ISLAMIC CULTURAL CENTER

By SALIM M. DASOO

A Thesis in Architecture

Submitted to the Architecture Faculty of the College of Architecture of Texas Tech University In Partial Fulfillment for the degree of

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

Chainnarí' ot the Comte4Jftee

Programming Instructor(Arch. 4394) iProf. Dudley Thompson. Design Critic(Arch. 4631) « Prof. Michael Peters. ArPí>T>ii*rl/

Dean, College of Architecture.

P r e s e n t e d t o Professor A. Dudley Thompson COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY

In Partial Fulfillment of the Reqiuirement for Bachelor of Architecture Degree

Arch.4394 Architectural Programming

By Salim Mehmood Dasoo May 8th, 1986

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. THESIS STATEMENT 1 III. PHILOSOPHICAL/THEORETICAL Basis ... 2 IV. PROBLEMS, NEEDS. ISSUES 2 V. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 3 BACKGROUND: VI. THE ISLAMIC FAITH 5 VII. ISLAM AND ARCHITECTURE 7 VIII. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 10 IX. CASE STUDIES 13 X. ACTIVITY ANALYSIS 39 XI. SPACE SUMMARY 53 XII. SITE ANALYSIS 61 XIII. SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA .... 91 XIV. COST ANALYSIS 101 XV. BIBLIOGRAPHY

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

1. Roman Mosque-Model 2. Roman Mosque-Elevation and Eloor Plan 3. Roman Mosque-S^ction through the main hall 4. Roman Mosque-Site plan 5. Roman Mosque-Interior structural details 6. London Mosque-Elements of the mosque 7. London Mosque- View from Regent Park 8. London Mosque-Floor plans 9. London Mosque-Section through the mosque 10. Indiana-Floor plans of the Islamic center 11. Indiana-Section through the building 12. Indiana-Elevation of the center 13. Iraqi Mosque-Ground floor plan 14. Iraqi Mosque-Section through the hall and courtyard 15. Iraqi Mosque-Interior view of main hall 16. Yugoslavian Mosque-View from outside 17. Yugoslavian Mosque-Abultion fountains 18. Yugoslavian Mosque-Floor plan of main level 19. Yugoslavian Mosque-View of the pulpit. 20. Yugoslavian Mosque-Section 21. Yugoslavian Mosque-View of interior praying area 22. Ministry Building-View of the main lobby 23. Ministry Building- Courtyard with water fountains 24. Ministry Building-Fenestration characteristics 25. Ministry Building-Wall treatment 26. Regional map of Texas 27. Map of U.S. showing location of Texas 28. Topographic map for Lubbock 29. Soil conditions-Geological diagram 30. Solar angles-Shadow patterns 31. Map of Lubbock, Tx.-Site location map 32. , Site map-for proposed site 33. Map showing Natural and built environment 34. Map showing access to site 35. Wind and noise direction map 36. Map showing direction of Mecca 37. Site Utilities map-Water 38. Site Utilities map-Sewer 39- Site Utilities map-Gas 40. Site Utilities map-Electrical 41 . Photos of site

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'••*•??•; ^••! ííi^. V THESIS STATEMENT;

The center for religious life throughout the Muslim world is the Mosque. It dominates the urban landscape of every Muslim town and city and functions both as a place for daily prayers and as a community center. Every new Muslim community requires a mosque. This is true for the hundreds of muslim communities that has sprung up in many non-Islamic societies throughout the world. Lubbock, like many other western cities, also have witnessed a growing trend in its muslim population over the years. Although, this number may be smaller relative to other major western cities, it is significant to justify for such a facility that would fulfill the religions, social and cultural needs of the Islamic community. The increase in the population is due to the growing number of International students from many Islamic countries attending Texas Tech and other educational institutions in Lubbock. In addition the number of Muslim families in Lubbock has also grown in size. The local chapter of the Muslim Students Association (MSA) has shown special interest for such a facility. The small mosque in west Lubbock is a step in that direction. This project provides an excellent opportunity to apply my understanding in architecture and use it to address issues relating to Islamic architecture and its significance in a non-Islamic environment. The project is also intended as an experiment in exploring the design possibilities of Islamic architecture which is experiencing a renewed interest in recent years. One of the major goals of this project is to promote friendship and understanding among the Islamic community through interaction. It is hoped that this project would contribute to the welfare of the Islamic coramunity in Lubbock as well as to provide Lubbock with a multi-cultural character. THEORETICAL/PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS:

As I come close to fulfilling my lifelong dream of becoming an architect, I wonder whether all the education that I recieved have made me any more know- ledgeable. I think not. As T.S. Eliot once said; "all our knowledge brings us closer to our ignorance." I tend to agree with him. The more wé learn the more we find out. how little we know. The purpose of a meáningful education is not to aquire a degree, but to become above all, a better human being, to understand oneself and to understand the people who are influenced by our actions. Education does not provide us answers but it allows us to think in order to make meaningful contributions to society-My education in architecture reflects these thoughts. The power of thinking is the strongest tool that we can have. I like to approach my thesis based on these thoughts. The design should reflect the essential message of the koran, that of simplicity and austerity. There should also be an attempt to enhance the human dimension in the project. As architects we should set aside our personal egos and not create monuments that are mearly copies of the past. Let's be honest and true in our endevours.

PROBLEMS, ISSUES , NEEDS :

The reinterpretation of Islamic architectural traditions into new meaning to méét the emotional and cultural needs of today's contemporary Muslim socity. The issue of signs and syrabols and its theoretical iraplication. Preservation of Islamic culture and traditions. The integration of modern technology into the socio- culturâl fabric of Islamic socíety. A system to centralize social, cultural, and religious activities into a unifying scherae. GOALS:

To design a mosque that fulfills the religious, cultural and social needs of a conteraporary muslira population.

To promote friendship and understanding araong the Islaraic comraunity through forraal and inforraal interaction.

To design a raosque that represent Islam and the finer qualities of Islaraic culture to everyone.

To reinforce belief among the merabers in their faith by active involvement in religious activities.

To invoke, through architecture,a sense of belonging and provide a statement of cultural identity for the muslims. OBJECTIVES.'

To design a facility which corresponds fully with the architectural traditions of Islamic design philosophy.

To provide spaces that will allow for the various activities of the mosque to be preformed.

To extend the traditional vocabularly of the mosque into a more contemporary model- to satisfy the needs of a contemporary religious community.

To design a facility which would be technologically appropriate in terms of th choice of materials and techniques of construction .

To provide a contextual relationship between Islam and the West. BACKGROUND STUDY;

THE ISLAMIC FAITH;

Islam was the last o f the three primordial religions preceded by Judaism and Christianity. This t ôtally monotheistic religion was formed by Prophet Muharamad in the middle of the 7th century in the Arab Peninsula in order to create cohesion and unity araong the general Arab tribes which were caught in an old-age antagonism arao ng themselves. Islam, thus, emerged as a cohesive force attracting raany bel ievers through its clear message and its egalitarian nature. "The emergence o f Islam as a religion affected the totality of the lives of these people and also unified them on the social and political as well as spiritual level" Through Prophet Muha mraad , God reve aled his wor d in the f orm of t he K oran , "the sacred book which is dogma tica lly held to be t he u ncre ated attri bute of God, coexisted with hira". Muh amraad was the last of the grea t pr ophe ts , an d th e book he brought, the Koran, co rapletes an d su per s edes all pre viou s re velati ons . The message of the Koran,as r eveale d by God to Muha mmad , te ache s th at the ir i s one God who is the creator of all t hat exis ts ; that it is t he d uty of all men to subrait theraselves complet ely to the wil 1 of God ; tha t t hese who rebel aga inst the prophets will be puni shed b oth in t his wor 1 d an d th e ne xt; that a f ter death there is heaven and hell and th at a t th e en d of the wor Id, ther e will be a resurrection of bodies an d the day of u ni ve rsal jud geme nt. The Koran als o preaches equality among a 11 raan kind , tr uth , jus tice and uni ty a mong a 11 m en . The raessage of the K oran a long wi th th e sa ying s an d ac tion s of t he prophet forras the basis o f the "Sha r ia ," th e Ho ly L aw. Thi s la w regu late s the entire life of a Musl im. I t co ver s all asp ects of the publ ic and pri vate ; comraunal and personal lif e of t he m usli ra. "In some of its prov isions , es pecially those relating to propert y , raarria g e , i nher itan ce a nd o ther mat ters o f pe rsonal status, it is norraative c ode of law , wh ich raen were exp ecte d to obey and society to enforce." The word Islam liter ally means,"submission to the will of God." Islam is not seen just as a rel igious observance, but a coraplete way of life dictated by the laws set forth in the Koran. The core of Islam is based on "Five Pillars," which are the foundation of principle obligations of a life of a muslim. These are: 1. The Profession of Faith [Shahadat[:

This is the first pillar of Islam in which the Muslim testifies that their is no God but God and that Muhammad is his Prophet,

2. The Ritual of Prayers (Salat): This ia a religious obligation of all Muslims, both men and woraen, except those who raay be ill. It is a formalized process of specific words and physical movements. It is seen as a highly personal and intimate conversation with God. The prayers are offered five times a day, everyday, at sunrise, midday, afternoon, sunset and in the evening. The worshipper must be in a state of ritual purity and must face in the direction of Mecca. The main coramunal prayer take place on Friday at midday. Every Muslira is expected to go to the raosque on that day.

3. Fasting in the Month of Ramadan:

The fourth pillar is fasting in the month of Ramadan, the ninth raonth of the Muslim year. Every adult Muslim, men and women, is required to observe with the exception of the aged and sick. For the whole month, the believers are required to abstain frora food, drink, tobacco or sexual activity between sunrise and sunset each day.

4. The Obligatory Payraent of Alras (Zakat):

Islam requires its members to give part of their worldly wealth to help those in need.

5. The Pilgrimage to Mecca (Haji):

This is the fifth and last pillar of Islam. At least once in his lifetime, every Muslim, raan and woraan, is required to go on pilgriraage to Mecca as a symbolic gesture on behalf of the Prophet's migration frora Mecca to Medina This annual event brings together Musliras frora raany different lands.

ISLAM AND ARCHITECTURE;

The influence of Islam on its architecture was gradual a s needs become clearer. The cultural activities araong the Muslims were stron gly affected by their common religion, which bridged the differences of race and tradition, as well as their spiri tual concerns into a clear and unifying raould. This strong sense of unity among the faithfuls was the strongest i nfluence on Islamic architecture. Islam that regula ted e ver y momen t of the life of i ts fai thfuls also conditioned all the me nif es tatio ns an d fo rms o f ex press ions , especially in architecture and the v isual arts . The re prese ntat ion o f huma n forms was strictly prohibited in the arts and a rchi tectu re s ince it was seen as a blesphemous act to imm itate the work of G od. Ther ef ore , abst ract forms were concieved to syrabolize plan t lif e; hu man f orms wer e rep laced by poetic Arabic expressions, and quota tions f rora the kora n wer e in terwo ven wi th intricate geometric pattern to f orm t he ba sis f or a rchit ectu ral d ecorat ion. This was a natural outgrowth of t he me ssage of t he k oran whic h erap hasize s goodness, truth and knowledge while pl acing the prima r y c oncer n up on go od dee ds. "Therefore it is understandable that in I slam the f unda menta 1 ma ndate of ar chitecture, apart from fulfilling necess ary f uncti onal requ ireme nts . shou Id be to menifest a purposeful sense of be auty . Mea ningf ul b eauty in Islara ic arc hitecture requires both a quantitative di raensio n of conc ern , achi eved main ly thr ough a process of pragmatic environmenta 1 ada ptati on , a nd a qual itat ive d imensi on, expressed principally through Is lamic aest hetic s".

Influence of Islam on Architecture

In defining Islamic architecture, we must first explore the most sign- ificant principle of Islam and its interpretation which determine its architect- ure. The Muslim is constantly reminded in the koran to be totally submissive to the will of God and that he raust always be humble. The normal pleasures in life is allowed, but excess and grandeur in any forra i s contrary to the will of God, and therefore siraplicity and huraility must b e observed in every aspect of life. This raessage was reflected in the first Islamic buildings, especially in the mosque. The first mosques were simply covered places for worship, since the purpose of the mosque was to provide a place for communal prayer and therefore no such form of architecture was dev ised. The fundamental forms were derived from the building traditions of pre-Is lamic Arabia, where people planned their houses around an interior courtyard which was screened off from the street to ensure visual privacy. "More specific ally,Prophet Muharamad's house was the first prototype, where he met his followers ." The courtyard was used for coraraunal worship and to spread the word of Islam As the basic requirement of communal worship was fulfilled, there grew a need to create a sense of space that would invoke spirtuality of the envir onment, a feeling of peace and harraony and the humbleness of the individual. Since human forras were forbidden in Islam, the builders of these mosques brought a third dimension of spirituality created through patterns, colors and call igraphy based on koranic quotations; all in the praise of God and expressing hurail ity and total subraission to the will of God. The notion of unity was further reinforced by th e Pr ophet's decision to orient all raosques in the direction of Mecca, the syra boli c and religious center of the Islaraic world. This orientation in turn, affe cted raany other design elements in the mosque. The wall of the mosque that f aced Mecca was now marked by a "Mihrab" (Niche) that indicated the direction . Th e axis thus created by this orientation allowed the major eleraents of the mos que such as entrance, the interior courtyard and the raain hall to fall into a s ymraetrical raanner creating a balance in design. These design elements crea ted the concept of syrametry and centrality that affected the overall design of th e mo sque . In the desert environment of pre-Islamic Arabia, wat er was considered a life sustaining and natural resource. Water was thus eff ectively used in the houses and the mosques as a cooling agent and its pot enti al was exploited to the raaxiraum. Therefore the importance of water was cons ider ed as an important aesthetic element in mosque design. These water foun tain s also served as ablution centers to reflect Islam's profound emphasis on both phys ical and spiritual cleanliness in daily life for the Muslim. Mosque was thu s perceived as a sacred entity which was further enhanced by the prophet's de cisi on for all Muslims to remove their shoes before entering the mosque. The need to deliver a "call for prayers" just before the start of each prayer from the highest roof in t he neighborhood gave way for the eventual introduction of the minaret in th e architectural therae of the. raosque. The dorae, on the other hand expre ssed spirituality through its vertical orientation. The space under the dome emphasized the presence of the prophet and also enhanced the area throug h filtered light frora the dorae. These strong forras dorainates the urban landscape of every Islaraic city and town. It provides a sense of raonumentality. As Islara spread to the West and the East, these edifices adopted to manji local influences of climate and t echniques of construction, but the overall arrangement, forra and spatial rel ationships reraained the sarae. The architecture also responded to the local clima te and affected different eleraents although within the basic framework of arc hitectural principles. This is still true today as many new Islamic buildin gs are designed which responds to local conditions However, it raust be remember ed that the quality of space must be created by understanding the fundaraental raeanin g of Islamic architécture ãnd than utilizing raodern technology to achieve the purpose.

- ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

environraent can lead to raany problems. i.n_ j/i.v^jc^._ j.^ nv^u ^..L^^^IL^^^ ^^ ^L^ offensive gesture but rather as a raediurat o proraote understanding and rautual goodwill betv\íeen the two cultures by expressing the finer qualities of Islam through architecture. In the wake of recent political tensions between the east and the west, such a project can prove to be detrimental if not handled with care. Therefore the site of the project becomes an iraportant factor in dealine with this issue. Geog raphy, Soil, Vegetation: Lubbock Country is located on top of the Caprock on the South Plains of Texa s. The South Plains extend southward into the upper Pecos Valley and west- war d into eastern New Mexico. Although this area has a general elevation abov e sea level of 3,250 ft., there are no appreciable terrain features that woul d affect the wind flow across the plateau. The primary soil types consist of Amarillo sandy clay loara which are adeq uate for cultivation. This type of soil presents no major construction lirai tations except near drainage collection. Vegitation throughout the Lubb ock area is generally sparse compared to other U.S. regions where lush vegi tation is prominent due to a variation of cliraatic elements.

Climatology/Solar: The Lubbock area climate combines the dry warmth of t he d eser t ar ea to the west and the humid, moist cliraates from the east. This ar ea i s ge olog ically classified as semi-arid. The normal annual precipitation is 1 8.4 inch es with the majority usually occuring during April, May, and June. Th e ai r raas s produces heavy afternoon and evening thunderstorms. The humidity i s us uall y lo w with an average noon reading of 46% and up to 63% at 12:00p.m. The dir ecti on of the wind is generally from the south with an average of 13 m.p .h. How ever j extreme Velocities of 25-45 m.p.h. winds are very common d ur in g th e mo nths of December through June. Dust storms are also a factor i n th e cl imat e of this region. The most extensive dust storms are noted with sou thwe ster ly, westerly, or north westerly winds. The summer heat is generally not con side red aggressive due to low humidity. The summer time temperatures are acc ompa nied wi t h fair skies, southerly winds and low humidity. The normal annua 1 te raperatu r e is around 60°F with the warmest months being June, July and A ugus t. L ck has generally raild winters with infrequent snowfall, and a mon ubbo thly ave rage temp- erature of 39°F during coldest months of December and Janu ar y . Abundant sunlight is characteristic of the Lubbock ar ea t hroughout the year with an average of approximately 274 clear to partly clou dy days.

Planning Implications: The raild weather characteristics of Lubbock area may allow the outdoor act- ivities to be carried out. The direction of the strong winds in this area would influence the design characteristics of the project with the regard to the orientation of the mosque and other related activities. Heavy rainfall can often fall in Lubbock within a short period of time. These rains can create flooded conditions, therefore water drainage from site should be considered during the design phase. The facility should be protected from the cold winds during the winter months. The building should be designed in such a way as to raaxiraize the cliraatic conditions to its fullest potential.

Source

U.S. Environmental Data Service, Climatography of the U.S No-60-41, June, 1969.

National Weather Serivce, U.S. Climatological Data, Washington, D.C.

United States Departraent of Agriculture-Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey of Lubbock County, Texas. May 28. 1979.

' CASE STUDIES

SUMMARY: Case Studies.

In Islam the mosque is the most dominant feature of most rauslim towns and cities. It not only functions as a place for daily worship and Friday congregation, but also serves as a coramunity center. The raosque gives a sense of cultural identity for the Islaraic coraraunity besides being a place for worship. The projects discussed in the following case studies are examples of a physical statement on behalf of Islam and the muslira community. These projects atterapts to embody the Islaraic architectural traditions while expressing the Islaraic ideals of unity as its existance. In all case studies, the orientation of the mosque sets the general theme of the whole design. All mosques are oriented in the direction of the holy city of Mecca, the syrabolic and religious center of the Islamic world. The axis thus created by this orientation provides other major elements to fall into a somewhat symmetrical pattern along this axis creating a balance in design. The composition of the building, in all cases, follow a similar pattern with the open courtyard serving as an entrance towards the raain congregation area, followed by an arcaded interior courtyard that serves as a transition between the open courtyard and the main hall. The open courtyard also serves as a sanctury to accomodate overflow crowds. The ablution fountains are almost always conven- iently located near the main entrance and before entering the raain hall. There seems to be a definite spatial hierarchy among all projects. The axis that raarks the direction towards Mecca determines the main entrance to the mosque proper. The primary nave is thus hierarchically defined. This hierarchy is carried into the main congregation hall where the doraes terrainates it, both spatially and spiritually. The dorae emphasize the area in front of the Mihrab [Niche] symbolizing the presence of the prophet and furthermore serves as an abstract iraage of God. The wall facing Mecca [Qibla] is indicated by the Mihrab [Niche] in the center, which serves as the indication of the direction toward^s Mecca. The notion that Islaraic architecture is an "architecture^enclosures" is expressed in these case studies. The architects have treated the interior spaces according to their own design philosophies. For example,in the case of the Iraqi mosque, the architects have elaborately decorated the interior spaces in the Islamic traditions, whereas in the case of the Yugoslavian mosque, the architects has stripped the interior of any ornamentation emphasizing simplicity. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs buil ding expresses the Islamic traditions of interior spaces in a very elegant raanner. It eraploys various elements such as water fountains, vaulted passageways, arch forms etc. In the Roraan raosque, the architect uses the structure to express the notion of Islaraic unity through georaetry. In all case studies, the ar chitects have organized the ancillary spaces into a coherent whole within the fraraework of Islaraic concepts of space planning. The notion of unity is nonethele ss expressed in all cases. The use of color in all cas es varies. The Yugoslavian raosque, The Iraqi mosque and the Ministry building uses white and green which are primarily Islaraic colors. Color information on the reraaining projects were not available. The minarets, in these case s, are errected for their syrabolic importance since its purpose of calling the faithfuls to prayer is now replaced by loud speakers. The use of symbolic forms i .e. dome, minaret, arches, etc. also serves another function of recognition of the building by the members of the Islaraic community as well as others. Four of the six case studie s presented are located in Western countries. Therefore the architects have at terapted to make the projects technologically and ecologically appropriate for that region.

Elevation facing Mecca

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riDmnjjTirjfjTjTif i «1 Ground floor plan PROJECT; Islamic Cultural Center of Italy And the Roman Mosque ARCHITECTS; Paolo Portoghesi and Vittorio Gigliotti, Rorae. Sarai Mousawi, Baghdad. CLIENT; Govt. of Saudi Arabia CITY: Rorae, Italy COST: $20 Million

The Ronan mosque is intended as a gesture of rautual goodwill between the two countries while providing a place of worship and a cultural identity for the Islaraic coramunity of Rome. The design of the niosque is a result of Portoghessi' s long passion for Islamic architecture. "The architect tries to resolve conflict between Islam and Italy. It enunciates the temple's function as a place for the Arab faith, yet located in a v;estern city and it offers iraaginative interpretation to both Arab and Italian coraraunity." 1 The architect has sought to give a clear sense of place and idontity partly by using traditional forms and modern raeans. The corabination of these two makes the scheme Post-Modern. The program emphasized the scheme to have the character of the 'lslaraic way of life' and at the same time have an organic relationship to the historic environment of Rome. The raajor issues have focussed on the design and its relation to the urban context i.e. what Rorae represents and what a roraan raonuraentshoul d be. The raain eleraents of the mosque are composed in the form of a "T", a traditional device in both Islaraic and Roraan architecture. The lower shaft of the "T" is formed by the mosque and the open courtyard and faces in the direction of Mecca. This is where the twoi cross axes of the "T" mee'ts. The base of the crossing is the cultural center. This part of the "T" is further divided into two parellel arcades that conforras to the site's topography. The student residences, conference halls and the offices are located below the arcades. The arcades serves as connections to different eleraents of the complex and also serves as a visual guide for the visitors who walks through the different parts of the cultural center. The ends of the arcades serve as secondary entrance into the coraplex. The priraary entrance is through the courtyard created by the "H" shaped arcades. The other courtyard encloses the minaret. The entire coraplex is flanked by a series of colurans of reinforced concrete, each of which consists of four square sectioned ribs spreading out at the top like U 8 Section

MBc^A Site plan

Interior "hands in prayers" where they a re restrained by a tension ring. This therae is carried throughtout the coraplex and into the minaret and the mosque. Thus the ingenons use of this structural invention is the keynote of the design unifying different eleraents of the mosqu e into a whol e . The interior of the mosque has been tre ated in a very innovative raanner by the use of ribbed columns and a rches in a co mplex georaetric order. These structural elements creates a s ense of an Is lamic interior of columns and arches. What is lacking is the traditio nal use of de corated Koranic expressions which is usually interwoven with intrica te floral pat terns on the surfaces of the mosque. This is purposely done by the a rchitect to e raphasize siraplicity while maintaining a strong sense of space through other raeans. The raosque proper is a rec tangular shap ed building which is crowned by a large ceri.tral dome which in tur n is surround ed by sraaller soraes. These doraes are supported by the columns in a c omplex geomet ric fashion defining a square central praying space within the rectan gle small ope nings in the dome allows light to filter through producing a spir itual environ ment. The architects have attemp ted to xntegr ate the stepped up Roman-like domes with the highly geometric patte rn of the col umns in a unifying theme and it seems to work well. This interplay o f Roman and I slaraic traditions with the potentials of modern construction technolo gy gives this coraplex a unique character which seems to satisfy the contextual setting of a n Islaraic raonuraent in a Roman environ- raent. The raajor architectural th rust is undoubtly the ingenious rhythmic internlay of the columns which puts this building into a unifying element, hense expressing Islamic Unity through architect ure. The secondary trust is created by the symbolic elements of Islaraic ar chitecture i.e. domes, arches and the rainaret. The building site is locat ed at the foot of Monte Antenne, a small hill over the tiber valley outside Rorae. The surroundings are covered by a beautiful vegitation of green pines. The building site is longitudnal in nature_ offering different views on all sides. The sites is accessible only at the two ends of its length. These two points estab lish a NE-SW axis. The Mosque is oriented towards Mecca which is south-east of Ro me . míhrab

ELEMENTS OF THE LONDON MOSQUE PROJECT; London Central Mosque ARCHITECTS: Sir Frederic Gibberd & Partners CL ENT: London Central Mosque Trust Ltd. CITY: London,England

The London Mosque was constructed for the growing rauslira coramunity of London, The mosque was to be a spiritual horae for the rauslira comraunity living in this country representing Islara and Islamic culture and also to provide focus and inspiration for the half raillion musliras in England. The design of the building was developed in detail with the council of management of the mosque. The building requirement fell into three broad catagories; the mosque, the cultural center and housing for the staff. The architects decided to combine all 3 phases in a single composition emphasizing the fundamental Unity of faith. The other reason was to underline the idea that Islam is not just a religion but a way of life. The form of the building evolved around the design of the mosque proper, which, unlike the church, is a fundamentally simple building requiring only to accomraodate the worshippers kneeling on prayer raats facing Mecca. Since these mats are arranged in rows into a rectangle, the main congregation hall is a rectangle with its shorter axis facing in the direction of the Mecca. The wall facing Mecca is marked with a niche [Mihrab] in the center indication the direction. The entire coraplex is divided into three levels. The raain congregation hall is linked to this L shaped building with all levels having access to the main hall. The basement level holds parking, men's restrooms, coraraittee rooras and the ablution fountains for men. Imraediately above the parking is the open courtyard area for overflow congregation that also leads to the primary entrance into the mosque. The entrance lobby serves as a transition between the outside and the inside and is also used for additional praying space once the main hall is full. Administration block is connected to the main entrance hall. A separate women's entrance is located on this level which has a private access to the women's praying area on the first floor. This praying area is recessed from the main congregation hall because it is a requirement of the 1 .1::) ^ .Jp^c£ Ja , '

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LONDON CEFrRAL M08QUE Faoing paff§: two oimM of iSê oourtyard. AnhiUatã: Sir Frodanek Oibberd ã Pahnarê; partnorê: 8ir Frvhriek Oibbtrd, J. B. Forrut; OêêooiaU: P. J. H«eå«r;>o6 aroMlHXt: L.aiwmi, MimD.O.Loadêr.

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Elevation 'acing Mecca ^"^^mMm muslic liturgy that wome n raust either sit directly above or in front of raen. This level also hol ds a main library and reading areas. The location of the library on top floor ind icates the significance of the cultural traditions of the Islaraic faith, A va ulted cieling is built over it to identify its significance and functio n. The treatment of the dorae and the rainaret was done in a very traditional raanne r because the architects felt that unlike Christian architecture, which evol ved over tirae and which was more susceptive to change, the Islamic building did not depart these traditional forras and hense the idea that muslira religion is based on acceptance of a set of eternal truths and there- fore there is no motive to depart from these forras. Another reason was that the architects felt the need for the building to be recognizable as a raosque for the coraraunity. The environraent of regent's park where the mosque is located was a powerful influence on the design. The belt of trees surrounding the site and the dominant forras of John Nash's Han over Terrace also influenced the design. The rectangular forra of the building had to be wedged into the triangular site due to the main axis of the mosque "The environraent of the raosque thus provides an oasis of order and clarity within an in forraal setting of forest trees."^ The powerful forras of the dome and the rainaret provides an outstanding architectural thrust to the building.

SITE PLAN I—1

KEY: 1 Entrance lobby 10 Ablution 19 Reading area KEY: 2 Mosque entrance 1 Wonien 's prayer area 11 Imam's office 20 Conference rooms 6 Seminar 14 Seminar 3 Mosque lobby 12 Men's coatroom 21 Offices 2 Abluiion 7 A.V.. microfilms 15 Women's toilets 4 Domed area 13 Women's coatroom 22 Offices 3 Child care 8 Reading area 16 Men's toilets 5 Minbar area 14 Women's entrance 23 Showroom 4 Rure books 9 Project room 17 Addilional project space 6 Mihrãb 15 Librarian 24 Plaza pools 5 Stacks 10-13 Professional associations 18 Roof deck -'7 Eyvani 16 Assislant librarian 25 Minaret 8 Men's loilets 17 Cir'culation desk 26 Sundial 9 Women's toilels 18 Stacks

•oinfield. Indiana: The Islamrc^Centre ofNorth America. Northwesl elevation

SECTION 0 • IS

The Muslim Student Association of USA and Canada decided to centralize its numerous activities by establishing an Islamic Center of North America for the purpose of creating a cultural identity and a place of worship. The architects basic philosophy was to design a facility based on the ideals of Islam that would also invoke a sense of unity among the merabers. The prograra called for a mosque of 500 men and woraen with a provision of about 25% overflow. In addition there is a research library of 100,000 volumes, offices, educational camp building with an auditorium classrooms, day care center and cafeteria. The program also called for a dormitory for 500 short term residents, housing for seven families and recreational facilities. The basic plan is composed of 3 main elements, i.e. The mosque, library and headquarters. The entire building is almost syraraetrical along the axis which is oriented in the direction of Mecca. "The Mosque-Library-headquarters building illustrates most of the design principles used in the project, including continuity under one roof, spatial hierarchies and morphological descipline in the forra of principal geometric eleraents."3 There is an apparent sense of unity in the building since all facilities are grouped under one roof with different functions linked in a hierarchial manner. The raain entrance lobby serves as a unifying element for the mosque, the raain library and adminstration complex. The woraen's praying hall is located above the main men's congregation hall due to same reason as done in the London mosque. Overall the facility has a very modern look except for the minaret which has been treated in a traditional manner. The major thrust is created by the hierarchy of functions starting with the low administrative block to the minaret that terminates the hierarchy. SECTION PROJECT: State Mosque ARCHITECTS; Venturi Rauch & Scott Brown Architects CLIENT: Government of Iraq CITY; Baghdad, Iraq

The governraent of Iraq coraraissioned the Firm of VR & SB to design the state mosque for Baghdad which is to be the largest mosque ever built as well as provide a stateraent of cultural identity for Iraq. The mosque would also be a statement of a national raonuraent. "The Firm's principle guiding ideas were to develop a building in which the scale and elements express monumentality as well as human scale; in which the spatial layout is unequivocally eqalitarian; and finally where symbolic elements such as the arcades, ornament, dome, minaret,rauqarnas ( Stalactite-work) and crenellations have clear and acceptable referents. This approach should generate a majestic image from without and a series of profoundly moving spaces frora within."4 The prograra called for a mosque for 30,000 including a school, library and residential coraplex. These ancillary facilities are grouped in a cluster at the base of the East Wall. The Sheer Monumentality of this mosque is inherent in the scale of the mosque and its eleraents. The raain raosque and the courtyard area are both housed under a single roof. The architects chose a hypostyle plan for the raosque which is rectangle in nature. The short axis of the rectangle is oriented in the direction of Mecca. The plan consists of rows of closely spaced colurans supporting a series of deep trusses that allow light to enter into the praying area through a clearstoned roof. The hypostyle plan is typical in raany Islamic countries. The imraense space created by the plan allows an inherent raonumentality of the space as well as allows the worshipper to relate to the interior space without been overwhelmed by the speciousness of the building. This is achieved by breaking up the main space into sraaller spaces through the use of arches which are in turn supported by the columns. The mosque interior is decorated elaborately by using traditional elements in a contemporary fashion. There is a definite atterapt to integrate traditional Islamic decor in a conteraporary raanner in order to create the ambience of a religious sanctuary. These elements include stalactile screens (perforated screens) with traditional geometric pattern s on surfaces throughout the mosque. The columns inside the mosque supports pointed arches which forms arcades that stresses the orientation towa rds Mecca. These arches are furthur integrated with decorative screens of various patterns in order to give a sense of scale as well as delight the patrons. The use of chandeliers representing lamps also enhances the environment of the raosqu e . The raosque is surrounded on t hree sides by an iramense podium which also serves as additional praying area. Parki ng is provided below the podiura. A series of stairs are provided for access to the podiura from the parking level as well as from street level. The architects have used trad itional, formal and symbolic eleraents of the hypostyle raosque into a unifying t heme by increasing their size while maintaining their proportions and relationship s. The mosque is not derived from any single style or region but is a combinati on of raany styles into one. The sheer monument- ality of this mosque and the beaut iful dome provides a powerful architectural thrust to the design. 1. Courtyard with waler fountains 2. Porch with water fountain S. Mosque i. Pantry 5. Circular stair 6. Mechaniccd 7. Passaye 8. Boiler room 9. Minaret 10. Ancient cemetery PROJEST; Sherifuddin's White Mosque ARCHITECT: Zlatko Ugljen CLIENT; The Muslim Coraraunity of Visoko CITY: Visoko, Yugoslavia

This sraall raosque is one of several that serves the muslim comraunity of Visoko. The architect Zlatko Ugljen felt the major design problera was to extend the vocabulary of the traditional raosque into the 20th century so that it would connect the past with the future. "He also felt a need to integrate and absorb the ideas of the raodern movement into developing architectural scene."5 The plan of the mosque is a simple geometric plan. The main congregation hall is oriented towards Mecca with the Niche (Mihrab) indicating the direction. The main hall is large enough to hold as many as 300 worshippers on Fridays and religious holidays The main entry into the mosque is through a curved ramp that descends from the street into a small courtyard area with splashing water fountains. From the courtyard the patron has the option of going straight into the mosque through the porch or go to the raain ablution fountains and then proceed into the raosque. The raain porch area serves as circulation and transitional space into the main hall, the ablution space and the restrooms. The courtyard and the porch also serves as additional praying space when the main hall is full. The section reveals a definite hierarchy of spaces, both physical and spiritual. The interior of the mosque is corapletely devoid of any decoration keeping with the architects basic concept of a siraplified structure. Rather, there are abstract suggestions of decorations in the use of abstract forra of the pulpit, wall hangings and light fixtures. The stark siraplicity of the interior corabined with skylights gives the interior a sculptural quality. The entire building is done in white stucco except for the sculptural element on top of the minaret which is done in dark green representing the color of Islam. Due to the cold and rainy weather of Visoko, the architect designed the mosque proper and its courtyards to be more protected and enclosed as opposed to mosques built in hot and dry cliraates. For this reason the raain courtyard and praying hall are built below street level for protection from the weather. SECTION

VIEW OF PULPIT This arrangement increases the sense of privacy within the mosque as well as provide insulation from heat loss. The traditional elements of the mosque are done in a very abstract raanner. Again the way the architect has treated thera reinforces his coraraittraent to treat the raosque vocabulary in a 20th century fashion. Same thing is done with the skylights to bring light into the main hall. The mosque abstract white forms in a raarket place setting raakes it stand- out as a true architectural work.

.M U ;. •; •••;.'"-••>*'V,,^ííí MAIN LOBBY PROJECT; Ministry of Foreign Affairs,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia ARCHITECT: Henning Larsen's Tegnestue A/s, Copenhagen, Denraark CLIENT; Kingdora of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs CITY; Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

The design of the Ministry was the winning entry in an international corapetetion. The architects goals was to reinterpret the Islaraic architectural traditions of the past into the new design. The architect provides on oasis in the desert environment of Saudi Arabia by enhancing the interior environment through architecture. The interior spaces are carefully designed using traditional elements such as inner courtyards, fountains, decorative screens and "street like" passages, in a highly conteraporary manner while maintaining the Islaraic architect- u.ral motifs. The building is planned around the main entrance courtyard which is triangular in forra. Light is filtered through the pararaeters of the triangular roof into this courtyard. Two sraall and identical two storey high courts flank either side of the vestibule (see figure ). These are illuminated from above from a circular opening in the roof. Both these courts houses a water fountain in the center. The offices are planned around the raain courtyard and have their own enclosed gardens flanked by water fountains which are all linked intricately with each other. The water fountains becomes a major element in the entire complex. Since the sight and sound of water in the hot desert environment is so crucial, especially in Saudi Arabia. "The water fountains thus become an important element to the extend that it becomes identified, with other elements of the enclosed Islaraic garden, as a syrabol of paradise." The axes that is created between the water fountains serves as covered passageways to different parts of the building, creating a continous flow of spaces. These passages are flanked with vaults resembling covered "bazaars" found in old Islamic cities. The openings in the walls are covered with, not glass, but "Mushrabiyyas," an interlaced decorate screen, usually of stone or wood. These are used to ensure privacy without impeding the flow of air. The rhytmic interplay of light through these screens produces a very magical ambience throughout the building. [< j

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•ACTIVITY ANALYSIS/ EPISTOMOLOGY OF ACTIVITES

ACTIVITY ANALYSIS ; The activity analysiâ in this section have been presented in a sequentia..l . manner in order to give the reader a sense of movement through the activities The major activities have been fullly explained in terras of its historical evolution.

PARKING

This activity will involve the accoraodation of parking of personal trans- portation mode. This would include private cars, bikes, motocycles etc. Users of the parking facility would include:

1. Students 2. Members of the commuhity 3. Visitors 4. Maintainance staff

Members of the coraraunity tends to arrive in groups, therefore an average of three persons per car is considered as a rule of thurab. Parking facility should be located in the proximity of the building. The layout should be designed for easier traffic flow to and from the parking lot. There should be some provision for drop off/pickup near the raain entrance. Duration of vehicular parking would range from 1-24 hours depending on time of day or any day of religious significance

No. of Patrons: Approx.lOOO

No. of Cars: Based on an average of 3 persons/car = 1000/3= 333 (Approx.)

Time Span; 5;30 a.m.-10:30 p.ra. (7 days a week) Frequency; Undetermined ACTIVITY; The Act of entrance

The notion that Islam is not Just a religion observance but a way of life should be reinforced when entering the mosque. "It should be an act of concious will to step inside a Mosque". The individual should concéive this act as an entrance into a sacred comraune from an outside profane world. This feeling should be invoked through architecture. It should also be an inviting activity for the faithfuls.

No. of people: varies

Tirae span; 5;OOa.m.-10:30 p.m. (7days a week).

Frequency; Mainly 5 times a day i.e. sunrise, midday, late afternoon, sunset and evening. ACTIVITY: Removal of shoes

In Islara the mosque is percieved as a sacred entity, not only as a place for worship but also as a house of God. Therefore it raust be treated with the utraost respect by the individuals presence as if he or she is stepping into the house of God. Islaraic liturgy requires the removal of shoes anytime one enters the raosque. t>e The shoes-are to^ stored in a small enclosed.space near the main entrance. Racks should be provided to store the shoes in an orderly fashion so that it would be easier for the patrons to retrieve them when they leave the building. This activity will require some sort of a nurabering system for identifying purposes, whereby the individual will have a record of the specific location of his or her shoes. A seperate shoe storage space should be provided for the women's worshippers. No. of people: varies

Tirae Span: 5:00 a.m.-10:30 p.m. (7 days a week)

Frequency; 5 times a day. ACTIVITY; Ablution

Islara holds a pro found significance to both physical and spiritual clea nlines s in da ily 1 ife. The theological purpose of ablution is to purify ones elf, b oth phy sical ly and spiritually, of worldly impurities before he or she enga ges in the ri tual of worship and/or reading of the holy Koran. The I slamic litur gy requires every muslim raen or women to perforra the ritual of a blutio n every tirae he or she enters a raosque for the purpose of worship. The activi ty invo Ives washing one's hands, face, arras, and feet in a prescribed mann er eit her in a sit ting or standing position. The n ature o f thi s activity dictates that it should be performed before one enters the mo sque proper. Therefore ablution fountains should be located clos e to t he main entr ance and the restroom facilities. Since the ri tual of ablution can also be performed at home, most people do s o befo re they arr i ve for worship. Therefore, a small number of ablution f oun tains are ade quate for this purpose separate ablution fountains should be prov ided f or both raen and women due to the nature of social segregation of raen and women in Isla m. Ablut ion wil 1 be performed at different times throughout the day depending on t he pra ying sc hedul e or anytirae one needs to do so.

For Male Patrons

No. of people: 50

Time span: 3-5 minutes

Frequency; mainly five times a day for each specific prayer or anytirae one needs to. For Feraale Patrons

No. of people: 20

Tirae span: 3-5 rainutes

Frequency: sarae as for male patrons ACTIVITY; Call for Prayers. (Adhan)

This activity evolved during the first few years of Islam birth. At that time the Prophet Mohammed and his followers prayed without any preliminary call to prayers. "But having heard that the Jews used a horn (shofar) and the Christians a clapper (Naqas) the (the musliras) wanted something sirailar for their own use". Therefore the prophet ordered one of his followers 'Bilal' to deliver the call for prayers (adhan) from the highest roof in the neighborhood. This activity gave way for the eventual introduction of the minaret into the architect- ural scheme of the mosque- Although the minaret is a permanent feature of every mosque today, the call for prayer (Muezzin) through the use of loud speakers errected on top of the min- aret. In slamic countries the call for prayers can be heard throughout the neigh- borhood creating a religious ambience at the time when it is delivered. But in many Western countries, the use of loud speakers is soraewhat restricted or abandoned due to respect. The 'Adhan' has a dual purpose. First it is a religious requirement to call the faithful to prayers for that particular time of the day and secondly it lets the people know that the specific prayer is about to start. The call to prayers is delivered vocally by the 'Muezzin' five times daily. The deliverence of Adhan could last from 3-10 minutes depending upon the person who is calling for prayers. The 'Muezzin' delivers the call usually from inside the mosque, but there is no specific requireraent to raake the call frora any part- icular location as long as the Muezzin has access to the P.A. systera. No. of people: 1

Time Span; 3-10 minutes

Frequency; Five tiraes a day, everyday ACTIVITY: The Act of Worship-Prayers.

The principle obligation of a life of submission to God and the foundation on which it rests are the obligations of devine worship. known as the Five Pillars of Islam". Ritual prayer is the second pillar of Islam. The act of worship or ritual prayer is a direct result of the literal meaning of Islara i.e. submission to the will of God. For a rauslim to enter into the Islamic community is to enter a life of prayers. Ritual prayers or 'salat' is perforraed five times a day. It is a formalized process of specific words and physical movements performed while facing towards the direction of Mecca. These movements include standing, bending, kneeling and finally touching the forehead to the floor, symbolizing total subraission to God who has created thera from dust. The salat is seen as an intimate conversation with God. These prayers are perforraed everyday at specific tiraes i.e. at sunrise, at Midday, in the afternoon, at sunset and finally in the evening. The daily prayers can be perforraed at home or anywhere else but it is preferred that they be per- formed in the mosque together with other members of the coramunity. The prayers are led by an 'lmara" which could be any person familiar with the rites of prayers. At the start of each prayer the worshippers line themselves in straight rows behind the Iraam. These rows tend to be longer in dimension so that more people can be closer to the wall facing Mecca and hense closer to God. The entire congregation prays in the direction of Mecca. This direction is marked by a Niche (Mihrab) located in the center of the wall that faces Mecca. The 'lmara' stands alone in the niche during the ritual of communal prayer.

FRIDAY CONGREGATION:

In addition to daily prayers the main comraunal prayers will take place at raidday on Friday. It is a requirement for all musliras to go to the mosque to pray on this day. The strength of the congregation will be much larger on Friday than any other day- The ritual of prayer will be same as any other day except that it will be preceded by a sermora by the Imam. This serraom will be delivered traditionally from an elevated pulpit(rainbar). The pulpit is probably th e only piece of furniture that will be inside the prayer hall. This trandit ion was started by the prophet who delivered the serraora to his followers in his house . Besi des the daily prayers and the Friday congregation there are other Occasions when the ritual of prayer is performed. This will include comraunal worship on religious holidays and voluntary individual worship as desired. The location of the women 's praying area raust be designed carefully as there are specific requireraent s for its location in relation to the raen's praying s pace. The rauslim lit urgy requires that women must neither sit directly above or in front of men. The activity of worship i s the most iraportant activity that would be per- formed in the mosque. Therefo re the design for such activity should be treated with the utmost care and reinf orced by architecture . The architecture for such an activity should also invoke a sense of belonging to the community and reinforce the individual's faith in the Unity of Islam.

No. of People: 600 (Male:500,Female;100)

Time span; 5-10 minutes for each set of prayers

Frequency: Five times a day and anytime one needs to ACTIVITY: Meditation (Personal)

This activity involves an individual or a group of individuals who may have corae early for prayers and have ample time to raeditate before the start of any specific prayers or who might want to stay in the mosque after the corapletion of the prayers. This is a highly personal activity and there are no given conditions The individual raay also decide to read the Koran. Therefore there should be a consideration for noise control in that setting. The environraent in which these activities take place should be spiritually exhilarating and stiraulating in such a way that they would feel they are there not because they have to be but because want to be .

No. of People:Varies

Tirae span: 5:00a.ra.- 10;30p.m,

Frequency:Undetermined ACTIVITY; Informal Meeting and Gathering

On late Friday afternoons, some male members of the comraunity and Muslim Student Association raembers will get together for informal raeeting to discuss issues relating to the coramunity, and hold discussions. There will be a free exchange of ideas and thoughts araong the participants. The raeetings generally starts after the late afternnon ;prayers and lasts till the start of the evening prayers. Meetings will be inforraal in nature-members tend to gather around in a circular fashion. This activity will also involve light refreshments,therefore the activity should be in close proxiraity of a food preparation facility. The architecture for this activity should provoke a sense of place and should be corafortable to the participants.

No. of People: 50-70

Tirae span: 2-3 hours

Frequency: once a week ACT VITY: Reading

The mosque is always open for study, raeditation and worship. The mosque, throughout history, served as a place for study, a school and a serainary in which not only the Koran but other types of Muslim teachings were taught. From earliest times, many mosques had schools attached to thera. This activity will involve casual reading, research and teachings by clergy in a corafortable environment.

No. of People: 50

Time span: 8:30 a.m.-10;30p.ra. (7 days a week)

Frequency; Undetermined

ACTIVITY: Food Preparation

This activity will involve the preparation of food for special religious occasions and will serve the members of the community. This activity will be perforraed by raembers on a voluntary basis. The activities include cooking, washing, and cleaning of untensils and cold storage of food. The space should be designed for easy maintainance and adequate shelf space.

No. of People: 2-5

Time span; varies

Frequency: Undetermined ACTIVITY: Eating

This activity will involve the consuraption of food in a formal raanner. The space for this activity should be in close proximity to the food preparation area. Members will be grouped around the table for this activity.

No. of People: 300 (Approx.)

Time span: 1-3 hours

Frequency; Undetermined SPACE SUMMARY

SPACE SUMMARY:

The following is a list of spaces that will be incorporated in the Islaraic center. The center is divided into three raain catagories; The Mosque, Cultural center and the Library. Each catagory is further sub-divided'into: extérior spaces, transitional spaces and interior spaaces. The square footages are derived on the basis of the activity.analysis áhd case studíés.

MOSQUE;

SPACE # OF PEOPLE SQ.FT./PERSON TOTAL [A.S.F.]

EXTERIOR

Outdoor Plaza Undeterrained Undeterrained 5000 TRANSITIONAL

Enterance lobby [raain] 1500 Mosque enterance lobby 500 Open courtyard 400 10 4000 INTERIOR

Ablution area [raen] 30 5 150 Ablution area [women] 10 5 50 Restroora [raen] Undt Undt 200 Restroora [women] 100 Coatroora/ shoe storage [men] 200 " " [women 100 Main congregation hall [men] 500 10 5000 Mihrab [niche] space 1 Undt 25 Woraen's praying area 100 10 1000

Total net square footage = 17825 Total gross = Total net + 15% = 21000 sq.ft LIBRARY:

SPACE # OF PEOPLE SQ,.FT./PERSON TOTAL [A.S.F]

EXTERIOR none TRANSITIONAL Enterance lobby undt. undt 200 NTERIOR Stacks 2000 Reading area 50 25 1250 Circulation/ Cattalogginj und t. undt 500 Serainar rooms [two] 20 ea 500 Librarian's office 1 100 Storage undt . undt 200

Total net square footage = 4750 Total gross = Total net + 15% = 5600 sq.ft CULTURAL CENTER

SPACE # OF PEOPLE SQ.FT./PERSON TOTAL [A.S.F.]

EXTERIOR none TRANSITIONAL Enterance lobby undt. undt 1500 INTERIOR Conference room 100 1000 Meeting rooms [two 30 ea. 1000 Mosque office 1 150 Restroom [raen] undt. 200 Restroora [women] I! 100 Banquet hall 300 2500 Kitchen 5 200 Storage undt . 200

Total net square footage = 6850 Total gross = Total net + 15% = 8050 sq. ft PARKING:

SPACE # OF CARS UNIT AREA TOTAL [A.S.F. ]

Parking area 330 400 132,000

Total square footage = 132,000

TOTAL GROSS SQUARE FOOTAGE

AREA TOTALS Mosque 21,000 Library 5,600 Cultural Center 8,050

Total gross sq.ft. 34,650 Mechenical= 7% of gross= 2,425

Total building area= 37,075 Total parking area= 132.000

TOTAL SITE AREA = 169,075 sq.feet SITE ANALYSIS

LUBBOCK. TEXAS CONTEXT, ;

Lubbock, with a population of nearly 190,000, is a busy urban center located on top of the high plains of West Texas. The city is located approximately at the half-way point between Dallas,Texas and Albuquerque, N.M. The portion of the South Plains where Lubbock is located is approximately 3250 ft. above sea level. The economy of Lubbock is based on agri- culture, raanufacturing, trade and educa- tion. Lubbock is the entertainment and education center of West Texas. The existence of Texas Tech University has contributed the main life source to Lubbock. The high elevation and abundant year- round breezes tend to raoderate terapera- ture extremes in both the sumraer and win- REGIONAL MAP ter. Relative low huraidity also helps to raake Lubbock corafortable year round. TOPOGRAPHY:

Lubbock's physiographic location is on a plateau area of Northwestern Texas known as the South Plams. The general elevation is about 3250 ft. above sea level. The area is generally flat to gental undulatin{ plain. General surface slope is to the east at a rate of 10 feet to the mile, as measured through the center of Lubbock. The topographic nature of this area causes problems of water drainage. Periodic surface depression act as rain collection areas and are prone to periodic flooding.

Topography of Lubbock

N SURFACE GEOLOGY;

The major portion of the Lubbock soil surface is composed of dark brown reddish neutral sands, sandy loaras, and clay loaras. Lubbock is characterized under the Amarillo-Acuff unit. These soils are deep, nearly level to gently sloping, raoderately permeable, loamy soils on uplands. These soils are raoderately productive for agriculture. Because of the extent of agriculture in the area, little native vegitation is to be found.

Geology

'

Lubbock, is located in the Texas South Plains with a latitude of 33°39' N and a longitude of 101°49' W with a central standard tirae being used. From this point the compass varies 12° east of true north. This area is geolog- ically classified as semi-arid. The climate of this region is serai-arid, transitional between desert conditions on the west and huraid cliraates to the east and southeast. Most precipitation occurs in the form of rainfall in the spring, yet moisture is supplied year round with the lowest amounts occuring in the winter raonths, usually in the form of snow. The area recieves an average rainfall of 18.5 inches mostly occuring in April, May and June. Rains may fall in intense thunderstorms where ^" to 1" of rain raay fall in a one hour period. Because of the flat terrain and slow drainage, some localized flooding may occur. Summer thunderstorms bring with thera, brief occurances of hail. Windstorras and tornadic winds often occur during periods of thunderstorras. Dust storms are also a factor in the climate of this region. The humidity is usually low with an average noon reading of 46% and up to 63% at midnight. The summer tirae teraperatures are accompanied with fair skies, southerly winds and low huraidity. Sunshine prevails as the raajor cliraatological situation in Lubbock with an average of 274 clear to partly cloudy days. In all, a total of 3,550 hours of sunshine is averaged per year. The raoderating factors are daytirae wind and dry air with night time teraperatures considered pleasant throughout the suramer months. Norraal annual teraperatures range around the 60° raark with the norraal daily raaximum for July at 92°. Winters in Lubbock are mild with occassional snows of a usually light quantity which remains on the ground for a short period of time. Periods of extreme cold, which occur occasionally, are often short lived. The monthly average temperatures range around the 40° raark during the coldest raonths of December and January. Prevailing winds are from the southwest during the raonths of December through June. The average wind velocity is around 13 m.p.h. Extreme wind velocities may generate up to 25-45 m.p.h. Climate Data Terap . Rain (in . ) Wind MPH Degree Days Ave Max . " Min

January .5-1 13 600 42 55 25 February .5-1 15 400 45 60 25 March .5-1 17 400 53 70 30 April 1-2 16 100 57 75 40 May 2-4 15 0 67 80 50 June 2-4 25 0 78 95 60 July 2-4 12 0 82 95 65 August 1-4 11 0 77 95 60 September 2-4 12 50 75 90 55 October 1-4 12 50 75 90 55 Noveraber .5-1 13 100 64 80 45 Deceraber .5-1 14 600 45 60 25

Total Days of Heating and Cooling;

Heating: 3,655 days

Cooling; 1,878 days

Source: National Weather Service records Sun Angles

8:00 am 12:00 noon 4:00 pm January/Noveraber 23° 37° 21° Profile 57°E of S 0° 56°W of S Bearing 13° 37° 12° Altitude

February/October 37° 47° 35° 64°E of S 0° 63°W of S 19° 47° 18°

March/September 59° 57' 57° 73°E of S 0' 72°W of S 25° 57" 24°

April/August 70° 79° 84°E of S 0° 83°W of S 25° 57° 24°

May/July 95° 79° 93° 92°W of S 36° 35°

June 100° 82° 98° 97°E of S 0° 96°W of S 38° 82° 37°

December 34° 16° 54°E of S 0° 53°W of S 10° 34° 9° -Shadow Patterns

JUNE 28th APRIL28th 4 p . m . 4 p . m .

JULY 28th OCTOBER 28th 4 p . m . 4 p . m . <»

Lubbock, Texas / BEGlONAL AIRPOm Q SITE DESCRIPT ON: SITE SELECTION:

The proposed site is located on The site was ch osen away frora the the west side of Lubbock at West 34th cent er ci ty because of contextual and LaSalle Avenue. It is bound on reas ons . The raany c hristian churches the north and south by West 34th and loca ted i n the cente r of Lubbock raay .íest 35th street and on the east and conf lict with an Isl amic building. and west by LaSalle and Milwaukee The exist ing raosque is located on Avenues respectively. The site is the east side of the site. The site presently unoccupied and there is no area also provides a quite and serene vegitation as such. The site is envi ronme nt for such a facility. The approximately 313,200 sq. ft. The ma jo r use r group are muslira students, Gite is relatively flat and there are ma jo rity of whom liv es around the no appreciable contours per se. Texa s Tec h area. Th e site can be reac hed w ithin a 10-12 rainute tirae per i od fr ora the gene ral Texas Tech area

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Natural and Buiit Environraent NATURAL AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT:

At present the site is totally empty with little vegitation. 34th street is a raajor traffic artery that runs parellel to the northern pararaeter of the site. The north side of the site is occupied by a strip of single family housing units which are set back from 34th street. On the south side, the site is adjoined to an alley which is shared by a row of single family housing units. These are screened off along the alley. On the east side is the existing mosque which sits in the raiddle of an empty lot. Milwaukee Avenue runs parallel to the western parameter of the site and marks the city limit. The area beyond Milwaukee is primarily agricultural. The structures surrounding the site are relatively low keyed. The vegitation existing on the site is priraarily sod and grass. Much of the soil would be necessary in order to achieve adequate building density. There are no trees or other vegitation presently existing on the site. The sod and grass ground scape is not bounded by any concrete curbs or walkways along the pararaeter of the site. The area is relatively Jow density with little building activity around it. A D D I T I 0 N W E S T D £ ^ LJ

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Access ACC5SS TO SITE;

One of the criteria in site selection was the easy access to the site frora the general Texas Tech area. 34th street is the major traffic artery which can be easily connected with Brownfield Highway. The site can also be accessed from the north and south loop. The most desireable access point on the site is along 34th. Provisions raust be raade to distribûtg the traffic onto the site without disturbing the general flow of other traffic along 34th. This can be achieved by diverting traffic through LaSalle Avenue. 5 W E S T S 1 D £ A D D T 1 0 N i LJ o o

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The site poses no probleras in terras of noise. The northern and southern portions of the site are single family housing units which produces little if any noise. The proximity of 34th street imposes some level of noise due to traffic flow along the highway. Noise levels can be effectively controlled with vegitation and trees on the site. The activities that call for quite observances raay be oriented towards low noise sections of the site.

PREVAILING WINDS"

Prevailing winds are from the south west at an average velocity of 13 m.p.h. This factor will be critical in terms of building entrances and any fenestration that raay by required. Also in the case of passive cooling, this factor raust be considered carefully. Outdoor activities must also be protected from high velocity winds .

VIEWS; The site being located adjacent to the existing structure, provides few views which might be considered desireable. The site can be enhanced visually by landscaping the area. A D D I T I 0 N W E S T S I D £ UJ

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Direction of Mecca IRECTION OF MECCA;

The orientation of the mosque in the direction of Mecca will be the raost.import- ant deterrainant during design. All raosques are oriented in that direction and it affects all other eleraents in the raosque. The dir- ection of Mecca in Lubbock is 39° NE. This angle is determine by calculating the short- est distance from Lubbock to Mecca. Certain issues, such as building entrance, site entrance raust be addressed, since the orien- tation will definicely affect thé .decision concerning design. UTILITIES:

The city of Lubbock provides certain infra-structural services to the site, such as water, sewer, electric and gas. All services are located adjacent to th^ site. These services run along the southern para- raeter of the site, in a 20 feet wide utility easement. The sanitary sewer is located in the center of the easement buried to a depth of approximately 5 feet deep. The water line is located along the south- ern parameter and is buried to a depth of approxiraately 4 feet. Electric power is provided by S.P.S. by overhead power lines and along the south pararaeter of the site. W E S T S I D E A D D I T I 0 N LJ 393

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b o u r c e s

U.S. Environmental Data Service, Climatography of the U.S. No-60-41, June 1969.

National Weather Services, U.S. Climatological Data, Washington, D.C.

United States Department of Agriculture-Soil Convervation Services, Soil Survey of Lubbock County, Texas. May 28. 1979.

Lubbock Charaber of Commerce, Econoraic Facts and Figures About Lubbock, Texas. 1978.

Engineering Department, City of Lubbock.

Southwestern Public Service Company, Lubbock, Texas.

SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE CRITERIA:

The following information is needed to inform the designer of the special requirements and performance criteria in order to achieve the desired objective and the overall perforraance level of the facility. The raosque facility would require special consideration in terms of its structure and its response to the local environment. These should be supplemented in accordance with the desires, needs and expectations of the user group. Another important consideration that must be kept in raind is the use of raaterials for the raosque. All these issues will influence the user's perception towards the design. It would also create a sense of place in terras of the activities in the mosque. The orientation of the mosque towards Mecca is an iraportant design consider- ation. This orientation must be expressed by design and also by creating focal elements through structure. In addition, corapatible design with the natural environraental forces must be developed. These forces posess great power to influence design. The use of water , winds and sun should be applied effectively to produce environments compatible with Islamic traditions. A sense of approach is an important consideration. The environraent that surround such an activity should be carefully designed and enhanced through architecture. It should also invoke a feeling of approaching a sacred entity. The interior spaces should be designed in accordance with Islamic aesthetics, These spaces should not intimidate the user, rather it should invoke a sense of confidence in his belief and provide a comfortable and spiritual environment. A sense of movement expressed through architecture will aid the user to provide a sense of direction between various activities. The building should not just sit on the site, but rather complement it. The site must be developed to its fullest potential within the framework of Islaraic design principles. Undesireable views around the site can be effectively buffered against by use of trees and other natural planting. The performance systems should be able to integrate with one another to produce the highest amount of quality. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS:

The structural system must be designed in accordance with uniform building codes. It should allow for easy installation and accessibility of H.V.A.C., electrical and plumbing systems. Special construction will be needed if design of the mosque requires the construction of,for example, domes, minarets ets. For larger areas that requires clear spans of longer dimensions, care must be taken so as not to conflict with any symbolic element which may be important. The strong winds in this area must be considered when designing the structural elementsof the facility.

ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS:

The exterior wall surfaces involves thermal insulation and therraal capacity factors. Materials should be used to maximize these properties. The walls, floors, and roof systems should provide for a barier against moisture. While the use of screened openings in the walls (for air movement and privacy) are important Islamic elements, it should not become a constraining factor when dealing with slimatic factors of this region. The materials used for the walls and floors should be durable and easy to maintain in order to keep maintenance cost to a minimum. The enclosure systems should also integrate the Islamic elements to produce a sense of an Islamic environment.

MECHAN CAL SYSTEMS:

The mechanical system should be responsive to scheduled activities of the mosque. Energy efficiency can be achieved by both natural means as well as mehcanical. These systems should be applied to each space in accordance with the requirements of specific activities. The system should not generate any noise or vibration which raight conflict with the quite and serene environraent of such a facility. Therefore the location for the raechanical systera becomes important in dealing with this problem.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS:

The electrical systeras should be designed for low raaintainance. The illuraination for each space should raeet the required level of foot candles as specified. The lighting system may vary depending upon space arrangeraent and specific activity requirement. The building should have provisions for electrical outlet throughout the facility. Light dimmers should be provided in the conference room, the meeting rooms and the serainar rooras. In addition an electric clock should be provided for patrons for checking prayers time and so forth. A P.A. system should also be provided for speech purposes.

LIGHTING SYSTEMS:

The control of light in a mosque environment is critical in terras of design, The use of skylights and clearstories becomes an important desigh tool to distribute natural light in specific areas such as the main congregation hall. Electronic equipment can be used to control the effect of natural light as desired. The colors used inside the facility will also affect the intensity of natural light. The natural light can be effectively use to focus areas such as entrances, lobbies, etc.

WATER SYSTEMS;

Water is an important design element in mosques, and can be used as an effective tool for cooling purposes during the hot raonths. It provides a "paradise" setting in hot and humid environments. Thus the sacred nature of water can be preserved through design. SAFETY SYSTEMS;

Safety should be paramount in designing the raosque in case of any hazards. Emergency exits must be located at different point for easy exit. In addition, fire alarms must be mounted in different parts of the building. A security system can also be installed on all exterior doors. ' COST ANALYSIS

Gost Analysis:

The cost analysis for the project was done using a computer program for budget analysis. TKe resúlt provides an indication of the total cost for the project.

SPACf SI7E AFÍEA VOLUME:

SPACE N ,. 1 SCí X :l. 00 X 0 bOOO

SPACE IMO. ; X 40 X 20 1400

SPACE NO. 3 50 X 8C) X 0 4000

SPACE NO,. 4 (A\^lí)\-{of\ -me-in ) 10 X 15 X 10 150 1500

SPACE NO. 5 X 10 X 10 500

SPACE NO- 6 {_Ooo<^ rootf\ I 6h£>ft\ 20 X 10 X 10 íOO 2000

SPACE NO. 7 lO('.)0 ^ i> (iuo

SPACE: NO. 3 . ;10 X 100 X 20 100000

SPACE NO. 9 X 5 X 10 250

SPACE NO. 10 20 X 50 X 15 1000 15000 SPACE NO„ 11 ; ( l^l^'fc^) 10 X 20 X 12 OO 2400

SPACE NOn 12 40 X 50 X 15 200O 30000

SPACE NO,. 13 21000 ( '^e^í lin'^ ^V&^) 55 X 40 X 15 1400

SPACE NO.. 14 Î5 X 20 X 12 500 6000

SPACE NO. 15 25 X 20 X 12 6000

SPACE N0„ 16 10 X 10 X B 100 500 6MlfU|-Al

SPACE N0„ 17 30 X 50 X 20

. SPACE NO. 18 30 X 35 X 15 15750

SPACE NO. 19 itv^ecii'n^ N>omí.j 30 X 35 X 10 1050 10500

SPACE NO. 20 10 X 15 X 8 150 1200

SPACE NO. 21 :i0 X 50 X 15 2500 37500

SPACE NO,. 22 (,(v) 10 X 20 X 10 ::0!..)(.)

SPACE NO, 23 20 X 25 X 20 10(1)00

SPACE NO, 24 !10 X 50 X 12 3(I)OC)(D

IMET ASSIGNNENTS 31075 351400 N0„ OE SPACES 24 UMASS:I:GNED SPACE

•H- C:[RCULATION-s-MECHAN:i:CAL-H-STRUCTURE-HTO:[LETS«-..JAN:[TORíf-UNASS:[GNED STORAGE

EFF:[CENCY RATIO

1 SUPERB 50/5(1) 2 GRAND 55/45 3 EXCELLENT —- -60/40 ^4 MODERATE 5 AUSTERE 70/30

NET ASSIGNED SF 31075

GROSS SF 47807.7

BUDGET

SEE A.I., A. STATEhENT OF ARCHITECTS SERVICES D0C„B551 FOR DETAIL CATAGORY LISTIWG

BUILDING rYPE

GROUP 1 NONUMENTAL AND PRECISE DETAILING ^/GROUP 2 EXCEPTIONAI... CHARACTER AND COMPLEXITY GROUP 3 MODERATE COMPLEXITY GROUP 4 CONVENTIONAl... CHARACTER GROUP 5 UTILITARIAN

BUILDING COST

DOLLARÍ */Sf QUALITY GROUP

SUPERB 5736924 120 GRAND 4780770 10(1) /'EXCELENT 3585577 75 MODERATE :31(;)75(J(:) 65 AUSTERE 2390:385 50 FIXED EQUIPTMENT

ALL EQUIPTMENT INSTALLED BEFORE COMPLETION OF THE BUILDING SUCH AS SERVICE EQU P TMENT., FIXED SEATING, MEDICAL EQUIPTMENT, SECURITY OR SOUND SYSTEMS

MEDIUM •10~-15'X,V' •20"A, SPECIALLY HIGH- --SdiX

SITE DEVEI...GPMENT

T O T AI.. SIT E D E V E L 0 P M E N T 1469362

;:-;iTE ACQUISION

ZONINi:;i GROUPS hAX, LOT COVERAGE 1 MD~2, MF-1, MF-2., MH, P, 0, NS, GR 2 IF-1, IF-2, IF-3, ::":F., MD-1 457, 3 L.C,HC v^iO'x y 4 1-1,1-2 757. 5 CB lOO'X,

REQUIRED LAND AREA FOR ANTICIPATED N0„ Of TORIES 95615.39 MIN„ FRfJNT SF;TBACK 15 M N. SIDE SETBACK 5 MIN.LAND AREA BASED ON F.A.R. 11951.92 REQUIRED PARKING SPACES 95„61539 PROFESSIONAI... FEEÍ

BI.JILDING TYPE GROIJ

GRCH.JP :i 9X-12Z <:iKUi.

COST ESTIMATE ANALYSIÍ

A.. Bl .111..D 1NG COST ^:;.78(:^7, 7 5736924 B.FIXED EQUIPTMENT XOFA 1147385 C.SITE DEVE<...OPMENT LI.IMP SUM 1469362

D „ TOTAI.. CONSTRUCTION ( A-<-BH-C ) 8353671:)

E.SITE ACQUSITION LUMP SUM O F.. MOVEABLE EQUIPTMENT XOFA 2S6346.2 GnPROFESSIONAL FEES •^^OFD 250610.1 H. C 0 N TIN G E N CIE'-. 7.0 F D 835:367 ..J. ADMINISTRATIVE COST %OFD 83536,7

K.TOTAL BUDGET REQUIRED (D8Æ THRU J> ^ 9.SIÍ::)0:3(:) SPACE PROGRAM

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abel, Chris. "Larsen's Hybrid Masterpiece." Architectural Review, July 1985, pp. 25-39

Agha Khan Award for Architecture. Architect- ure and Coramunity; Building in the Islamic World Today. New York: Islaraic Publications Ltd. , 1983.

Cresswell, K.A.C. Early Muslim Architecture. Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd. , 1958.

El-Said, Issara and Parraan, Ayse. Georaetric Concepts in Islamic Art. London: World of Islara Publishing Co. Itd. , 1976.

Ettinhausen, Richard. The World of Islara: Faith, People, Culture. London: Tharaes and Hudson, 1976.

Haider, Gulzar. slamic Architecture in Non-Islamic Environraents . Agha Khan Award Series, 1980.

Hoag, John D. Islamic Architecture. N e w York: Harry N. Abrams Inc. Publishers, 1977.

Kuhnel, Ernst. Islamic Art and Architect- ure. New York: Cornell University Press, 1966.

"London Central Mosque." R.I.B.A. , June 1976. pp. 229-234.

10 "London Mosque." Architectural Review, Sept. 1977, pp. 145-147. 11. M.F.S. "Mosque as Monuraent."ArGhitectural Record, June 1984, pp. 142-151. 12. ffeilse'n, Neils.et al, Religions of the World. New YcJrk:' St'. Mar'tin's Press', 1983.

13. Portaghessi, Paulo. "Post Modern Mosque." Architectural Design, Jan.-Feb. 1980, pp. 24-29. 14. Scerrato, Umberto. Monuments of Civilization : Islam. New York: Grosset and Dunlap Publishers, 1976. 15. "Extending the Vocabulary of the Mosque." Architectural Record, Sept. 1983. pp. 68-72.-

16. U.S. Environmental Data Services, Climatography of the U.S. No. 60-41, June 1969- 17. National Weather Service, U.S. Climatological Data, Washington, D.C. 18. United States Departraent of Agriculture-Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey of Lubbock County, Texas. May 28, 1979.

THESIS DOCUMENTATION

ISLAMIC CULTURAL CENTER

Salim M. Dasoo Arch. 4631

Thesis Documentation! Islamic Cultural Center. The Islamic Cultural Center Project was concieved as a result of a growing need for a facility that would fulfill the religious, social and cultural needs of the Islamic Coramunity in the Lubbock area. This project provided an excellent oppurtunity to apply my understanding in Architecture and use it to address issues relating to Islamic Architecture and its significance in a non-Islamic environment. The project consists of a Mosque, a library and a Cultural Center serving the needs of approximately 500 patrons. From the program, several major issues came into light. These issues were not actually clear untii the design process began. They began to evolve during the conceptual stages of the design process. Some of the major issues are outlined below and are explored in the design process. A. Context; The issue of context was a major one that needed to be addressed in terms of the nature of such a facility and its relationship to its surrounding. B. Signs And Symbolsi The issue of signs and symbols and their theoretical implications. • ". r- C. Islamic Architectural'Traditions: The Reinterpretation of Islamic Architectural tradtions into a new meaning in order to meet the emotional and cultural needs of todays contemporary Muslim society. D. Integration of Technologyt

The major goals that the project hoped to achieve are outlined in the program. A brief outline of the major goais are listed below. A. To design a facility that fulfills the religious, social and cultural needs of the Moslem population.

B. Preservation of Islamic Architectural Traditions. C. Development of the theme of unity through architectural interpretation. D. To invoke through architecture, a sense of belonging and provide a statement of cultural identity. Design Process; The design process began with a careful analysis of the programatic requirements and the outlying issues and goals involved in the design of the facility. The first phase of the design process involved site analysis and the development of the conceptual design theme. The site is located on W. ^'+th street just outside Loop 289 and is easily accessible to the user group, the majority of which lives around the general Texas Tech area and the south west part of Lubbock. Thus W. 34th Street becomes the major artery for access to the site.(Slide #1) The orientation of the Mosque (39° N.E.) was the major design factor that was taken into consideration in terms of the vehecular/pedestrain circulation as it related to the site. Therefore a'decision was made to direct vehicular traffic through 3^th street and detour it along Milwaukee Ave on thé western parameter of the site so as to make the entrance into the site more private' and easier in terms of traffic flow. The area surrounding the site consist, of residential zones along the Eastern and Sountern parameter of the site and agricultural land along the western parameter. The Area is generally low keyed in terms of building activity. The issue of context was explored and it became apparent that a facility of such a nature would not relate to anything around it, therefore it was decided to let the building relate only to itself within the parameter of the site creating its own 'world." The idea of a wall system emerged that would run along the parameter of the

-site and which would be landscaped in order to further enhance the notion of privacy and interiority. Once that was established, some prelimenary sketches were made (Slide #2) of various themes involving architecture, images etc- These sketches generated some design themes that I wanted to explore dealing mainly with, idea generation. After these initial studies, three conceptual design schemes were worked out. (Slide '#3) The first scheme explored the possibility of organizing activities around a central courtyard with the major axis orienting towards Mecca, and the secondary axis perpendicular to the main axis at the center of the courtyard. Thus the major axis would create a hierarchy commencing at the entrance and terminating with the Mosque. The secondary axis would have the library and the Cultural Center along it creating a notion of unity. The second scheme explored the possibility of a linear organization along the main axis. The third scheme dealt with the idea of organizing spaces resulting from the existing geometric order at the site and the imposed geometric order created by the orientation towards Mecca. The underlying therae among the 3 concepts was the orientation of the main sixis towards Mecca. After analyzing all three conceptual themes, I felt that the first concept was quite strong in terms of generating spatial relationships of activities within the parameters of Islamic architectural pleinning. This scheme also worked well with the configuration of the site in terras of organizing the spaces. The idea of organizing activities around a central courtyard space also creates an emphasis on the interior as oppose to spaces relating to the outside. This is the basic theme of Islamic planning. Thus a conceptual basis for design was established. Next, some prelimenary studies were done dealing with the organization of various activities. (Slide #^4-) These studies involved the relationship of activities and how they would relate to each other.

The central courtyard space thus acted as a hinge around which the Mosque, the Library and the Cultural Center were located. The orientation of the Mosque was the major design factor which is 39° N.E. for Lubbock. The axis thus formed due to the orientation became the primary design element. This primary axis was used to create a spatial and spiritual hierarchial order along it commencing at the entrance and terminating with the Mosque. The secondary axis intersects at the courtyard center. The iibrary and Cultural Center were located at the ends of this axis. Two Prelimenary designs were generated from this concept, and some elevation studies were done. (Slide #5) Studies were also done on the massing of these spaces. The Mosque took on a square form due to the nature of the worship activity where the rows are lined behind each other. The use of the dome to crown the central nave of the Mosque became quite apparent as I wanted to create a vertical hierarchy, from the center of the Mosque. The articulation of the square plan stepping up and terminating with the dome created a power- ful form for the Mosque. This vertical articulation of form was carried throughout the design to create a sense of unity and harmony of form. The second phase of the design process dealt with the design development. The central courtyard scherae was further developed and studied (Slide #6) The intersecting aixes gave way to a geometrical order (see Parti Diagram) . I decided to use this geometry to lay out the various activities. Four points were established generating frora the intersecting axes, that were linked spatially in a square configuration thus creating reference points in space (see Parti diagraun). Each point was defined so that the first-point defined the entrance, the second point defined the center of the Mosque, the third point defined the center of the Cultural Center and the fourth point defining the Minaret. The Minaret was used solely for its symbolic importance. since the purpose of the Minaret is no longer valid in Lubbock. The Minaret also acts as a guide to direct traffic coming frora 34th street. Along with the design development studies, sveral studies were done to generate forms, elevations and the treatment of surfaces (Slide #7). The basic under- lying theme was to create unity and harmony of forms and aesthetics. The idea was to treat the building forms ajnd surfaces in a contemporary Islamic vocabulary. Again, Islamic geometric patterns were explored to find new aesthetic designs. The third phase of the design process dealt with making final decisions involving the activities and site development. The development of the site began with dividing the site into 2 quadrants. One for the parking facility, the other for the Islamic Cultural Center- The dividing line serves as a vehicular circulation into the parking space. It also distinguishes between the notion of sacred/profane, whereas the parking spaces are profane in nature as oppose to the Mosque which is sacred in nature. Thus a sequence of transitional spaces were derived to define this separation. The parameter of the parking space were also walled in so as to direot the pedestrian traffic to arrive at the landscaped Mall which is lined with the primary axis to begin the procession towards the main entrance. The hierarchy is further enhanced by creating steps that lead to the entrance Arch. The pointed arch is an Islamic symbol and I felt that it would establish a symbolic relationship with the visitor. The courtyard space was intentionally left uncovered. This space is intended to be used as additional praying space for ceremonial prayers. The courtyard is further defined by enclosing it with open arcades that run along the parameter of the courtyard. These arcades also serve as defined circulation to the ablution facility and the women's entrance lobby. A private entrance is also provided for women at the north eastern corner of the site. The primary axis terminates at the center of the Mosque. The library plan was designed in a circular form symbolizing knowledge. The main reading space is located at the center of the plan and is further enhanced by placing a dome over it. The library was placed between the Mosque and the Culture Center representing knowledge as a bridge between religion and culture. The Culture Center was located along the secondary axis. This axis is terminated at the auditorium which was also planned as a half circle. The other ancilary facilities were designed around it. The other end of the secondary axis becoraes the point for the Minaret. A sunken courtyard was designed which is accessed through the courtyard space. The overall eraphasis of this plan is on the interior orientation. The window openings on the outside are kept intentionally small so as to further emphasize the interior orientation. The use of water fountains act as a unifying element for the various activities. The somewhat sculptural quality of the forms led to the decision to use concrete as a primary building material because of its plasticity. Instead of using a thin concrete shell for a dome, I decided to use a pre-cast concrete rib structure for the dome. These ribs are geodesic in nature, and are lined with translucent marble pajiels. The structure would be exposed both on the inside and the outside. The uniformity of the wall surfaces led to the use of pre-cast wall panels. In conclusion, the Islamic Cultural Center Project was a very comprehensive learning experience. It is sincearly hoped that, in the course of this study, all the raajor issues relating to the project have been addressed and explored and all the major goals outlined in the program have been achieved. I feel that as a student of Architecture, I have just started to scratch the surface. Knowledge is a never ending process. As T.S. Eliot once wrotej "All our knowledge brings us closer to our ignorance." I tcnd to agree with him. The more we learn the more we find out how little we know. There is a lot to be learned. I hope that my education would make a meaningful contribution to the welfare of mankind. My education in Architecture reflects these thoughts. fAI^Tl

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INDEX TO SLIDESt Design Development; 1. Site Analysis 2. Initial Studies/Sketches 3. Conceptual Studies 4. Prelimenary Studies/Open House 5. Prelimenary Design 6. Design Development 7. Forra/Massing Studies 8. Design at Mid-Term/Mid Terra Jury 9. Study Model 10. Study Model of Main Congregation Hall 11. Study Model of Main Congregation Hall 12. 3-D Design Representation Final Presentation 13. Title Sheet/Site Plan 14. Floor Plans 15. Elevations/Sections 16. Perspectives Model Views 17. View of Entrance Facade 18. Bird's fîye View From West 19. Bird'B Eye View From North-East 20. Bird's Eye View From North