Data from Cherokee ana Dakota Written Discourse. .169 BIBLIOGRAPY........................................................................................................ 198 APPENDIX I A Comparison Of Cherokee and Dakota Representation: Letters’ Typeset and Longhand ..................223 II Glossary of Terms .................................................................................. 251 LIST OF nOURES LIST OF FIGURES PAGE FIGURE 3 .0 19* Century English Letter Form ............................................81 FIGURE 3.1 19* Century English Letter Form Cherokee Letter Form ......84 FIGURE 3.2 Dakota Letter Form and Example Phrases .............................85 FIGURE 3 .3 Cherokee and Dakota Letter Form..........................................88 FIGURE 3 .4 Structural Frames of Five Cherokee Letters ........................ 93 FIGURE 3 .5 Linguistic Items Used in Cherokee Structuring ....................94 FIGURE 3.6 Structural Frames of Five Dakota Letters..............................97 FIGURE 3.7 Linguistic Items Used \n Dakota Structuring ....................... 99 RGURE 3.8 Analysis of Five Cherokee Letters .........................................121 FIGURE 3.9 Analysis of Five Dakota Letters ...........................................148 FIGURE 3.10 Dakota Author-Addressee-Principal Network .....................163 RGURE 4.0 Comparison in Cherokee and Dakota Experience ................. 171 FIGURE 4.1 Cherokee and Dakota Commonalties ....................................178 ETGURE 4.2 Cherokee and Dakota Shared Grammatical Devices ............181 FIGURE 4.3 Cherokee and Dakota Structural and Rhetorical Devices.. 184 FIGURE 0.0 The Sequoyan Syllabary ........................................................ 228 FIGURE 0.1 Most Easily Confused Handwritten Syllabary Symbols .......239 FIGURE 0.2 Hypothesis of Cherokee Use Features ..................................241 FIGURE 0.3 Riggs’ Orthography Compared with Dakota Script ........... 244 FIGURE 0.4 Comparative Dialectal Features ...........................................247 VI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND LIST OF INSERTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE 19™ Century English Letter ............................................................................82 Cherokee Letter 2: 1829 Elias Boudinot ................................................... 106 Cherokee Letter 3: 1877 Ezekiel Proctor .................................................. Ill Cherokee Letter 4: 1886 Sagonige Gvgwola, Sitting Down Blue ............117 Dakota Letter 1: 1-1864 Joseph Kawagke................................................ 123 Dakota Letter 2: 1-1864 Wiijyag............................................................... 128 Dakota Letter 3 ; 5-1864 Joseph Kawagke................................................ 132 LIST OF INSERTS PAGE English, Cherokee, and Dakota Historical Time Line ..................................78 The Body of a Cherokee Letter Begins ( 1884 Sagomge Gvgw ola) ........................91 The Body of a Dakota Letter Begins (5-1865 Joseph Kawatjke)......................95 Cherokee Letter 1 ; 1825 John Ross ........................................................... 103 Cherokee Letter 2: 1829 Elias Boudinot ................................................ 107-8 Cherokee Letter 3: 1877 Ezekiel Proctor ............................................... 112-4 Cherokee Letter 4: 1886 Sagonige Gvgwola, Sitting Down Blue 118-9 Dakota Letter I ; 1-1864 Joseph Kawar^e............................................. 124-6 Dakota Letter 2; 1-1864 W i^arj..........................................................129-30 Dakota Letter 3: 5-1864 Kawa/jke..........................................................133-6 Dakota Letter 4: 1874 Totidutawig. .......................................................140-3 Dakota Letter 5: 1885 Zitkadagtawa, Daniel Renville .......................... 145-6 vu ABSTRACT This dissertation concerns nineteenth century Cherokee and Dakota discourse, exemplified by the individual writers of native language letters. The first chapter outlines the goals, the data, and the methods of this dissertation. Chapter two historically compares the nineteenth century Cherokee and Dakota literacy experience with the American’s experience. Chapter three compares the norms of communication in letter form, the structuring, rhetorical presentation, the agency, and interaction in each language as manifest by native writers. Chapter four draws conclusions about the compared historical experience, adds a sociocultural description of nineteenth century Cherokee and a Dakota letter writing, and begins a description of Cherokee and Dakota discourse found in nineteenth century letters. Appendix I compares the orthographies as they pertain to language specific attributes influencing translation and the recoverability of language specific information. Key Words;