IeclUlical Report No. 5
SEASONAL OCCURRENCE AND HOST-LISTS
OF HA~.;rAIIAN CERAMBYCIDAE
J. Linsley Gressitt Bishop Huseum, lionolulu~ Hawaii
and
CHfton J. Davis Department of Agriculture, Honolulu! Hawaii
ISIAND ECOSYSTEMS IRP
U. S. International Biological Progra:n
April 1972 TABLE O~ CONTEnTS
Page
Abstract ••••••••••••••••••••••••• O.c •• II •• e.'lI ••••••• " •••••• e.~ • ••••••••••• i
Introduction ••••••••••••••• 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1
Selected referencen ...... 3a
Tabulation of seasonal occurrence a~d altitude range of adult
native Cerambycidae .... " ...... , ...... 4
Tabulation of seasonal occurrence of adult introduced Cerambycidae,
with first year collected .•.••.••••.•...•.••••.•.•.••••••••.••••••••. 12
Host genus -- :"slcmd record tabul :::::'_on by plant families: Endemic
Cerambycidae •••••••••• C ••••••••• O ••• O •••••••••• II •••••••••••••••••••• 14
Host record tabulation by plant farnilier: Introduced Cerambycidae 23
Introduced Cerambycidae, with host genera and H~waii distribution 27
Plagithmysine species -- host indices by islQnds
Nihoa ••••••••••••••••••• (! ••••• O •• "' •••• O •• o •• r.o" •••••••••••••••••••• 29
Kauai 29
Oahu 30
Molokai ••••••••.•••••••• " •• ".ClGflO •• O .. \J" •••• ".O!t- ••• " ••••••••••• ., •••••• 30
Lanai 31
Maui .~ ••••••••••••••••• oe.O." ••••••• Il ••• c.OO •• fI' •••••••••••• •••••••••• 31
Hawaii 32
Index to plant genera .!) ••••••••• O.O •• C!l •• ~. c.O.O ••• !$1 •••••••••••••••••••• 34 ABSTRACT
The cer,::u::lb:;:cid beetle borers play an inportant role in Hawaiian forests, both in the G.3.tural ,::u:d disturbed environ::rrents. Their significance is enhanced by the dishar~onic nature of the fauna, such as the lack of leaf beetles and june beetles. in the native fauna. There are about 120 known species of ende- mic cerambycids, almost entirely restricted to native trees and shrubs, and
17 spcci~G of established exotic cerambycids, which with few exceptions bore in exotic trees. The seasonal occurrence, as far as kno~m, of the adult ceram- b;rcids is tnbulatcd. Altitudinal range and latest year of collection (native) or eo.."""e.st year of record (e~:otic) are also tabulated. In a further tabulation, the species for \7ilich host associatio:.ls are known are presented by host genera "- under plant families, and by islands. The introduced species are treated in similar Qan".er.
- i - INTRODUCT I 0:1
The native fauna of the Eawaiian Chain is highly disharmonic in nature, meaning that because of the extreme isolation, many prominent groups of animals
failed to reach the ::' ~_ands before the recent arrival of man. Certain groups,
however, reach~d the island early and r:y::-::·.\':::d extensively. The family Ceram
bycidae (longhorned beetles - adults; rounded-head weod-borers - larvae) re
presents one of these groups. About 120 endemic species are known, and probably
considernb1y oore exist or formerly c}:isted and became extinct. These beetles
bore in the wood of over one-third (38 out of 102) of the native genera' of woody
plants. It is puzzling, however, that only a minority (23.8%) of the endemic
genera' of trees and shrubs have confirmed host records for cerambycids. Some
of the very common trees have few or questionable records. This situation may
be related to chemical or physical properties of the living trees, such as the
nature of the sap. An ir.:l?ortant point is that all of the endemic cerambycids
are closely related (except Pa:fD.ndrq and ~5!J!..... ()pifl. ~Jhich bore in dead wood).
The main group, called the p1agithmysines, to a great extent bore in living
trees as larvae. They evolved fron a single immigrant ancestor. Although
several genera have been named, representing considerable divergence in form,
we now consider that they const:i.tute a single genus, with five of the former
genera to be reta5.ned as subgenera. Native Ara1iaceae, uith gummy sap, have
no confirmed p1asithmysine records, but Parandra bore in rotting··ara1iads.
In connection with the period of adult occurrence, data are as yet insuf
ficient to express a view on seasonality. For sooe species, it would appear
that adults occur the ye,''.r nround, end that there are completely overlapping
generations. On the other hand, pupae and adult emerGence seem to be more pre
valent bet';lcen l-~:lrch and July. In captivity, adults live up to 6 or 8 weeks, -2-
but the average span may be less in nature, with birds, rat and mongoose pre dation.
In the first tabulation, altitude range and latest year of collection are given for endemic species &1d-earlieab year of record for exotic species. For both, the numbers of dated specimens examined is also presented. In the second tabulation, host gen~ra are listed under the plant families and are indexed at the end.
Monoinsular endemicity is the rule with the plagithmysines--that is, no one kind is known to occur on more than one island. However, there are closely related species on different islands, particularly as between Molokai, Lanai and Maui. Host associations are largely narrow as far as known, and often re
lated species have the same host genera. More species are being discovered by
investigating gaps in host/island records.
In this family, the greatest number of known species occur on the island
of Hawaii (44) and the next greatest on Maui (30). This is in contrast to the
situation in the weevils where Kauai has the greatest number of species and
Oahu the next greatest.
A large proportion of the specimens which have been collected have been
utilized in constructing the following tables. It is expected that much addi
tional data to be collected will shortly render these tables out of date. We
trust that this presentation may prove useful. We also hope that it may en
courage other workers to help us to fill the many gaps in our present knowledge.
The material here comprises background and comparative data for the "Island
Ecosystems" IBP studies on the joint transects, and on the biologies of some
of the involved species, as well as of the evolution of the cerambycids and
their host relationships in the Hawaiian Chain. -~
We wish to gratefully acknowledge the assistance and advice of J. W. Beards ley, F. A Bianchi, E. J. Ford, Jr., Lynnette Fuller, Bruce Furmidge, Wayne
Gagne, D. E. Hardy, Carol Higa, F.·W. Howarth, James Jacobi, Ronald Lau, Rebecca
G. Lau, Steve Montgomery, Barbara Myers, Noah Pekelo, Thane Pratt, G. A. Samuel son, Dr. Harold St. John, Donald Sugawa, Rene Sylva and Ernest Yoshioka. - 3a -
SELECTED REFERENCES
Duffy, E. A. J. 1953. The immature stages of Hawaiian Cerambycidae with a key to 1arve. Proc. Hawaiian Entomo1. Soc. 15 (1): 135-58, ill.
Gressitt, J. L. 1972. New p1agithmysines from Mo1okai, Lanai, and Maui (Col.: Cerambyc.). Pacific Insects 14 (1): 83-92, ill.
Gressitt, J. L. and C. J. Davis. 1969. Studies in the p1agithmysines, endemic Hawaiian Cerambycidae (Co1eopt.). Pro,c. Hawaiian Entomo1. Soc. 20 (2): 331-393, ill.
1970. A new p1agithmysine beetle from Sandalwood (Col. Cerambycidae). Proc. Hawaiian Entomo1. Soc. 20 (3): 567-569, ill.
1972. New p1agithmysines from Kauai, Mo1okai and Hawaii (Co1eopt.: Cerambycidae). Proc. Hawaiian Entomo1. Soc. 21 (1): 67-77, ill.
Perkins, R. C. L. 1921. Notes on Hawaiian P1agithmysides and Anobiides (Col.) with descriptions of new species. Proc. Hawaiian Entomo1. Soc. 4 (3): 493-506.
1927. Notes on Hawaiian Coleoptera (Curcu1ionidae, Proterhini dae and Cerambycidae) and descriptions of new species. Proc. Hawaiian Entomo1. Soc. 6 (3): 465-488.
1931. New species of Hawaiian Cerambycidae (Col.). Proc. Hawaiian Entomo1. Soc. 7 (3): 415-418.
Sharp, David. 1896. On P1agithmysus: A Hawaiian genus of longicorn Coleoptera. Entomo1. Mon. Mag. 32: 237-245, 271-274.
1900. Coleoptera Phytophaga. Fauna Hawaiiensis 2 (1): 91-116, pI. 6.
Southwood, T. R. E. 1960. The abundance of the Hawaiian trees and the numbers of their associated insect species. Proc. Hawaiian Entomo1. Soc. 17 (2): 293-303.
Swezey, 0,. H. 1954. Forest entomology in Hawaii. Bishop Mus. Spec •. Publ .. 44·: 1-266, ill. Table 1. Seasonal occurrence and altitude range of adult native Hawaiian Cerambycidae
No. of Yr. dated Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Ju1 Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec A1t last spec. coll
I ; I ' ' , i ?arandra puncticeps iI ! i I ! I I 1 ___ i __ Sharp 51 I ---- 19 -----1------1------:------I I 300-1280 j I- ,{egopis ref1exa , I i I (Karsch) 30 x- Ix---- I ---- i- I 11100-1250 19 i 1--- ! I I I ?lagithmysus (Nesi I thplysus) - I I I I bridwe11i (Perk.) 20 xxxx- ' xxx- X 1- 600-1280 19 i r forbesii (Perk.) I !- 5 I xxx i 950 19 I I haasi (Perk.) 19 Ix xxxx- ! X I 1-_ 600-1280 19 ; I pe1eae (G. & D.) 3 x x 1100 19
'? (Aeschrithmysus) I! ! dubautianus (G. & D.) 4 2500 19
pe1eanus G. & D. 1 ;x 1100 19 swezeyanus G. & D. (A. swezeyi Perk.) 2 2500 19
I I swezeye11us G;. (N. I I swezeyi Perk.) 1 x I 12001 19 terryi (Perk.) 4 I 3040 19 yoshimotoi G. & D. 1 , ,I 2000 19 Note:' "'=adult collectiOds ,"'x=- emergenee from pupa 4- Table 1 continued
No. of-~------. Yr. CI dated Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Ju1 Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec A1t (m) last spe_c .______co11'
P. (Parac1ytar1us) annectens (Sh.) 5 1200 192~
1atico11is (Sh.) 2 1300-1500 192E (fugitivus Perk.)
pipturico1a (Perk.) 1 1 192(
podagricus Perk. 1 12601 191!
timber1akei (Perk.) 1 I 10001 1911 P. (N"eoc1ytar1us) I abnormis (Sh.) 2 I I 1500 189l j I , acaciae G. & D. 82 xxx Ix Ixxxxxx\xxxxxx 1060 1961 1-- t I t i I I I I atrico1or (Perk.) 6 Ixx - IX- x I 2200-2740 197 bidensae Gr. 3 I II 700 197 x"'l- ! I I: .! I chenopodii (Perk.) 167 xxxxxx------1----- x I ! xxx- 460- 900 195 t I I ! 1_ ! claviger (Sh.) 9 r --'x I I - I - 1580 195 ! " I debi1is (Sh.) 20 I 1200-1500 193 I -1----- I r
decurrensae G. & D. 45 , Ixxxxxx I 1000 19S I, I 1--- . 1--- dodonaeae (Swez.) 29 !xxx IXxxx IXx !xx xxxxxxi xxxxxxi 2000 197 IX ! I I dodonaeavorus Gr. 17 ! I I ! 400- 500" 197 dubautiae G. D. 36 t X--!:::J & I 1980 19~
5 Table 1 continued
No. of Yr. dated Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Ju1 Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec A1t (m) last spec. coll \ . I iii d. arboreae~G.& D. 22 --;------'xxxxx I 2200 195 t I i .1 euphorbiae (Brid i I I i I I' well) 81 IXX xxxxxx; x ! IXxxxxx, 5 195 --I-- I I I t filipes (Sh.) 61 Ix I xxx ~xxxxxxlxx ~xxx x- xxx- I ---jxxxxxx 1200-1800 194 j I j . J I , I I f. sophorae G.&.D. 18 jxx I Ix . I IXXXXXX xx I-- -- Ix, ,lx--- 1000-2040 197 fragilis (Sh.) 5 i I I 760 195 i 1- I gerani i (Perk.) 3 I I 1800-2400 196 I I hardyi Gr. 3 I xl-----x I 900-1000 197 1 immundus (Sh.) 55 i I I -- 1--- 900 190 t I I I indecens (Perk.) 60 x I xxxxxx Ixxxxxx' ! 1219 192 i kaina1uensis (Perk.) 9 I x ! ! I ; 800-1100 197 I i I longipes (Sh.) 50 I -- I I Ixxxxxx ! I 600-1000 197 lookii (Swez.) 215 ~xxxxxy. xxxxxx I I --- xxxxxY. --- lxxxxxxlll00-2050 197 i I 1. keanako1ui G.&.D. 5 I I ! I ! 1800 195 ~ I 1. ukae G. &. D. 192 XXXXX! I I xxxxx; 1000 19E mediocris (Sh.) 19 I ! I 11200-1500 191 i I metrosideri G.&.D. 1 I 1. 1200 19lj 6 fable 1 continued
No. of Yr. ( dated Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Ju1 Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec A1t (m) last spec. coll
! , mezoneuri (Swez.) 2 I i IX- 600 194~ i ! I ! f j modestus (Sh.) 22 !x --1- -- :------~-- 1 - 950-1500 197: i I 4 i j montgomeryi G.&.D. 25 XXXXXX/ x xxXXXXl i j 1830 197( !x 'I I I i I ' nodifer (Sh.) 87 xxxx ixxxxxx -- ! !' iXXXXXX l xx 900-1500 197: ! ! obscurus (Sh.) 31 I ' ----1------I- 900-1200 192J I pennatus (Sh.) 97 Ixx i,---- 900-1500 197J --I----x I-x-- 1--- I ------1--- pu1chrior Perk. 1 I I I ? ? ? I : ! t ' , rai11iardiae Perk. 15 I I 3000 192i
rusticus G. & D. 1 2000 195~ ! I smilacis Perk. 11 xx xxx I ' 1400 192~ I I I ! smi1acivorus G. 3 I x I ------200 197] i I superstes Zimm. 1 j 2 U3~ I u1timus (Sh.) 5 I 580 B5~ I j usingeri G. & D. 1 I I 500 195E I I ! I watt1eae G. & D. 19 !xxxxxx Ixx jXXX Ix 1000 197C i i ! I I P. (P1agithmysus) I aequa1is (Sh.) 100 -1--- !I ----- '---, 600-1500 192q ___ I aestivus (Sh. ) 20 I, ! 1200 1901 : 7 able 1 continued No. of Yr. dated Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Ju1 Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Al t (m) last spec. coll ; j ! 1 ' 30 i! 300·· 760 196 a1bertisi (Sh.) I-XXXXX --:------I ! ~'-- i I ill I attenuatus Boisd. ! a (cristatus Sh.) 137 1--- , x-x--I------I------1---- Ixxxx- x I ----- ,i-- • 500-1000 1~(i I I 1___ _ I bilineatus (Sh. ) 339 -.! 1_- !XXXXXX~~-----I------, 800-1200 195 " ! ;' i ----- I !I -XXX;xxxxxxl------x Iii! I 1200-1350 193 bishopi (Sh.) 77 !I ,I ?~t b1ackburni (Sh.) 188 C_____ !------Ixxxxxx~ '!rxx""x: I I' x 1200-2300 197 I"! 1-----·· . cheirodendri G. & D.) 1 r 2000 195 :! I I ! I I co11aris (Sh. ) 20 II I I I ! x-- 1500 189 canco1or arachnipes ~II I I i I She 106 II x XX- xxx x-xx Ixxxxxx 1---- I ! 1200 197
conco1or conco1or II 1 . II I II She 24 ! I I ------1 --- xx- I I 1000-1220 193 conco1or munroi She 97 xxx xx iXXXXXX XXXXX xx ---Ixxxxxxl------lx ---- !XXXXX x I x - Ix 1000-1500 196 ~ , i I cuneatus She 68 IX ~XXXx:o< r- --- XX- -x-xx 'I xx---- ,-- ! I I X XJ~X 300- 600 197 I darwinianus She 159 , :, ------IX}:XXXX XXXXXX 1 1200 192 Ip d.::visi 'Swez. 14 I xxxxxx Ijx i!, I 600 196 decorus Perk. 6 X--- xx x ! 500-1070 197 diana She 16 1200 197
e1egans She 900 8 ~ab1e 1 continued
No. of Yr. I dated Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Ju1 Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec A1t (m) last spec. coll
fi.nschi (Harold) 47 11200-1500 193:
forbesianus G. 1 I 1200 191 Ii frater Perk. 1 I; 900 190: fractus Perk. 1 II 500? 1901 I funebris She 161 --- xxx xxx 11800-2100 196'
giffardi Perk. 93 xxx 111100-1220 193. gracilis She 'I (bishopi var.) II 1100? 190 greenwe11i G. & D. 1 x -. II 1200 196
hirtipes (Sh.) 1 600 191
ignotus Perk. 18 xxxxxx xxx xxx x 197 ilicis G. 2 I :::: 197 \1 koae G. & D. 4 ,j 450-1000 196 !! koaiae G. & D. 34 xxxxxx x 1070 196
koebe1ei Perk. 23 IIX- x- 600 193
koha1ae Perk. 1 1200 191
kraussi G. & D. 500 195
kuhnsi Perk. 13 ------xxx x 600 19!
9 ~ab1e 1 continued
No. of Yr. 0 dated Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Ju1 Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec A1t (m) last spec. colI ': i 1amarckianus Sh. 42 x 1_- I- 1100-1220 1929 1anaiensis Sh. 1 I 900 1894 longico11is Perk. 1 600 1920
longu1us Perk. 15 450- 600 1920
microgaster (Sh .) 20 xxx x ---- -xxx-- -x- 500-1000 1934
molokaiensis Perk. 25 975 1925
muiri Perk. 18 x-- 1200 1934
newe11i Sh. 1 1200 1913
nicotianae G. & D. 18 xxx xx XXX xxx xxxx-- 600 1969
nihoae Perk. 1 100? 1923 pa1udis Perk. 1 , 1200 1917 I 1200-1800 1971 perkinsi Sh. 28 IXXXXX ------x----- x---
permundus Sh. 13 600 1397
perrottetiae G. & D. 7 xx x-- 1220 1971
pittospori G. 24 -x--x- ---x- 950 1971
p1atydesmae Perk. 6 X- 920 1919 ? 1932 po1ystictus Perk. 1 , i I t pu1veru1entus (Mots.) 81 ----I------i---xx-I------I------l----- ixxxx ----I 300- 920 1970 " I I t f : I 10 Table 1 continued
No. of Yr. c dated Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Ju1 Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec A1t (m) last s,Rec. colli
pulvi11atus Karsch 3 1500 l89E
rubi Perk. 1 1100 192E
sharpianus Perk. 4 1200 1925 I __ simi11imus Perk. 10 1200 1925
simplicico1lis She 900 190C solitarius She 63 ------.... _- xx --xx------xxxxx-- 600 1931j speculifer She 1 -- 800? 1894 sugawai G. & D. 27 x xxxxxx xxx-- xx--- xxxx 1250 1970
sulphurescens She 14 1150 1895
swezeyi Perk. 1 ? 1917
ukulele G. 1 I 1250 1919 varians She 650 --1---.--- t---"·x Ixx·- 1------~xxxxxlxxxxxxl------xxx------I 2040 1971 vicinus She 3 I ? 900 1892 vitticollis She 46 ----I-xxx xx x 1200-1530 1971 11 · ~"'.. ..- Table 2. Seasonal occurrence of adult introduced Cerambycidae with first year co11ected.*
No. of Yr. of dated Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Ju1 Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec first spec's co11'n, I ~ , ; : Xystrocera globosa I I ; , ! I (Olivier) 155 1- , --x--I-x---- . '---, 1--xX !1900 IX-X---!XXXXXX I , I ! 1 .' I I I Phoracantha semipunctata Iii (F I) 25 Ix I xxx ' x 'I' i Ixxxxxx I xx I I I , I i I Curtomerus f1avus (F.) 178 X X--XX'I-xxxxxix-xXXXi-- xxx x-x-- iXXXXXX i-----x I!---x- I . I I I I I ! 1 Ge10naetha hirta (F.) &5 -xxxx- 1-- 1-- \- !xxxxxx i i x-- i I I : Ceresium unico1or (F!) 82 ,xx I --xxx Ixxx-x i---xxx i i I I 1 iii I ' \ --xxx t ---- I-x------x P1acosternus crinicornis I ! I ! I I I ' , I (chevrolet) 248 Ii ----x-: ' ---x- ,r- I - i Ix_x__ ,--xx- Ch1orophorus annu1aris , I I I I (F. ) 42 ----- I ,---- '-xx- :-- !- I I P1agiohammus spinipennis , I ! (thomson) 18 ! 'X- x I' I!f __ !I____ _ I Coptops aedificator (F.) 60 r---x I * - = Adult collection x = Emergence All of these species are associated with introduced plants and therefore occur primarily at low altitudes. None of them have been found to our knowledge above the altitude of 900 meters. Additional species with isolated records, which are probably not established in Hawaii, are the following: Semanotus amethysti~us (Lec.) Nov. 1931 (1 specimen); C1ytus pi10sus Forst. subsp. glabromacu1tatus, June 1938 (6); Xy10rechus co1onus (F.), Apr. 1947 (1); Monochamus sp., Oct. 1971 (1); Batocera davidis Fairm., July 1969 (1); Aerenicopsis championi Bates, Apr. 1960 (1). Table 2. Continued.
No. of Yr. of dated Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Ju1 Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec first sEec's col1 'n i I I Lagocheirus undatus I I i ____ I , I ; undatus (Voet) 219 --x xxx xx x ----x --x 1--- I---- i- - I x---x )1892 i I I ! 1 I---xx- I Arch1agocheirus funestus ,. J I ! I ' . I (thomson) 8 i ixxxxxxi l I Ixx i I ' I , Prosop1us banki (F. ) 200 x-xx !-xx-x lxx-x- -xx -xx I xxxxx: --x-x 1-- xxx-x ! ---- .. x 1897 I I ' - I - I i I I Ptero1ophia bigibbera I ,I ! I Newman 97 xx- ,-x !xxx--- -xxxx x- l ---""-- ~-- -x-- I , Ixxxxxx ,1930 I j I , I I I Oopis nutator (F. ) 87 ----xx I--XXXX x-- I-- xxxxx -x- x 1892 I - I I I I I I wto-' Mimectatina meridianus ~ (Matsushita) 5 f - 11951 ! Sybra a1ternans' , I I (Wiedeman) 341 ix--xxxx : --xxx- i-xx- xX -xxx- "~xxx-l----x- xx-- I" -xx- I x--x xxx 1917 I Apomecyna sa1tator (F. ) 110 xx---- I - !XXX--- -xxxx-' x- 1906 I ! Table 3. Host genus -- Island records by plant families: Endemic Cerambycidae*
Hosts KAUAI OAHU MOLOKAI MAUl HAWAII
LILIACEAE
Smilax melastomifolia & sandwicensis indecens kainaluensis smilacis giffardi (ulihihi; uhi) Waikomoi Kilauea hardyi (w.)
URTICACEAE
Pipturus spp. sharpianus kuhnsi molokaiensis smillimus lamarckianus (mamaki) Kumuwela Koolau Olinda Kohala, Kilauea I-' pipturicola ~ Kailua
Urera sandwicensis X X lamarckianus (opuhe) sulphurescens Kilauea
SANTALACEAE
Santalum sp. greenwelli (iliahi) Kona
* For members of Plagithmysus only trivial names are presented. For subgenera see Table 1 or island indices. One species is on NIHOA: nihoae from Euphorbia. Species from LANAI are smilacivorus from Smilax, pittospori from Pittosporum and lanaiensis (probably) and Megopis reflexa from Metrosideros. W. = W. Maui X • Host genus is not found on islands marked. + = Different species of host genus represented. Table 3. Continued. MOLOKAl MAUl HAWAII Hosts KAUAl OAHU
CHENOPOD IACEAE
Chenopodium oahuense chenopodii (aweoweo) Waianae looki looki Chenopodium sp. Pohakuloa
looki ukae Kawaihai Uka
looki keanakolui Keanakolu
~ AMARANTHACEAE V1 immundus Charpentiera sp. Kona (papala) decorus Puuwaawaa
lAURACEAE
Cryptocarya manrlii polystictus X X (holio) Kumuwela + X
P lTTOSPORACEAE
P1ttosporum spp. sugawai n. sp. Kokee (W. )
ROSACEAE
Osteomeles david anthyllidifolia Puuwaawaa (uulei) Table 3.' Continued.
Hosts KADAI OAHU MOLOKAI MAUl HAWAII
ROSACEAE (cont'd)
Rubus hawaiiensis x x rubi vitticollis (akala) Olinda Kohala, Kilauea LEGUMINOSAE
Acacia koa concolor arachnipes attenuatus fractus finschi varians (koa) (1this host) c. munroi pulverulentus koae debUis
aequalis fragilis laticollis claviger (1= ultimus) obscurus pennatus nodifer Parandra ~ longipes puncticeps modestus Parandra 0- puncticeps Parandra puncticeps Parandra punctic:eps,. :~"
Acacia koaia + + koaiae (konia, kos, oha) Kawaihae Uka
nodifer
acaciae Kawaihae Uka
Acacia decurrens concolor wattleae nodifer (black wattle: Olinda Kamuela exotic) munroi Kumuwela claviger Kamuela
decurrensae Kamuela Table 3. Continued.
Hosts KAUAl OAHU MOLOKAl MAUl HAWAII
LEGUMlNOSAE (cont'd)
Mezoneurum kauaiense X rnezoneuri (uhiuhi) N. Kona
Sophora chrysophylla funebris blackburni (mamane) Olinda; Mauna Kea, Kona, S. Slope, Hal. Kilauea
rnediocris darwinianus Haleakala Kona, Kau, Kilauea
filipes
t-' sophorae "-l Pohakuloa, Kilauea GERANEACEAE
Geranium cuneatus v. tridens X X geranii at rico lor (hinahina) N. Slope, Hal. Mauna Kea RUTACEAE
Fagara dipetalum geminatum bishopi (Zanthoxylum) Kilauea (a'e, hea'e)
Pelea spp. diana bridwelli ex P. peleae forbesi bishOJ?i (alani) sandwicensis, Olinda ex P. cinerea, p. c1usiaefolia peleanus P. zahlbruckneri n. sp. (w. ) Table 3. Continued. HAWAII Hosts KAUAl OAHU MOLOKAl MAUl
RUTACEAE (cont'd)
Pe1ea spp. (cont'd) haasi swezeye11us vicinus (a1ani) Koo1au Olinda Mauna Loa collaris Ha1eaka1a
P1atydesma spathu1ata p1atydesmae (campanu1ata) Glenwood (pilo kea)
EUPHORBIACEAE montgomeryi Euphorbia spp. euphorbiae ..... (akoko, koko) Ewa Pohaku1oa 00
AQUlFOLIACEAE
I1ex anoma1a ilicis n. sp. sp •. (kawa 'u) (W. ) Koha1a
CELASTRACEAE
Perrottetia sandwicensis perrottetiae microgaster vitt icollis (olornea) Kokee hirtipes Kilauea Koo1au
SAPlNDACEAE
Dodonaea viscosa v. spathu1ata conco1or dodonaeavorus n. sp. dodonaeae (aa1H) (W. ) M. L. T. Trail; rnunroi Kona Table 3. Continued. MAUl HAWAII Hosts KAUAI OAHU MOLOKAI
SAPINDACEAE (cont'd) ?darwinianus Sapindus oahuensis + cuneatus + X ex S, saponaria (aulu, kaulu, Kilauea lonomea) albertisi Waianae
RHAMNACEAE
Alphitonia ponderosa longipes X X (kauwila) Halemanu concolor .... munroi ..0 Kokee
TILIACEAE
Elaeocarpus bifidus ignotus solitarius X X X (kalia) Koolau
MYRTACEAE
Syzygium sandwicensis c. concolor solitarius (ohia ha) Kokee Koolau
Metrosideros collina polymorpha c. concolor solitarius aestivus pulvillatus bilineatus (ohia) Halemanu j!" Kohala, " ", Megopis reflexa n. sp. Kilauea c. munroi (W. ) Kokee timberlakei abnormis Koolau M. reflexa Olaa metrosieri M. reflexa M. reflexa Megopis reflexa Table 3. Continued. MAUl HAWAII Hosts KAUAI OAHU MOLOKAl
ARALIACEAE
Cheirodendron trigynum Parandra cheirodendri (gaudichaudi) puncticeps (host assoc. (olapa) uncertain)
ERICACEAE vitticollis Vaccinium spp. ex V. calycinium Kilauea
atricolor ex V. peleanum Nauhi, M. L. T • Trail No
MYRSINACEAE
Myrsine giffardi (kolea) Kilauea Megopis reflexa
SAPOTACEAE
Pouteria concolor muiri (=Planchonella) Waianae (=Sideroxylon) munroi sandwicensis Kumuwela (aulu, kaulu ala'a -Oahu) EBENACEAE
Diospyros ferrea davisi (lama) Puuwaawaa Table 3. Continued.
Hosts KAUAI OAHU MOLOKAI MAUI HAWAII
EBENACEAE (cont'd)
Diospyros ferrea (cont'd) filipes (lama) Puuwaawaa
MYOPORACEAE
Myoporum sandwicense perkinsi (naio) Kilauea area
Megopis reflexa
30LANACEAE
Nicotiana glauca newelli (tree tobacco - exotic) nicotianae S. Haleakala
RUBIACEAE
Bobea elatior microgaster vitticollis (ahakea) Koolau longulus Kilauea
B. mannu. permundus (akupa)
CAMPANUIACEAE
Trematolobelia sp. ukulele (host assoc. uncertain) Table 3. Continued.
Hosts KAUAI OAHU MOLOKAI MAUl HAWAII
COMPOSITAE
Argyroxiphium sandwicense X X X terryi (ahinahina - Haleakala silversword)
Dubautia spp. ?n. SPa swezey anus d. dubautiae (incl. Railliardia) Haleakala ex D. montana (naenae) Pohakuloa dubautianus Haleakala d. arboreae ex D. arborea railliardiae Mauna Kea ex D. ciliolata Haleakala rusticus N N Pohakuloa
Bidens SPA bidensae (kokoolau) Table 4. Introduced Cerambycidae and hosts', by host families
Family Host name Common name Cerambycids. definitely associated
Gt"amineae Saccharum officinarum Sugar cane Prosoplus bankii
Bambusaceae Bambusa Bamboo Chlorophorus annularis
Orchidaceae Cattleya Cattleya Sybra alternans
Dendrobium Dendrobium Sybra alternans
Urticaceae Pipturus Pipturus Ceresium unicolor, Oopsis nutator
Moraceae Artocarpus incisus Breadfruit Pterolophia bigibbera, Sybra alternans
Capparidaceae Capparis Caper, Pilo Prosoplus bankii
Rosaceae Osteomeles anthyllid i- 'Ulei Curtomerus flavus folia
Leguminosae Acacia decurrens Black wattle Curtomerus flavus, Placosternum crinicornis
A. farnesiana Klu Prosoplus bankii, Sybra alternans
A. koa Roa Xystrocera globosa, Curtomerus flavus, Ceresium unicolor
Albizia lebeck Siris tree Placosternum crinicornis, Coptops aedifica tor
Caesalpinia crista Kakalaioa Prosoplus bankii
Cajanus indicus Pigeon pea Sybra alternans
Canavalia cathartica Coptops aedificator Table 4 continued
Family Host name Common name Cerambyc!ds definitely associated
Leguminosae Grotalada Rattlebox Proaplus bankii, Sybra alternans
Delonix regia Poinciana, flame tree Placosternum crinicornis
Erythrina Coral tree, Wili Coptops aedificator, Lagocheirus undatus, wili Prosplus bankii, Sybra alternans
Haemotoxylon campechia- Logwood Placosternus crinicornis num
Leucaena leucoce Koa-haole Placosternus crinicornis phala (L. glauca)
Mezoneuron Kauaiense Uhiuhi Ceresium unicolor
Prosopis pallida Kiawe, Algaroba, Placosternus crinicornis, Prosoplus bankii Mesquite
Samanea saman Monkeypod Xystrocera globosa, Placosternus crinicornis, Coptops aedificator
Sesbania grandiflora Sesban, Prosoplus bankii Ohai-ke'oke'o
Sophora chrysophylla Mamane Ceresium unicolor
Rutaceae Citrus aurantium Orange Prosoplus bankii
Euphorbiaceae Aleurites moluccana Kukui Lagocheirus undatus
Euphorbia Spurge, etc. Lagocheirus undatus, Prosoplus bankii
Ricinus communis Castor bean Prosoplus bankii, Sybra alternans Table 4 continued
Family Host name Common name Cerambycids definitely associated
Anacardiaceae l'1angifera indica l'1ango Pterolophia bigibbera, Sybra alternans
Sapindaceae Sapindus Soapberry, etc. Curtomerus flavus, Placosternum crinicornis l'1alvaceae Gossypium Cotton Prosoplus bankii, Sybra alternans
Hibiscus tiliaceus Hau Gelonaetha hirta, Prosoplus bankii, Oopsis nutator, Sybra alternans
Hibiscus spp. Hibiscus Lagocheirus undatus, Prosplus bankii, Oop sis nutator, Sybra alternans
Guttiferae Calophyllum inophyllum Kamani Oopsis nutator
Cucurbitae Cucumis sativus Cucumber Apomecyna saltator
Citrullus vulgaris Watermelon Apomecyna saltator
Caricaceae Carica papaya Papaya Sybra alternans
Cactaceae- Opuntia Prickly pear Archlagocheirus funestus l'1yrtaceae Eucalyptus sideroxylon Eucalyptus Phoracantha semipunctata, Curtomerus flavus
Metrosideros collina Ohia Ceresium unicolor polymorpha
Psidium guajava Guava Curtomerus flavus, Sybra alternans
A:raliaceae Panax Panax Sybra alternans
Reynoldsia sandwicensis Ohe kukuluaeo Coptops aedificator
Apocynaceae Plume ria Frangipani Ceresium unicolor, Lagocheirus undatus, Sybra alternans To ! ! it 'Or .. '" '.{," Table 4 continued
Family Host name Common name Cerambycids definitely associated
Boraginaceae Cordia subcordata Kou Sybra alternans
Verbenaceae Lantana camara Lantana Plagiohammus spinipennis
Solanaceae Nicotiana tabacum Tob.,acco Curtomerus flavus
Solandra guttata Cup of gold Pterolophia bigibbera
Bignoniaceae Tabebuia pentaphylla Pink tecoma Pterolophia bigibbera
Hyoporaceae l1yoporum sandwicense Naio Ceresium unicolor, Sybra alternans
Goodeniaceae Scaevola Naupaka Sybra alternans N C1\ Compositae Bidens Kokoolau Curtomerus flavus
Xanthium Cocklebur Prosplus bankii Table 5. Introduced Cerambycidae, with host genera and Hawaii distribution.
Cerambycinae Host ge~ Hawaii distribution
Xystrocera globosa Samanea Kauai, Oahu, Hawaii
Phoracantha semipunctata Eucalyptus Kauai, Oahu
Curtomerus flavus Acacia, Bidens, Eucalyptus, Psidium, Oahu, Lanai, Mauai, Hawaii Osteomeles, Nicotiana, Sapindus
Gelonaetha hirta Hibiscus Kauai, Oahu
Ceresium unicolor Acacia, Metrosideros, Mezoneurum, Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, 11yoporum, Pipturus Hawaii, Midway, Niihau , Placosternus crinicornis Acacia, Albizia, Haematoxylon, Leucaena, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, ("Cyllene ") Poinciana, Prosopis, Sapindus Kahoolawe, Hawaii
Chlorophorus annularis Bambusa Oahu, Hawaii
Lamiinae
Plagiohammus spinipennis Lantana Oahu, Hawaii
Coptops aedificator Albizia, Canavalia, Erythrina, Oahu, Maui Reynoldsia, Samanea
Lagocheirus undatus Aleurites, Erythrina, Euphorbia, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, Hibiscus, Plumeria Hawaii
Archlagocheirus funestus Opuntia Oahu, Hawaii
Prosoplus bankii Acacia, Caesalpinia, Capparis, Citrus, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Crotalaria, Erythrina, Euphorbia, Gossypium, Hawaii Hibiscus, Prosopis, Ricinus, Saccharum, Sesbania, Xanthium Table 5. Continued.
Lamiinae Host genera Hawaii distribution
Pterolophia bigibbera Artocarpus, Mangifera, Solandra, Tabebuia Kauai, Oahu
Oopsis nutator Artocarpus, Calophyllum, Hibiscus, Pipturus Oahu
Mimectatina meridiana Host unknown Oahu
Sybra alternans Acacia, Cajanus, Carica, Cattleya, Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Hawaii, Cordia, Crotalaria, Dendrobium, Midway Erythrina, Gossypium, Hibiscus, Myoporum, Panax, Ricinus, Plumeria, Psidium, Scaevola, and many other genera
Apomecyna saltator Citrullus, Cucumis Kauai, Oahu N 00 Plagithmysine species host indices by islands* NIHOA nihoae Perk. Plag. Euphorbia KAUAI aequa11s She Plag. Acacia koa metrosideri G. & D. Neo. Metrosideros annectens (Sh. ) ?Para. A. koa munroi She Plag. Metrosideros arachnipes She Plag. A. koa obscurus (Sh. ) Neo. Acac. koa concolor She Plag. Syzygium paludis Perk. Plag. ? diana She Plag. Pelea permundus She Plag. Bobea perrottetiae G. & D. Plag. Perrottetia forbesianus Gr. Plag. ? N (forbesi Perk.) \0 polystictus Perk. Plag. Cryptocarya ignotus Perk. Plag. Elaeocarpus sharpianus Perk. Plag. Pipturus longipes (Sh. ) Neo. ·Acac. koa, Alphitonia sugawai G. & D. Plag. Pittosporum
* Subspecies are here treated as species.
Abbreviations:
Aes. - Aeschrithmysus Plag. - Plagithmysus
G. & D. - Gressitt & Davis She - Sharp
Gr. - Gressitt Swez. - S~1ezey NUl. - l\)u~I~+c..l"\Wl Nes. Nesitlimysus H. - West Maui
Para. - Paraclytarlus Zimm. - Zimmerman Perk. - Perkins OAHU albertisi She Plag. Sapindus koebelei Perk. Plag. Pipturus attenuatus (Boisd.) Plag. Acac. koa kuhnsi Perk. Plag. Pipturus (eristatus mierogaster (Sh.) Plag. Bobea bridwelli Perk. Nes. Pelea muiri Perk. Plag. Pouteria ehenopodii (Perk.) Neo. Chenopodium pulverulentus (Mots.) Plag. Acae. koa cristatus (see attenuatus) sapindi (see euneatus) cuneatus Sh. Plag. Sapindus solitarius She Plag. Metrosideros, (sapindi) Elaeocarpus, Syzygium euphorbiae (Bridw.) Neo. Euphorbia ..., superstes Zimm. Plag. ? 0 fragilis (Sh.) Neo. Acac. koa timberlakei Perk. Para. Metrosideros haasii Perk. Nes. Pelea ultimus (Sh.) Neo. Acac. kOel hirtipes (Sh.) Plag. Perrottetia usingeri G. & D. Plag. ? indeeens (Perk.) Neo. Smilax
MOLOKAI aestivus She Plag. Metrosideroa kainaluensis (Perk.) Neo. Smilax bidensae Gr. Neo. Bidens molokaiensis Perk. Plag. Pipturus dodonaeavorus Gr. Neo. Dodonaea peleae G. & D. Nes. Pelea fractus Perk. Plag. ?Acac. koa peleanus G. & D. Aes. Pelea ilicis Gr. Plag. ~. Ilex LANAI lanaiensis She Plag. ?Metrosideros smilacivorus Gr. Neo. Smilax pittospori Gr. Plag. Pittosporum HAUl cheirodendri G. & D. Plag. ?Cheirodendron nicotiani G. & D. Plag. Nicotiana collaris She Plag. Pelea pennatus (Sh. ) Neo. Acac. koa dubautianus (G. & D. ) Aes. Dubautia pipturicola (Perk. ) Para. p,~pbl,l;l:U s finschi (Harold) Plag. Acac. koa pulvillatus Karsch Plag. Metrosideros forbesi Perk. Nes. Pelea railliardiae (Perk. ) Neo. Dubautia w I-' fugitivus (Perk. ) Neo. ? rubi Perk. Plag. Rubus funebris She Plag. Sophora simillimus Perk. Plag. Pipturus geranii (Perk. ) Neo. Geranium smilacis Perk. Neo. Smilax hardyi Gr. Neo. Smilax (W.) speculifer She Plag. ? (W. ) koae G. & D. Plag. Acac. koa swezeyanus G. & D. Aes. Dubautia laticollis (Sh. ) Para. Acac. koa swezeyellus Gr. Aes. Pelea longicollis Perk. Plag. ? terryi Perk. Aes. Argyroxiphium mediocris (Sh. ) Neo. Sophora ukulele Gr. Plag. ?Trematolobelia modestus (Sh. ) Neo. Acac. koa wattleae G. & D. Neo. Acac. de currens newelli She Plag. Nicotiana yoshimotoi G. & D. Aes. ? HAHAII
abnormis (Sh.) Neo. Metrosideros frater Perk. Plag. ?Pelea (= viCinus) acaciae G. & D. Neo. Acac. koaia giffardi Perk. Plag. Smilax, arboreae G. & D. Neo. Dubautia ?Myrsine
atricolor (Perk.) Plag. Vaccinium gracilis She Plag. ?Osmanthus
bilineatus She Plag. Metrosideros greenwelli G. & D. Plag. Santalum
bishopi She Plag. Pelea, Fagara immundus (Sh.) Neo. Charpentiera
blackburni (Sh.) Plag. Sophora keanakolui G. & D. Neo. Chenopodium
c1aviger (Sh.) Neo. Acac. koa koaiae G. & D. Plag. Acac. koaia
dan7inianus Sh. Plag. Sophora, kohalae Perk. Plag. ? ?Sapindus kraussi G. & D. Plag. ? davisi Swez. Plag. Diospyros, Osteomeles lamarckianus She Plag. Pipturus
debilis (Sh.) Neo. Acac. koa longulus Perk. Plag. Bobea
decorus Perk. Plag. Charpentiera looki (Swez.) Neo. Chenopodium
decurrensae G. & D. Neo. Acac. decurrens mezoneuri (Swez.) Neo. Mezoneurum
dodonaeae (Swez.) Neo. Dodonaea montgomeryi G. & D. Neo. Euphorbia dubautiae G. & D. Neo. Dubautia nodifer (Sh.) Neo. Acac. koa
elegans She Plag. ? perkinsi She Plag. Myoporum filipes (Sh.) Neo. Diospyros platydesmae Perk. Plag. Platydesma RAHAl I (cont'd) podagricus (Perk. ) Para. ? ukae G. & D. Neo. Chenopodium rusticus G. & D. Neo. Dubautia varians She Plag. Acac. koa simplicicollis She Plag. ? vicinus She Plag. Pelea sophorae G. & D. Neo. Sophora vitticollis She Plag. Perrottetia, Rubuo, sulphurescens She Plag. Urera Vaccinium
swezeyi Perk. Plag. ? Index to plant genera Leucaena 24 Reyno1dsia 25 Acacia 16, 23 Cordia 26 Mangifera 25 Ricinus 24 Albizia 23 Crota1aria 24 MetrQsideros 19, 25 Rubus 16 Aleuritas 24 Cucumis 25 Mezoneuron 17, 24 Saccharum 23 Alpnitoni. 19 CryPtocarya 13 Myopor'um 21, 26 Samanea 24 Argyroxiphium 22 DeloniK 24 Myrsine 20 Santa1um 14 Artocarpus 23 Dendrobium 23 21, 26 Sapindu$ 19, 25 Bambusa 23 Diospyros 20, 21 Nicotiana 25 Scaevola 26 Bidens 22, 26 Dodonaea 18 Opuntia Osteorne1es 15, 23 Sesbania 24 Bobea 21 Dubautia 22 Panax 25 Sideroxy1on (~ee Pouteria) w Caesa1pinia 23 Elaeocarpus 19 .p- 17, 18 Smilax 14 Cajanus 23 Erythrina 24 Pe1ea 18 Solandra 26 Ca10phyllum 25 Eucalyptus 25 Perrottetia 14, 23 SoPhora 17 Canavalia 23 Eugenia (see Syzygium) 'Pipturus 15 Syzygium 19 Capparis 23 Euphorbia 18, 24 Pittosporum (see 'Pouteria) Tabebuia 26 Carica 25 Fagara 17 P1anchonella 18 Tremato1obelia 21 Catt1eya 23 Geranium 17 P1atydesma Urera 14 Charpentiera 15 Gossypium 2S Plumeria 25 Vaccinium 20 Cheirodendron 20 Haematoxylon 24 Pouteria 20 Xanthium 26 Chenopodium 15 Hibiscus 25 Prosopis 24 Zanthoxylum (see F agar a) Citrullus 25 Ilex 18 Psidium 25 (see Dubautia) Citrus 24 Lantana 26 Railliardia