Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Instrumente colaborative Dokuwiki, Git, Redmine
R˘azvanDeaconescu [email protected]
ROSEdu Tech Talks
5 martie 2011
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
1 Buzzwords
2 Instrumente colaborative
3 DokuWiki
4 Git
5 Redmine
6 Concluzii
7 ˆIntreb˘ari
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Cuprins
1 Buzzwords
2 Instrumente colaborative
3 DokuWiki
4 Git
5 Redmine
6 Concluzii
7 ˆIntreb˘ari
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Colaborare
mai multe entit˘at, i (persoane, organizat, ii) lucreaz˘aˆımpreun˘a obiective comune
partajare (informat, ii, resurse, cunos, tint, e) consens ˆıngeneral necesit˘acoordonare/conducere/leadership
cooperare – t, elurile pot diferi, doz˘ade individualism,“side by side”
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Instrumente colaborative
collaborative software “how collaborative activities and their coordination can be supported by means of computer systems” “the more people who use something, the more valuable it becomes” collaborative working environment virtual teams
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Computer Supported Cooperative Work
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Cuprins
1 Buzzwords
2 Instrumente colaborative
3 DokuWiki
4 Git
5 Redmine
6 Concluzii
7 ˆIntreb˘ari
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative editare de cont, inut web sintax˘asimpl˘a
generare rapid˘ade cont, inut colaborare facil˘a
accent pe structur˘as, i cont, inut, mai put, in pe form˘a
documentat, ie, tutoriale, informare, proceduri MediaWiki, DokuWiki, TWiki, TikiWiki, MoinMoin, PmWiki http://www.wikimatrix.org/
Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Wikis
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Wikis
editare de cont, inut web sintax˘asimpl˘a
generare rapid˘ade cont, inut colaborare facil˘a
accent pe structur˘as, i cont, inut, mai put, in pe form˘a
documentat, ie, tutoriale, informare, proceduri MediaWiki, DokuWiki, TWiki, TikiWiki, MoinMoin, PmWiki http://www.wikimatrix.org/
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative colaborare ˆıntimp real integrare cu suite Office “offline” (upload, download) documente interne slide-uri, spreadsheets Google Docs, Microsoft Office Live, Oracle Cloud Office
Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Online Docs
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Online Docs
colaborare ˆıntimp real integrare cu suite Office “offline” (upload, download) documente interne slide-uri, spreadsheets Google Docs, Microsoft Office Live, Oracle Cloud Office
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Version Control System, Revizion Control System Source Code Management repository pentru cod colaborare ˆıntredezvoltatori commit-uri, ierarhie de commit-uri, istoric de modific˘ari Git, Subversion, Perforce, Mercurial, Darcs, Bazaar
Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
VCS/SCM
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
VCS/SCM
Version Control System, Revizion Control System Source Code Management repository pentru cod colaborare ˆıntredezvoltatori commit-uri, ierarhie de commit-uri, istoric de modific˘ari Git, Subversion, Perforce, Mercurial, Darcs, Bazaar
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative discut, ii, ˆıntreb˘ari,opinii, propuneri
asincrone: liste de discut, ie, forumuri, Usenet, Google Groups sincrone: IRC, chat, video chat
client, i de e-mail, client, i web, client, i IRC
Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Mailing Lists/Forums/IRC/Usenet
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Mailing Lists/Forums/IRC/Usenet
discut, ii, ˆıntreb˘ari,opinii, propuneri
asincrone: liste de discut, ie, forumuri, Usenet, Google Groups sincrone: IRC, chat, video chat
client, i de e-mail, client, i web, client, i IRC
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative informare, tutoriale, comentarii asincrone ˆıngeneral folosite ca social software
Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Blogging
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Blogging
informare, tutoriale, comentarii asincrone ˆıngeneral folosite ca social software
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative sincronizare/partajare a datelor sisteme de file-sharing rsync, Dropbox
Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
File syncing/sharing
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
File syncing/sharing
sincronizare/partajare a datelor sisteme de file-sharing rsync, Dropbox
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Document Management System
de obicei pentru institut, ii/companii colaborare, versionare, c˘autare, securitate, metadate folosit pentru documente digitale (scrise sau scanate) KnowledgeTree, Archivista, Alfresco
Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
DMS
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
DMS
Document Management System
de obicei pentru institut, ii/companii colaborare, versionare, c˘autare, securitate, metadate folosit pentru documente digitale (scrise sau scanate) KnowledgeTree, Archivista, Alfresco
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative ˆıntˆalniri, evenimente, task-uri
invitat, ii partajarea calendarului servere de calendaring (Open Calendar Server, Microsoft Exchange, Bedework)
solut, ii online (Google Calendar)
Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Calendaring
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Calendaring
ˆıntˆalniri, evenimente, task-uri
invitat, ii partajarea calendarului servere de calendaring (Open Calendar Server, Microsoft Exchange, Bedework)
solut, ii online (Google Calendar)
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Lightweight Directory Access Protocol / Active Directory
stocarea informat, iei ˆıntr-unformat de directoare (arbore):
informat, ii despre utilizatori, sisteme, contacte etc. folosit pentru autentificare unic˘a OpenLDAP, Microsoft Active Directory
Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
LDAP/AD
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
LDAP/AD
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol / Active Directory
stocarea informat, iei ˆıntr-unformat de directoare (arbore):
informat, ii despre utilizatori, sisteme, contacte etc. folosit pentru autentificare unic˘a OpenLDAP, Microsoft Active Directory
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative solut, ie integrat˘a e-mail (+ calendar, groups), ToDo/Tasks, Project Management eGroupWare, Horde Groupware, Kolab, Zimbra, Tiki Wiki
client, i: PIM – Personal Information Manager (Evolution, Kontact, Thunderbird/Lightning, Microsoft Outlook)
Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Groupware
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Groupware
solut, ie integrat˘a e-mail (+ calendar, groups), ToDo/Tasks, Project Management eGroupWare, Horde Groupware, Kolab, Zimbra, Tiki Wiki
client, i: PIM – Personal Information Manager (Evolution, Kontact, Thunderbird/Lightning, Microsoft Outlook)
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative solut, ie integrat˘a wiki, ticket/issue trackers, repository, autentificare plugin-uri instalabile: Trac, Redmine, Launchpad, JIRA hosted: SourceForge, Google Code, CodePlex
Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Software Project Management
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Software Project Management
solut, ie integrat˘a wiki, ticket/issue trackers, repository, autentificare plugin-uri instalabile: Trac, Redmine, Launchpad, JIRA hosted: SourceForge, Google Code, CodePlex
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Cuprins
1 Buzzwords
2 Instrumente colaborative
3 DokuWiki
4 Git
5 Redmine
6 Concluzii
7 ˆIntreb˘ari
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
DokuWiki
http://www.dokuwiki.org/ file-based (nu necesit˘abaze de date) PHP versiune stabil˘ao dat˘ala 7–10 luni plugin-uri access control list
util pentru organizat, ii s, i companii mici
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
De ce DokuWiki?
us, or de instalat s, i configurat (nu necesit˘abaz˘ade date) perfect (zic eu) pentru “personal use” sau echipe de oameni
namespace-uri: organizarea ierarhic˘aa informat, iei
indexarea namespace-urilor (afis, area cont, inutului)
us, or personalizabil (template-uri, appearance) peste 750 de pluginuri acl: gestiunea grupurilor, drepturilor de acces
interfat, ˘asimpl˘as, i us, or de folosit
geek mode on: fis, ierele sunt p˘astrate“plain text” → pot fi editate cu Vi :-P feeds/autentificare/comunitate/open-source
e cool s, i hip: cel mai vizualizat pe WikiMatrix
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Cˆandfolosim DokuWiki?
uz personal: am informat, ii, tutoriale, pe care vreau s˘ale public colaborare ˆıncadrul unei echipe
publicare informat, ii utile ce pot fi completate colaborativ
scopuri educat, ionale content management system facil de editat
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Instalare s, i configurare
se descarc˘a http://www.splitbrain.org/projects/dokuwiki se dezarhiveaz˘a se acceseaz˘apagina de instalare GO! se instaleaz˘aplugin-uri
se urm˘ares, te acest tutorial: http://swarm.cs.pub.ro/~razvan/dokuwiki/tutorials/ dokuwiki
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Cum se foloses, te?
autentificare
se parcurg namespace-urile sau se caut˘ainformat, ie
se foloses, te edit la nivel de pagin˘asau sect, iune http://www.dokuwiki.org/syntax se poate folosi plugin de Creole se folosesc feed-uri RSS/Atom pentru urm˘arireaschimb˘arilor
crearea unei pagini se efectueaz˘aprin c˘autarea acesteia s, i apoi folosirea butonului Create Page
s, tergerea unei pagini se realizeaz˘aprin s, tergerea cont, inutul acesteia
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Tips
folosit, i feed-uri RSS/Atom
facet, i informat, ia accesibil˘apublicului, oferit, i drept de editare
(dac˘aapar probleme, putet, i observa ˆınfeed s, i face revert)
folosit, i pluginul indexmenu
vedet, i ce plugin-uri vi se par interesante
folosit, i o tem˘a/templatecare s˘av˘aplac˘a
geek mode on: urm˘arit, i cont, inutul $DW_ROOT/conf/ – that’s where the juicy stuff happens spread the word :-)
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Cuprins
1 Buzzwords
2 Instrumente colaborative
3 DokuWiki
4 Git
5 Redmine
6 Concluzii
7 ˆIntreb˘ari
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Git
Wikipedia dixit: Git is mild profanity with origins in British English for a silly, incompetent, stupid, annoying, senile elderly or childish person. It is usually an insult, more severe than twit or idiot but less severe than wanker or arsehole. https://git.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/GitFaq#Why_ the_.27git.27_name.3F Linus Torvalds, Junio Hamano distributed VCS accent pe vitez˘a http://git-scm.com/ folosit de Linux, Gnome, KDE, GNOME, Android, X.org etc.
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
De ce Git?
distribuit: ai o copie local˘aa ˆıntreguluiarbore
pot, i face commit-uri doar locale repository-uri locale f˘ar˘aleg˘atur˘ala Internet gestiune facil˘ade branch-uri noi
num˘armare de opt, iuni
gam˘alarg˘ade aplicat, ii adiacente; integrare cu alte componente comunitate activ˘a site-uri de suport, hosting, tutoriale everybody’s using it setup facil: git init --bare → you’re mostly done
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Cˆandfolosim Git?
lucru la proiecte software de orice fel: publice, private, mari, mici, cu num˘armare dezvoltatori, ierarhie de dezvoltatori, submodule, teme de cas˘a
lucru pe fis, iere text (LaTeX) publicarea codului t˘au(share with the others) lucru la proiecte personale, pe sistemul local (pentru versionare local˘a– teme de cas˘a)
pentru versionare local˘aa unor fis, iere text (fis, iere de configurare /etc/apache2/)
cˆandvrei s˘apublici automat informat, ie din repository (hook-uri)
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Instalare s, i configurare
apt-get install git pentru server se poate folosi SSH, git-daemon, server HTTP gitolite hosted: GitHub, Gitorious git config --global user.name "Razvan Deaconescu" git config --global user.name "[email protected]" git config --global color.ui auto
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Cum se foloes, te?
http://gitimmersion.com/ http://www.gitready.com/ dac˘aexist˘arepository-ul (doar client) git clone URL simplificat: modific˘ari, git add, git commit, git pull, git push dac˘anu exist˘a creare (pe server) git init --bare populare repository (pe client) git init . git add . && git commit -m ’initial commit’ git remote add origin URL git push origin master utilizare (pe client) (ca mai sus)
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Tips
configurat, i username s, i e-mail ˆınaintede toate
folosit, i GitHub sau Gitorious pentru proiecte generale (personale sau de echip˘a)
publicat, i-v˘acodul surs˘a,solicitat, i feedback
facet, i commit-uri mici (do one thing)
folosit, i Git pentru repository-uri locale
folosit, i aplicat, ii asociate: gitk, git-gui, tig, gitweb, gitolite
folosit, i timpul prezent ˆıncommit-uri
folosit, i branch-uri
folosit, i .gitignore pentru a selecta fis, ierele dorite
nu comitet, i fis, iere binare
geek mode on: folosit, i hook-uri pentru notific˘arisau pentru a
publica automat cont, inut
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Cuprins
1 Buzzwords
2 Instrumente colaborative
3 DokuWiki
4 Git
5 Redmine
6 Concluzii
7 ˆIntreb˘ari
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Redmine
open source web-based software project management wiki, issue tracker, document management, time tracking, repository integration, forums, calendar, Gantt chart subproiecte roluri personalizare plugin-uri Ruby on Rails http://www.redmine.org/
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
De ce Redmine?
integrarea componentelor
gestiune facil˘as, i integrat˘aa mai multor proiecte: creare proiect + delegare c˘atremanager roluri pentru utilizatori
suport pentru un num˘arvariat de solut, ii de versionare
personalizarea instant, ei Redmine s, i a proiectelor aferente notificare personalizat˘a suport LDAP issue tracking, custom issue queries plugin-uri
comunitate s, i suport
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Cˆandfolosim Redmine?
proiecte software de toate tipurile gestiunea unei echipe
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Instalare s, i configurare
apt-get install redmine se alege tipul de baze de date folosit se integreaz˘aˆınApache (mod_passenger sau mod_fcgid)
se realizeaz˘aautentificarea s, i se configureaz˘aelementele importante forme de autentificare forme de notificare roluri enumer˘ari:st˘ariale unui issue, tipuri de documente etc.
se creeaz˘aproiecte s, i utilizatori
se adaug˘aun manager unui proiect s, i se deleag˘aconfigurarea proiectului
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Cum se foloes, te?
interfat, ˘aweb: autentificare s, i act, iuni editare wiki creare/actualizare issue-uri
upload documente/fis, iere browser pentru repository folosire forumuri
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Tips
folosire feed-uri: activit˘at, i s, i/sau issue-uri
un proiect ˆınRedmine per activitate/proiect; se pot crea us, or proiect/subproiecte folosire issue-uri pentru planificare, bug-uri, task-uri: sunt persistente, nu se uit˘a folosire custom issue queries pentru vizualizare issue-uri folosire autentificare prin LDAP instalare plugin-uri utile
personalizare pagin˘aprincipal˘as, i opt, iuni specifice contului (notific˘ariprimite)
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Cuprins
1 Buzzwords
2 Instrumente colaborative
3 DokuWiki
4 Git
5 Redmine
6 Concluzii
7 ˆIntreb˘ari
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Cuvinte cheie
colaborare DokuWiki instrumente colaborative Git wikis De ce? SCM Cˆand? project management Cum?
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Resurse utile
http://www.wikimatrix.org/ http://www.dokuwiki.org/dokuwiki http://git-scm.com/ http://gitimmersion.com/ http://gitready.com/ https://github.com/ http://gitorious.org/ http://www.redmine.org/ http://bitnami.org/stack/redmine
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative Buzzwords Instrumente colaborative DokuWiki Git Redmine Concluzii ˆIntreb˘ari
Cuprins
1 Buzzwords
2 Instrumente colaborative
3 DokuWiki
4 Git
5 Redmine
6 Concluzii
7 ˆIntreb˘ari
R˘azvanDeaconescu ROSEdu Tech Talks Intrumente colaborative