IeclUlical Report No. 5

SEASONAL OCCURRENCE AND HOST-LISTS

OF HA~.;rAIIAN CERAMBYCIDAE

J. Linsley Gressitt Bishop Huseum, lionolulu~

and

CHfton J. Davis Department of Agriculture, Honolulu! Hawaii

ISIAND ECOSYSTEMS IRP

U. S. International Biological Progra:n

April 1972 TABLE O~ CONTEnTS

Page

Abstract ••••••••••••••••••••••••• O.c •• II •• e.'lI ••••••• " •••••• e.~ • ••••••••••• i

Introduction ••••••••••••••• 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1

Selected referencen ...... 3a

Tabulation of seasonal occurrence a~d altitude range of adult

native Cerambycidae .... " ...... , ...... 4

Tabulation of seasonal occurrence of adult introduced Cerambycidae,

with first year collected .•.••.••••.•...•.••••.•.•.••••••••.••••••••. 12

Host -- :"slcmd record tabul :::::'_on by families: Endemic

Cerambycidae •••••••••• C ••••••••• O ••• O •••••••••• II •••••••••••••••••••• 14

Host record tabulation by plant farnilier: Introduced Cerambycidae 23

Introduced Cerambycidae, with host genera and H~waii distribution 27

Plagithmysine species -- host indices by islQnds

Nihoa ••••••••••••••••••• (! ••••• O •• "' •••• O •• o •• r.o" •••••••••••••••••••• 29

Kauai 29

Oahu 30

Molokai ••••••••.•••••••• " •• ".ClGflO •• O .. \J" •••• ".O!t- ••• " ••••••••••• ., •••••• 30

Lanai 31

Maui .~ ••••••••••••••••• oe.O." ••••••• Il ••• c.OO •• fI' •••••••••••• •••••••••• 31

Hawaii 32

Index to plant genera .!) ••••••••• O.O •• C!l •• ~. c.O.O ••• !$1 •••••••••••••••••••• 34 ABSTRACT

The cer,::u::lb:;:cid borers play an inportant role in Hawaiian forests, both in the G.3.tural ,::u:d disturbed environ::rrents. Their significance is enhanced by the dishar~onic nature of the fauna, such as the lack of and june beetles. in the native fauna. There are about 120 known species of ende- mic cerambycids, almost entirely restricted to native and , and

17 spcci~G of established exotic cerambycids, which with few exceptions bore in exotic trees. The seasonal occurrence, as far as kno~m, of the adult ceram- b;rcids is tnbulatcd. Altitudinal range and latest year of collection (native) or eo.."""e.st year of record (e~:otic) are also tabulated. In a further tabulation, the species for \7ilich host associatio:.ls are known are presented by host genera "- under plant families, and by islands. The introduced species are treated in similar Qan".er.

- i - INTRODUCT I 0:1

The native fauna of the Eawaiian Chain is highly disharmonic in nature, meaning that because of the extreme isolation, many prominent groups of

failed to reach the ::' ~_ands before the recent arrival of man. Certain groups,

however, reach~d the island early and r:y::-::·.\':::d extensively. The family Ceram­

bycidae (longhorned beetles - adults; rounded-head weod-borers - larvae) re­

presents one of these groups. About 120 endemic species are known, and probably

considernb1y oore exist or formerly c}:isted and became extinct. These beetles

bore in the of over one-third (38 out of 102) of the native genera' of woody

. It is puzzling, however, that only a minority (23.8%) of the endemic

genera' of trees and shrubs have confirmed host records for cerambycids. Some

of the very common trees have few or questionable records. This situation may

be related to chemical or physical properties of the living trees, such as the

nature of the sap. An ir.:l?ortant point is that all of the endemic cerambycids

are closely related (except Pa:fD.ndrq and ~5!J!..... ()pifl. ~Jhich bore in dead wood).

The main group, called the p1agithmysines, to a great extent bore in living

trees as larvae. They evolved fron a single immigrant ancestor. Although

several genera have been named, representing considerable divergence in form,

we now consider that they const:i.tute a single genus, with five of the former

genera to be reta5.ned as subgenera. Native Ara1iaceae, uith gummy sap, have

no confirmed p1asithmysine records, but Parandra bore in rotting··ara1iads.

In connection with the period of adult occurrence, data are as yet insuf­

ficient to express a view on seasonality. For sooe species, it would appear

that adults occur the ye,''.r nround, end that there are completely overlapping

generations. On the other hand, pupae and adult emerGence seem to be more pre­

valent bet';lcen l-~:lrch and July. In captivity, adults live up to 6 or 8 weeks, -2-

but the average span may be less in nature, with birds, rat and mongoose pre­ dation.

In the first tabulation, altitude range and latest year of collection are given for endemic species &1d-earlieab year of record for exotic species. For both, the numbers of dated specimens examined is also presented. In the second tabulation, host gen~ra are listed under the plant families and are indexed at the end.

Monoinsular endemicity is the rule with the plagithmysines--that is, no one kind is known to occur on more than one island. However, there are closely related species on different islands, particularly as between , and . Host associations are largely narrow as far as known, and often re­

lated species have the same host genera. More species are being discovered by

investigating gaps in host/island records.

In this family, the greatest number of known species occur on the island

of Hawaii (44) and the next greatest on Maui (30). This is in contrast to the

situation in the weevils where Kauai has the greatest number of species and

Oahu the next greatest.

A large proportion of the specimens which have been collected have been

utilized in constructing the following tables. It is expected that much addi­

tional data to be collected will shortly render these tables out of date. We

trust that this presentation may prove useful. We also hope that it may en­

courage other workers to help us to fill the many gaps in our present knowledge.

The material here comprises background and comparative data for the "Island

Ecosystems" IBP studies on the joint transects, and on the biologies of some

of the involved species, as well as of the evolution of the cerambycids and

their host relationships in the Hawaiian Chain. -~

We wish to gratefully acknowledge the assistance and advice of J. W. Beards­ ley, F. A Bianchi, E. J. Ford, Jr., Lynnette Fuller, Bruce Furmidge, Wayne

Gagne, D. E. Hardy, Carol Higa, F.·W. Howarth, James Jacobi, Ronald Lau, Rebecca

G. Lau, Steve Montgomery, Barbara Myers, Noah Pekelo, Thane Pratt, G. A. Samuel­ son, Dr. Harold St. John, Donald Sugawa, Rene Sylva and Ernest Yoshioka. - 3a -

SELECTED REFERENCES

Duffy, E. A. J. 1953. The immature stages of Hawaiian Cerambycidae with a key to 1arve. Proc. Hawaiian Entomo1. Soc. 15 (1): 135-58, ill.

Gressitt, J. L. 1972. New p1agithmysines from Mo1okai, Lanai, and Maui (Col.: Cerambyc.). Pacific 14 (1): 83-92, ill.

Gressitt, J. L. and C. J. Davis. 1969. Studies in the p1agithmysines, endemic Hawaiian Cerambycidae (Co1eopt.). Pro,c. Hawaiian Entomo1. Soc. 20 (2): 331-393, ill.

1970. A new p1agithmysine beetle from Sandalwood (Col. Cerambycidae). Proc. Hawaiian Entomo1. Soc. 20 (3): 567-569, ill.

1972. New p1agithmysines from Kauai, Mo1okai and Hawaii (Co1eopt.: Cerambycidae). Proc. Hawaiian Entomo1. Soc. 21 (1): 67-77, ill.

Perkins, R. C. L. 1921. Notes on Hawaiian P1agithmysides and Anobiides (Col.) with descriptions of new species. Proc. Hawaiian Entomo1. Soc. 4 (3): 493-506.

1927. Notes on Hawaiian Coleoptera (Curcu1ionidae, Proterhini­ dae and Cerambycidae) and descriptions of new species. Proc. Hawaiian Entomo1. Soc. 6 (3): 465-488.

1931. New species of Hawaiian Cerambycidae (Col.). Proc. Hawaiian Entomo1. Soc. 7 (3): 415-418.

Sharp, David. 1896. On P1agithmysus: A Hawaiian genus of longicorn Coleoptera. Entomo1. Mon. Mag. 32: 237-245, 271-274.

1900. Coleoptera Phytophaga. Fauna Hawaiiensis 2 (1): 91-116, pI. 6.

Southwood, T. R. E. 1960. The abundance of the Hawaiian trees and the numbers of their associated species. Proc. Hawaiian Entomo1. Soc. 17 (2): 293-303.

Swezey, 0,. H. 1954. Forest entomology in Hawaii. Bishop Mus. Spec •. Publ .. 44·: 1-266, ill. Table 1. Seasonal occurrence and altitude range of adult native Hawaiian Cerambycidae

No. of Yr. dated Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Ju1 Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec A1t last spec. coll

I ; I ' ' , i ?arandra puncticeps iI ! i I ! I I 1 ___ i __ Sharp 51 I ---- 19 -----1------1------:------I I 300-1280 j I- ,{egopis ref1exa , I i I (Karsch) 30 x- Ix---- I ---- i- I 11100-1250 19 i 1--- ! I I I ?lagithmysus (Nesi­ I thplysus) - I I I I bridwe11i (Perk.) 20 xxxx- ' xxx- X 1- 600-1280 19 i r forbesii (Perk.) I !- 5 I xxx i 950 19 I I haasi (Perk.) 19 Ix xxxx- ! X I 1-_­ 600-1280 19 ; I pe1eae (G. & D.) 3 x x 1100 19

'? (Aeschrithmysus) I! ! dubautianus (G. & D.) 4 2500 19

pe1eanus G. & D. 1 ;x 1100 19 swezeyanus G. & D. (A. swezeyi Perk.) 2 2500 19

I I swezeye11us G;. (N. I I swezeyi Perk.) 1 x I 12001 19 terryi (Perk.) 4 I 3040 19 yoshimotoi G. & D. 1 , ,I 2000 19 Note:' "'=adult collectiOds ,"'x=- emergenee from pupa 4- Table 1 continued

No. of-~------. Yr. CI dated Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Ju1 Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec A1t (m) last spe_c .______co11'

P. (Parac1ytar1us) annectens (Sh.) 5 1200 192~

1atico11is (Sh.) 2 1300-1500 192E (fugitivus Perk.)

pipturico1a (Perk.) 1 1 192(

podagricus Perk. 1 12601 191!

timber1akei (Perk.) 1 I 10001 1911 P. (N"eoc1ytar1us) I abnormis (Sh.) 2 I I 1500 189l j I , acaciae G. & D. 82 xxx Ix Ixxxxxx\xxxxxx 1060 1961 1-- t I t i I I I I atrico1or (Perk.) 6 Ixx - IX- x I 2200-2740 197 bidensae Gr. 3 I II 700 197 x"'l- ! I I: .! I chenopodii (Perk.) 167 xxxxxx------1----- x I ! xxx- 460- 900 195 t I I ! 1_ ! claviger (Sh.) 9 r --'x I I - I - 1580 195 ! " I debi1is (Sh.) 20 I 1200-1500 193 I -1----- I r

decurrensae G. & D. 45 , Ixxxxxx I 1000 19S I, I 1--- . 1--- dodonaeae (Swez.) 29 !xxx IXxxx IXx !xx xxxxxxi xxxxxxi 2000 197 IX ! I I dodonaeavorus Gr. 17 ! I I ! 400- 500" 197 dubautiae G. D. 36 t X--!:::J & I 1980 19~

5 Table 1 continued

No. of Yr. dated Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Ju1 Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec A1t (m) last spec. coll \ . I iii d. arboreae~G.& D. 22 --;------'xxxxx I 2200 195 t I i .1 euphorbiae (Brid­ i I I i I I' well) 81 IXX xxxxxx; x ! IXxxxxx, 5 195 --I-- I I I t filipes (Sh.) 61 Ix I xxx ~xxxxxxlxx ~xxx x- xxx- I ---jxxxxxx 1200-1800 194 j I j . J I , I I f. sophorae G.&.D. 18 jxx I Ix . I IXXXXXX xx I-- -- Ix, ,lx--- 1000-2040 197 fragilis (Sh.) 5 i I I 760 195 i 1- I gerani i (Perk.) 3 I I 1800-2400 196 I I hardyi Gr. 3 I xl-----x I 900-1000 197 1 immundus (Sh.) 55 i I I -- 1--- 900 190 t I I I indecens (Perk.) 60 x I xxxxxx Ixxxxxx' ! 1219 192 i kaina1uensis (Perk.) 9 I x ! ! I ; 800-1100 197 I i I longipes (Sh.) 50 I -- I I Ixxxxxx ! I 600-1000 197 lookii (Swez.) 215 ~xxxxxy. xxxxxx I I --- xxxxxY. --- lxxxxxxlll00-2050 197 i I 1. keanako1ui G.&.D. 5 I I ! I ! 1800 195 ~ I 1. ukae G. &. D. 192 XXXXX! I I xxxxx; 1000 19E mediocris (Sh.) 19 I ! I 11200-1500 191 i I metrosideri G.&.D. 1 I 1. 1200 19lj 6 fable 1 continued

No. of Yr. ( dated Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Ju1 Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec A1t (m) last spec. coll

! , mezoneuri (Swez.) 2 I i IX- 600 194~ i ! I ! f j modestus (Sh.) 22 !x --1- -- :------~-- 1 - 950-1500 197: i I 4 i j montgomeryi G.&.D. 25 XXXXXX/ x xxXXXXl i j 1830 197( !x 'I I I i I ' nodifer (Sh.) 87 xxxx ixxxxxx -- ! !' iXXXXXX l xx 900-1500 197: ! ! obscurus (Sh.) 31 I ' ----1------I- 900-1200 192J I pennatus (Sh.) 97 Ixx i,---- 900-1500 197J --I----x I-x-- 1--- I ------1--- pu1chrior Perk. 1 I I I ? ? ? I : ! t ' , rai11iardiae Perk. 15 I I 3000 192i

rusticus G. & D. 1 2000 195~ ! I smilacis Perk. 11 xx xxx I ' 1400 192~ I I I ! smi1acivorus G. 3 I x I ------200 197] i I superstes Zimm. 1 j 2 U3~ I u1timus (Sh.) 5 I 580 B5~ I j usingeri G. & D. 1 I I 500 195E I I ! I watt1eae G. & D. 19 !xxxxxx Ixx jXXX Ix 1000 197C i i ! I I P. (P1agithmysus) I aequa1is (Sh.) 100 -1--- !I ----- '---, 600-1500 192q ___ I aestivus (Sh. ) 20 I, ! 1200 1901 : 7 able 1 continued No. of Yr. dated Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Ju1 Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Al t (m) last spec. coll ; j ! 1 ' 30 i! 300·· 760 196 a1bertisi (Sh.) I-XXXXX --:------I ! ~'-- i I ill I attenuatus Boisd. ! a (cristatus Sh.) 137 1--- , x-x--I------I------1---- Ixxxx- x I ----- ,i-- • 500-1000 1~(i I I 1___ _ I bilineatus (Sh. ) 339 -.! 1_- !XXXXXX~~-----I------, 800-1200 195 " ! ;' i ----- I !I -XXX;xxxxxxl------x Iii! I 1200-1350 193 bishopi (Sh.) 77 !I ,I ?~t b1ackburni (Sh.) 188 C_____ !------Ixxxxxx~ '!rxx""x: I I' x 1200-2300 197 I"! 1-----·· . cheirodendri G. & D.) 1 r 2000 195 :! I I ! I I co11aris (Sh. ) 20 II I I I ! x-- 1500 189 canco1or arachnipes ~II I I i I She 106 II x XX- xxx x-xx Ixxxxxx 1---- I ! 1200 197

conco1or conco1or II 1 . II I II She 24 ! I I ------1 --- xx- I I 1000-1220 193 conco1or munroi She 97 xxx xx iXXXXXX XXXXX xx ---Ixxxxxxl------lx ---- !XXXXX x I x - Ix 1000-1500 196 ~ , i I cuneatus She 68 IX ~XXXx:o< r- --- XX- -x-xx 'I xx---- ,-- ! I I X XJ~X 300- 600 197 I darwinianus She 159 , :, ------IX}:XXXX XXXXXX 1 1200 192 Ip d.::visi 'Swez. 14 I xxxxxx Ijx i!, I 600 196 decorus Perk. 6 X--- xx x ! 500-1070 197 diana She 16 1200 197

e1egans She 900 8 ~ab1e 1 continued

No. of Yr. I dated Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Ju1 Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec A1t (m) last spec. coll

fi.nschi (Harold) 47 11200-1500 193:

forbesianus G. 1 I 1200 191 Ii frater Perk. 1 I; 900 190: fractus Perk. 1 II 500? 1901 I funebris She 161 --- xxx xxx 11800-2100 196'

giffardi Perk. 93 xxx 111100-1220 193. gracilis She 'I (bishopi var.) II 1100? 190 greenwe11i G. & D. 1 x -. II 1200 196

hirtipes (Sh.) 1 600 191

ignotus Perk. 18 xxxxxx xxx xxx x 197 ilicis G. 2 I :::: 197 \1 koae G. & D. 4 ,j 450-1000 196 !! koaiae G. & D. 34 xxxxxx x 1070 196

koebe1ei Perk. 23 IIX- x- 600 193

koha1ae Perk. 1 1200 191

kraussi G. & D. 500 195

kuhnsi Perk. 13 ------xxx x 600 19!

9 ~ab1e 1 continued

No. of Yr. 0 dated Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Ju1 Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec A1t (m) last spec. colI ': i 1amarckianus Sh. 42 x 1_- I-­ 1100-1220 1929 1anaiensis Sh. 1 I 900 1894 longico11is Perk. 1 600 1920

longu1us Perk. 15 450- 600 1920

microgaster (Sh .) 20 xxx x ---- -xxx-- -x- 500-1000 1934

molokaiensis Perk. 25 975 1925

muiri Perk. 18 x-- 1200 1934

newe11i Sh. 1 1200 1913

nicotianae G. & D. 18 xxx xx XXX xxx xxxx-- 600 1969

nihoae Perk. 1 100? 1923 pa1udis Perk. 1 , 1200 1917 I 1200-1800 1971 perkinsi Sh. 28 IXXXXX ------x----- x---

permundus Sh. 13 600 1397

perrottetiae G. & D. 7 xx x-- 1220 1971

pittospori G. 24 -x--x- ---x- 950 1971

p1atydesmae Perk. 6 X- 920 1919 ? 1932 po1ystictus Perk. 1 , i I t pu1veru1entus (Mots.) 81 ----I------i---xx-I------I------l----- ixxxx ----I 300- 920 1970 " I I t f : I 10 Table 1 continued

No. of Yr. c dated Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Ju1 Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec A1t (m) last s,Rec. colli

pulvi11atus Karsch 3 1500 l89E

rubi Perk. 1 1100 192E

sharpianus Perk. 4 1200 1925 I __ simi11imus Perk. 10 1200 1925

simplicico1lis She 900 190C solitarius She 63 ------.... _- xx --xx------xxxxx-- 600 1931j speculifer She 1 -- 800? 1894 sugawai G. & D. 27 x xxxxxx xxx-- xx--- xxxx 1250 1970

sulphurescens She 14 1150 1895

swezeyi Perk. 1 ? 1917

ukulele G. 1 I 1250 1919 varians She 650 --1---.--- t---"·x Ixx·- 1------~xxxxxlxxxxxxl------xxx------I 2040 1971 vicinus She 3 I ? 900 1892 vitticollis She 46 ----I-xxx xx x 1200-1530 1971 11 · ~"'.. ..- Table 2. Seasonal occurrence of adult introduced Cerambycidae with first year co11ected.*

No. of Yr. of dated Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Ju1 Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec first spec's co11'n, I ~ , ; : globosa I I ; , ! I (Olivier) 155 1- , --x--I-x---- . '---, 1--xX !1900 IX-X---!XXXXXX I , I ! 1 .' I I I Iii (F I) 25 Ix I xxx ' x 'I' i Ixxxxxx I xx I I I , I i I Curtomerus f1avus (F.) 178 X X--XX'I-xxxxxix-xXXXi-- xxx x-x-- iXXXXXX i-----x I!---x- I . I I I I I ! 1 Ge10naetha hirta (F.) &5 -xxxx- 1-- 1-- \- !xxxxxx i i x-- i I I : Ceresium unico1or (F!) 82 ,xx I --xxx Ixxx-x i---xxx i i I I 1 iii I ' \ --xxx t ---- I-x------x P1acosternus crinicornis I ! I ! I I I ' , I (chevrolet) 248 Ii ----x-: ' ---x- ,r- I - i Ix_x__ ,--xx- Ch1orophorus annu1aris , I I I I (F. ) 42 ----- I ,---- '-xx- :-- !- I I P1agiohammus spinipennis , I ! (thomson) 18 ! 'X- x I' I!f __ !I____ _ I aedificator (F.) 60 r---x I * - = Adult collection x = Emergence All of these species are associated with introduced plants and therefore occur primarily at low altitudes. None of them have been found to our knowledge above the altitude of 900 meters. Additional species with isolated records, which are probably not established in Hawaii, are the following: Semanotus amethysti~us (Lec.) Nov. 1931 (1 specimen); C1ytus pi10sus Forst. subsp. glabromacu1tatus, June 1938 (6); Xy10rechus co1onus (F.), Apr. 1947 (1); Monochamus sp., Oct. 1971 (1); Batocera davidis Fairm., July 1969 (1); championi Bates, Apr. 1960 (1). Table 2. Continued.

No. of Yr. of dated Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Ju1 Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec first sEec's col1 'n i I I Lagocheirus undatus I I i ____ I , I ; undatus (Voet) 219 --x xxx xx x ----x --x 1--- I---- i- - I x---x )1892 i I I ! 1 I---xx- I Arch1agocheirus funestus ,. J I ! I ' . I (thomson) 8 i ixxxxxxi l I Ixx i I ' I , Prosop1us banki (F. ) 200 x-xx !-xx-x lxx-x- -xx -xx I xxxxx: --x-x 1-- xxx-x ! ---- .. x 1897 I I ' - I - I i I I Ptero1ophia bigibbera I ,I ! I Newman 97 xx- ,-x !xxx--- -xxxx x- l ---""-- ~-- -x-- I , Ixxxxxx ,1930 I j I , I I I Oopis nutator (F. ) 87 ----xx I--XXXX x-- I-- xxxxx -x- x 1892 I - I I I I I I wto-' Mimectatina meridianus ~ (Matsushita) 5 f - 11951 ! a1ternans' , I I (Wiedeman) 341 ix--xxxx : --xxx- i-xx- xX -xxx- "~xxx-l----x- xx-- I" -xx- I x--x xxx 1917 I Apomecyna sa1tator (F. ) 110 xx---- I - !XXX--- -xxxx-' x- 1906 I ! Table 3. Host genus -- Island records by plant families: Endemic Cerambycidae*

Hosts KAUAI OAHU MOLOKAI MAUl HAWAII

LILIACEAE

Smilax melastomifolia & sandwicensis indecens kainaluensis smilacis giffardi (ulihihi; uhi) Waikomoi Kilauea hardyi (w.)

URTICACEAE

Pipturus spp. sharpianus kuhnsi molokaiensis smillimus lamarckianus (mamaki) Kumuwela Koolau Olinda Kohala, Kilauea I-' pipturicola ~ Kailua

Urera sandwicensis X X lamarckianus (opuhe) sulphurescens Kilauea

SANTALACEAE

Santalum sp. greenwelli (iliahi) Kona

* For members of Plagithmysus only trivial names are presented. For subgenera see Table 1 or island indices. One species is on NIHOA: nihoae from Euphorbia. Species from LANAI are smilacivorus from Smilax, pittospori from Pittosporum and lanaiensis (probably) and Megopis reflexa from Metrosideros. W. = W. Maui X • Host genus is not found on islands marked. + = Different species of host genus represented. Table 3. Continued. MOLOKAl MAUl HAWAII Hosts KAUAl OAHU

CHENOPOD IACEAE

Chenopodium oahuense chenopodii (aweoweo) Waianae looki looki Chenopodium sp. Pohakuloa

looki ukae Kawaihai Uka

looki keanakolui Keanakolu

~ AMARANTHACEAE V1 immundus Charpentiera sp. Kona (papala) decorus Puuwaawaa

lAURACEAE

Cryptocarya manrlii polystictus X X (holio) Kumuwela + X

P lTTOSPORACEAE

P1ttosporum spp. sugawai n. sp. Kokee (W. )

ROSACEAE

Osteomeles david anthyllidifolia Puuwaawaa (uulei) Table 3.' Continued.

Hosts KADAI OAHU MOLOKAI MAUl HAWAII

ROSACEAE (cont'd)

Rubus hawaiiensis x x rubi vitticollis (akala) Olinda Kohala, Kilauea LEGUMINOSAE

Acacia koa concolor arachnipes attenuatus fractus finschi varians (koa) (1this host) c. munroi pulverulentus koae debUis

aequalis fragilis laticollis claviger (1= ultimus) obscurus pennatus nodifer Parandra ~ longipes puncticeps modestus Parandra 0- puncticeps Parandra puncticeps Parandra punctic:eps,. :~"

Acacia koaia + + koaiae (konia, kos, oha) Kawaihae Uka

nodifer

acaciae Kawaihae Uka

Acacia decurrens concolor wattleae nodifer (black wattle: Olinda Kamuela exotic) munroi Kumuwela claviger Kamuela

decurrensae Kamuela Table 3. Continued.

Hosts KAUAl OAHU MOLOKAl MAUl HAWAII

LEGUMlNOSAE (cont'd)

Mezoneurum kauaiense X rnezoneuri (uhiuhi) N. Kona

Sophora chrysophylla funebris blackburni (mamane) Olinda; Mauna Kea, Kona, S. Slope, Hal. Kilauea

rnediocris darwinianus Haleakala Kona, Kau, Kilauea

filipes

t-' sophorae "-l Pohakuloa, Kilauea GERANEACEAE

Geranium cuneatus v. tridens X X geranii at rico lor (hinahina) N. Slope, Hal. Mauna Kea RUTACEAE

Fagara dipetalum geminatum bishopi (Zanthoxylum) Kilauea (a'e, hea'e)

Pelea spp. diana bridwelli ex P. peleae forbesi bishOJ?i (alani) sandwicensis, Olinda ex P. cinerea, p. c1usiaefolia peleanus P. zahlbruckneri n. sp. (w. ) Table 3. Continued. HAWAII Hosts KAUAl OAHU MOLOKAl MAUl

RUTACEAE (cont'd)

Pe1ea spp. (cont'd) haasi swezeye11us vicinus (a1ani) Koo1au Olinda Mauna Loa collaris Ha1eaka1a

P1atydesma spathu1ata p1atydesmae (campanu1ata) Glenwood (pilo kea)

EUPHORBIACEAE montgomeryi Euphorbia spp. euphorbiae ..... (akoko, koko) Ewa Pohaku1oa 00

AQUlFOLIACEAE

I1ex anoma1a ilicis n. sp. sp •. (kawa 'u) (W. ) Koha1a

CELASTRACEAE

Perrottetia sandwicensis perrottetiae microgaster vitt icollis (olornea) Kokee hirtipes Kilauea Koo1au

SAPlNDACEAE

Dodonaea viscosa v. spathu1ata conco1or dodonaeavorus n. sp. dodonaeae (aa1H) (W. ) M. L. T. Trail; rnunroi Kona Table 3. Continued. MAUl HAWAII Hosts KAUAI OAHU MOLOKAI

SAPINDACEAE (cont'd) ?darwinianus Sapindus oahuensis + cuneatus + X ex S, saponaria (aulu, kaulu, Kilauea lonomea) albertisi Waianae

RHAMNACEAE

Alphitonia ponderosa longipes X X (kauwila) Halemanu concolor .... munroi ..0 Kokee

TILIACEAE

Elaeocarpus bifidus ignotus solitarius X X X (kalia) Koolau

MYRTACEAE

Syzygium sandwicensis c. concolor solitarius (ohia ha) Kokee Koolau

Metrosideros collina polymorpha c. concolor solitarius aestivus pulvillatus bilineatus (ohia) Halemanu j!" Kohala, " ", Megopis reflexa n. sp. Kilauea c. munroi (W. ) Kokee timberlakei abnormis Koolau M. reflexa Olaa metrosieri M. reflexa M. reflexa Megopis reflexa Table 3. Continued. MAUl HAWAII Hosts KAUAI OAHU MOLOKAl

ARALIACEAE

Cheirodendron trigynum Parandra cheirodendri (gaudichaudi) puncticeps (host assoc. (olapa) uncertain)

ERICACEAE vitticollis Vaccinium spp. ex V. calycinium Kilauea

atricolor ex V. peleanum Nauhi, M. L. T • Trail No

MYRSINACEAE

Myrsine giffardi (kolea) Kilauea Megopis reflexa

SAPOTACEAE

Pouteria concolor muiri (=Planchonella) Waianae (=Sideroxylon) munroi sandwicensis Kumuwela (aulu, kaulu ala'a -Oahu) EBENACEAE

Diospyros ferrea davisi (lama) Puuwaawaa Table 3. Continued.

Hosts KAUAI OAHU MOLOKAI MAUI HAWAII

EBENACEAE (cont'd)

Diospyros ferrea (cont'd) filipes (lama) Puuwaawaa

MYOPORACEAE

Myoporum sandwicense perkinsi (naio) Kilauea area

Megopis reflexa

30LANACEAE

Nicotiana glauca newelli ( tobacco - exotic) nicotianae S. Haleakala

RUBIACEAE

Bobea elatior microgaster vitticollis (ahakea) Koolau longulus Kilauea

B. mannu. permundus (akupa)

CAMPANUIACEAE

Trematolobelia sp. ukulele (host assoc. uncertain) Table 3. Continued.

Hosts KAUAI OAHU MOLOKAI MAUl HAWAII

COMPOSITAE

Argyroxiphium sandwicense X X X terryi (ahinahina - Haleakala silversword)

Dubautia spp. ?n. SPa swezey anus d. dubautiae (incl. Railliardia) Haleakala ex D. montana (naenae) Pohakuloa dubautianus Haleakala d. arboreae ex D. arborea railliardiae Mauna Kea ex D. ciliolata Haleakala rusticus N N Pohakuloa

Bidens SPA bidensae (kokoolau) Table 4. Introduced Cerambycidae and hosts', by host families

Family Host name Common name Cerambycids. definitely associated

Gt"amineae Saccharum officinarum Sugar cane Prosoplus bankii

Bambusaceae Bambusa Bamboo Chlorophorus annularis

Orchidaceae Cattleya Cattleya

Dendrobium Dendrobium Sybra alternans

Urticaceae Pipturus Pipturus Ceresium unicolor, Oopsis nutator

Moraceae Artocarpus incisus Breadfruit Pterolophia bigibbera, Sybra alternans

Capparidaceae Capparis Caper, Pilo Prosoplus bankii

Rosaceae Osteomeles anthyllid i- 'Ulei Curtomerus flavus folia

Leguminosae Acacia decurrens Black wattle Curtomerus flavus, Placosternum crinicornis

A. farnesiana Klu Prosoplus bankii, Sybra alternans

A. koa Roa Xystrocera globosa, Curtomerus flavus, Ceresium unicolor

Albizia lebeck Siris tree Placosternum crinicornis, Coptops aedifica­ tor

Caesalpinia crista Kakalaioa Prosoplus bankii

Cajanus indicus Pigeon pea Sybra alternans

Canavalia cathartica Table 4 continued

Family Host name Common name Cerambyc!ds definitely associated

Leguminosae Grotalada Rattlebox Proaplus bankii, Sybra alternans

Delonix regia Poinciana, flame tree Placosternum crinicornis

Erythrina Coral tree, Wili­ Coptops aedificator, Lagocheirus undatus, wili Prosplus bankii, Sybra alternans

Haemotoxylon campechia- Logwood Placosternus crinicornis num

Leucaena leucoce­ Koa-haole Placosternus crinicornis phala (L. glauca)

Mezoneuron Kauaiense Uhiuhi Ceresium unicolor

Prosopis pallida Kiawe, Algaroba, Placosternus crinicornis, Prosoplus bankii Mesquite

Samanea saman Monkeypod Xystrocera globosa, Placosternus crinicornis, Coptops aedificator

Sesbania grandiflora Sesban, Prosoplus bankii Ohai-ke'oke'o

Sophora chrysophylla Mamane Ceresium unicolor

Rutaceae Citrus aurantium Orange Prosoplus bankii

Euphorbiaceae Aleurites moluccana Kukui Lagocheirus undatus

Euphorbia Spurge, etc. Lagocheirus undatus, Prosoplus bankii

Ricinus communis Castor bean Prosoplus bankii, Sybra alternans Table 4 continued

Family Host name Common name Cerambycids definitely associated

Anacardiaceae l'1angifera indica l'1ango Pterolophia bigibbera, Sybra alternans

Sapindaceae Sapindus Soapberry, etc. Curtomerus flavus, Placosternum crinicornis l'1alvaceae Gossypium Cotton Prosoplus bankii, Sybra alternans

Hibiscus tiliaceus Hau Gelonaetha hirta, Prosoplus bankii, Oopsis nutator, Sybra alternans

Hibiscus spp. Hibiscus Lagocheirus undatus, Prosplus bankii, Oop­ sis nutator, Sybra alternans

Guttiferae Calophyllum inophyllum Kamani Oopsis nutator

Cucurbitae Cucumis sativus Cucumber Apomecyna saltator

Citrullus vulgaris Watermelon Apomecyna saltator

Caricaceae Carica papaya Papaya Sybra alternans

Cactaceae- Opuntia Prickly pear Archlagocheirus funestus l'1yrtaceae Eucalyptus sideroxylon Eucalyptus Phoracantha semipunctata, Curtomerus flavus

Metrosideros collina Ohia Ceresium unicolor polymorpha

Psidium guajava Guava Curtomerus flavus, Sybra alternans

A:raliaceae Panax Panax Sybra alternans

Reynoldsia sandwicensis Ohe kukuluaeo Coptops aedificator

Apocynaceae Plume ria Frangipani Ceresium unicolor, Lagocheirus undatus, Sybra alternans To ! ! it 'Or .. '" '.{," Table 4 continued

Family Host name Common name Cerambycids definitely associated

Boraginaceae Cordia subcordata Kou Sybra alternans

Verbenaceae Lantana camara Lantana Plagiohammus spinipennis

Solanaceae Nicotiana tabacum Tob.,acco Curtomerus flavus

Solandra guttata Cup of gold Pterolophia bigibbera

Bignoniaceae Tabebuia pentaphylla Pink tecoma Pterolophia bigibbera

Hyoporaceae l1yoporum sandwicense Naio Ceresium unicolor, Sybra alternans

Goodeniaceae Scaevola Naupaka Sybra alternans N C1\ Compositae Bidens Kokoolau Curtomerus flavus

Xanthium Cocklebur Prosplus bankii Table 5. Introduced Cerambycidae, with host genera and Hawaii distribution.

Cerambycinae Host ge~ Hawaii distribution

Xystrocera globosa Samanea Kauai, Oahu, Hawaii

Phoracantha semipunctata Eucalyptus Kauai, Oahu

Curtomerus flavus Acacia, Bidens, Eucalyptus, Psidium, Oahu, Lanai, Mauai, Hawaii Osteomeles, Nicotiana, Sapindus

Gelonaetha hirta Hibiscus Kauai, Oahu

Ceresium unicolor Acacia, Metrosideros, Mezoneurum, Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, 11yoporum, Pipturus Hawaii, Midway, Niihau , Placosternus crinicornis Acacia, Albizia, Haematoxylon, Leucaena, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, ("Cyllene ") Poinciana, Prosopis, Sapindus , Hawaii

Chlorophorus annularis Bambusa Oahu, Hawaii

Lamiinae

Plagiohammus spinipennis Lantana Oahu, Hawaii

Coptops aedificator Albizia, Canavalia, Erythrina, Oahu, Maui Reynoldsia, Samanea

Lagocheirus undatus Aleurites, Erythrina, Euphorbia, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, Hibiscus, Plumeria Hawaii

Archlagocheirus funestus Opuntia Oahu, Hawaii

Prosoplus bankii Acacia, Caesalpinia, Capparis, Citrus, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Crotalaria, Erythrina, Euphorbia, Gossypium, Hawaii Hibiscus, Prosopis, Ricinus, Saccharum, Sesbania, Xanthium Table 5. Continued.

Lamiinae Host genera Hawaii distribution

Pterolophia bigibbera Artocarpus, Mangifera, Solandra, Tabebuia Kauai, Oahu

Oopsis nutator Artocarpus, Calophyllum, Hibiscus, Pipturus Oahu

Mimectatina meridiana Host unknown Oahu

Sybra alternans Acacia, Cajanus, Carica, Cattleya, Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Hawaii, Cordia, Crotalaria, Dendrobium, Midway Erythrina, Gossypium, Hibiscus, Myoporum, Panax, Ricinus, Plumeria, Psidium, Scaevola, and many other genera

Apomecyna saltator Citrullus, Cucumis Kauai, Oahu N 00 Plagithmysine species host indices by islands* NIHOA nihoae Perk. Plag. Euphorbia KAUAI aequa11s She Plag. Acacia koa metrosideri G. & D. Neo. Metrosideros annectens (Sh. ) ?Para. A. koa munroi She Plag. Metrosideros arachnipes She Plag. A. koa obscurus (Sh. ) Neo. Acac. koa concolor She Plag. Syzygium paludis Perk. Plag. ? diana She Plag. Pelea permundus She Plag. Bobea perrottetiae G. & D. Plag. Perrottetia forbesianus Gr. Plag. ? N (forbesi Perk.) \0 polystictus Perk. Plag. Cryptocarya ignotus Perk. Plag. Elaeocarpus sharpianus Perk. Plag. Pipturus longipes (Sh. ) Neo. ·Acac. koa, Alphitonia sugawai G. & D. Plag. Pittosporum

* Subspecies are here treated as species.

Abbreviations:

Aes. - Aeschrithmysus Plag. - Plagithmysus

G. & D. - Gressitt & Davis She - Sharp

Gr. - Gressitt Swez. - S~1ezey NUl. - l\)u~I~+c..l"\Wl Nes. Nesitlimysus H. - West Maui

Para. - Paraclytarlus Zimm. - Zimmerman Perk. - Perkins OAHU albertisi She Plag. Sapindus koebelei Perk. Plag. Pipturus attenuatus (Boisd.) Plag. Acac. koa kuhnsi Perk. Plag. Pipturus (eristatus mierogaster (Sh.) Plag. Bobea bridwelli Perk. Nes. Pelea muiri Perk. Plag. Pouteria ehenopodii (Perk.) Neo. Chenopodium pulverulentus (Mots.) Plag. Acae. koa cristatus (see attenuatus) sapindi (see euneatus) cuneatus Sh. Plag. Sapindus solitarius She Plag. Metrosideros, (sapindi) Elaeocarpus, Syzygium euphorbiae (Bridw.) Neo. Euphorbia ..., superstes Zimm. Plag. ? 0 fragilis (Sh.) Neo. Acac. koa timberlakei Perk. Para. Metrosideros haasii Perk. Nes. Pelea ultimus (Sh.) Neo. Acac. kOel hirtipes (Sh.) Plag. Perrottetia usingeri G. & D. Plag. ? indeeens (Perk.) Neo. Smilax

MOLOKAI aestivus She Plag. Metrosideroa kainaluensis (Perk.) Neo. Smilax bidensae Gr. Neo. Bidens molokaiensis Perk. Plag. Pipturus dodonaeavorus Gr. Neo. peleae G. & D. Nes. Pelea fractus Perk. Plag. ?Acac. koa peleanus G. & D. Aes. Pelea ilicis Gr. Plag. ~. Ilex LANAI lanaiensis She Plag. ?Metrosideros smilacivorus Gr. Neo. Smilax pittospori Gr. Plag. Pittosporum HAUl cheirodendri G. & D. Plag. ?Cheirodendron nicotiani G. & D. Plag. Nicotiana collaris She Plag. Pelea pennatus (Sh. ) Neo. Acac. koa dubautianus (G. & D. ) Aes. Dubautia pipturicola (Perk. ) Para. p,~pbl,l;l:U s finschi (Harold) Plag. Acac. koa pulvillatus Karsch Plag. Metrosideros forbesi Perk. Nes. Pelea railliardiae (Perk. ) Neo. Dubautia w I-' fugitivus (Perk. ) Neo. ? rubi Perk. Plag. Rubus funebris She Plag. Sophora simillimus Perk. Plag. Pipturus geranii (Perk. ) Neo. Geranium smilacis Perk. Neo. Smilax hardyi Gr. Neo. Smilax (W.) speculifer She Plag. ? (W. ) koae G. & D. Plag. Acac. koa swezeyanus G. & D. Aes. Dubautia laticollis (Sh. ) Para. Acac. koa swezeyellus Gr. Aes. Pelea longicollis Perk. Plag. ? terryi Perk. Aes. Argyroxiphium mediocris (Sh. ) Neo. Sophora ukulele Gr. Plag. ?Trematolobelia modestus (Sh. ) Neo. Acac. koa wattleae G. & D. Neo. Acac. de currens newelli She Plag. Nicotiana yoshimotoi G. & D. Aes. ? HAHAII

abnormis (Sh.) Neo. Metrosideros frater Perk. Plag. ?Pelea (= viCinus) acaciae G. & D. Neo. Acac. koaia giffardi Perk. Plag. Smilax, arboreae G. & D. Neo. Dubautia ?Myrsine

atricolor (Perk.) Plag. Vaccinium gracilis She Plag. ?Osmanthus

bilineatus She Plag. Metrosideros greenwelli G. & D. Plag. Santalum

bishopi She Plag. Pelea, Fagara immundus (Sh.) Neo. Charpentiera

blackburni (Sh.) Plag. Sophora keanakolui G. & D. Neo. Chenopodium

c1aviger (Sh.) Neo. Acac. koa koaiae G. & D. Plag. Acac. koaia

dan7inianus Sh. Plag. Sophora, kohalae Perk. Plag. ? ?Sapindus kraussi G. & D. Plag. ? davisi Swez. Plag. Diospyros, Osteomeles lamarckianus She Plag. Pipturus

debilis (Sh.) Neo. Acac. koa longulus Perk. Plag. Bobea

decorus Perk. Plag. Charpentiera looki (Swez.) Neo. Chenopodium

decurrensae G. & D. Neo. Acac. decurrens mezoneuri (Swez.) Neo. Mezoneurum

dodonaeae (Swez.) Neo. Dodonaea montgomeryi G. & D. Neo. Euphorbia dubautiae G. & D. Neo. Dubautia nodifer (Sh.) Neo. Acac. koa

elegans She Plag. ? perkinsi She Plag. Myoporum filipes (Sh.) Neo. Diospyros platydesmae Perk. Plag. Platydesma RAHAl I (cont'd) podagricus (Perk. ) Para. ? ukae G. & D. Neo. Chenopodium rusticus G. & D. Neo. Dubautia varians She Plag. Acac. koa simplicicollis She Plag. ? vicinus She Plag. Pelea sophorae G. & D. Neo. Sophora vitticollis She Plag. Perrottetia, Rubuo, sulphurescens She Plag. Urera Vaccinium

swezeyi Perk. Plag. ? Index to plant genera Leucaena 24 Reyno1dsia 25 Acacia 16, 23 Cordia 26 Mangifera 25 Ricinus 24 Albizia 23 Crota1aria 24 MetrQsideros 19, 25 Rubus 16 Aleuritas 24 Cucumis 25 Mezoneuron 17, 24 Saccharum 23 Alpnitoni. 19 CryPtocarya 13 Myopor'um 21, 26 Samanea 24 Argyroxiphium 22 DeloniK 24 Myrsine 20 Santa1um 14 Artocarpus 23 Dendrobium 23 21, 26 Sapindu$ 19, 25 Bambusa 23 Diospyros 20, 21 Nicotiana 25 Scaevola 26 Bidens 22, 26 Dodonaea 18 Opuntia Osteorne1es 15, 23 Sesbania 24 Bobea 21 Dubautia 22 Panax 25 Sideroxy1on (~ee Pouteria) w Caesa1pinia 23 Elaeocarpus 19 .p- 17, 18 Smilax 14 Cajanus 23 Erythrina 24 Pe1ea 18 Solandra 26 Ca10phyllum 25 Eucalyptus 25 Perrottetia 14, 23 SoPhora 17 Canavalia 23 Eugenia (see Syzygium) 'Pipturus 15 Syzygium 19 Capparis 23 Euphorbia 18, 24 Pittosporum (see 'Pouteria) Tabebuia 26 Carica 25 Fagara 17 P1anchonella 18 Tremato1obelia 21 Catt1eya 23 Geranium 17 P1atydesma Urera 14 Charpentiera 15 Gossypium 2S Plumeria 25 Vaccinium 20 Cheirodendron 20 Haematoxylon 24 Pouteria 20 Xanthium 26 Chenopodium 15 Hibiscus 25 Prosopis 24 Zanthoxylum (see F agar a) Citrullus 25 Ilex 18 Psidium 25 (see Dubautia) Citrus 24 Lantana 26 Railliardia