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Visions of North in Premodern Europe CURSOR MUNDI Visions of North in Premodern Europe CURSOR MUNDI Cursor Mundi is produced under the auspices of the Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, University of California, Los Angeles. Executive Editor Blair Sullivan, University of California, Los Angeles Editorial Board Michael D. Bailey, Iowa State University Christopher Baswell, Columbia University and Barnard College Florin Curta, University of Florida Elizabeth Freeman, University of Tasmania Yitzhak Hen, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Lauren Kassell, Pembroke College, Cambridge David Lines, University of Warwick Cary Nederman, Texas A&M University Teofilo Ruiz,University of California, Los Angeles Previously published volumes in this series are listed at the back of the book. Volume 31 © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. Visions of North in Premodern Europe Edited by Dolly Jørgensen and Virginia Langum British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. © 2018, Brepols Publishers n.v., Turnhout, Belgium All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. D/2018/0095/128 ISBN: 978-2-503-57475-2 e-ISBN: 978-2-503-57476-9 DOI:10.1484/M.CURSOR-EB.5.112872 Printed on acid-free paper © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. Contents List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgements ix Envisioning North from a Premodern Perspective Dolly JØRGensen and VIRGinia LanGum 1 Scythia or Elysium? The Land of the Hyperboreans in Early Greek Literature PÄR Sandin 13 Inter imperium sine fine: Thule and Hyperborea in Roman Literature LEWis Webb 35 The North in Antiquity: Between Maps and Myths Mirela AvdaGic 59 The Making of Normandy as aNorthmen Land: Mythological Cultivation and Coastal Way-Finding Barbara AUGer 81 The North in the Latin History Writing of Twelfth-Century Norway Steffen Hope 101 Cold Characters: Northern Temperament in the Premodern Imaginary VIRGinia LanGum 123 vi Contents Northern Seas, Marine Monsters, and Perceptions of the Premodern North Atlantic in the Longue Durée V ICKI SZABO 145 Beastly Belonging in the Premodern North DYØOLL J RGENSEN 183 Making Sami of the Scots: Britain’s and Scandinavia’s Near Norths J EREMY DEANGELO 207 The Contours of the North? British Mountains and Northern Peoples, 1600–1750 DAWN HOLLIS 223 Unknown and Barbarian: Scandinavia and the Boundaries of Civilization in Early Modern Spain M ATEO BALLESTER RODRÍGUEZ 243 Omne malum ab Aquilone: Images of the Evil North in Early Modern Italy and their Impact on Cross-Religious Encounters H ELENA WanGEFELT STRÖM and FEDERICO BARBIERATO 265 Elevating the Early Modern North: The Case of the Faroe Islands KIM Simonsen 287 The Vagina nationum in the Six teenth and Seventeenth Centuries: Envisioning the North as a Repository of Migrating Barbarians S TEFAN DONECKER 307 The ‘Northern Atlantis’ Revisited: Inventing the Arctic Roots of Civilization in Late Eighteenth-Century Paris PÄ IVI MARIA PIHLAJA 329 Appendix: Excerpts from Primary Sources 349 Index 365 © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. Beastly Belonging in the Premodern North Dolly Jørgensen Animalivm genera vti multa, variaque sunt in toto terrarum orbe, suis provinciis, & naturis appropriata, ac distributa, vt elephantes, cameli, leopardi, leones, struthio- nes, tigrides, simeæ, & id genus reliqua, sine pilorum densitate in calidis terris numero incomparabili multiplicata: Ita & in frigidis regionibus complures repe- riuntur bestiæ, sed valde pilosæ, propter asperrinas hyemes exuperandas: vt sunt vrsi albi, vri nigri, alces alti, rangiferi proceri, lupi feroces, gulones voraces, lynces perspicaces, lutræ fallaces, castores medicinales, damulæ pavidæ, vulpeculæ astutæ, nigræ, & albæ, atque aliæ alibi inusitatæ naturæ, & nominis bestiæ, successivis capi- tibus inferius per ordinem diligentius insinuandæ. (There are many different kinds of animal spread across the globe, which are assigned their own spheres and allotted their own characteristics. Just as unequalled num- bers of those without very thick hair, including elephants, camels, leopards, lions, ostriches, tigers, apes, and their like, swarm in hot countries, so also in cold regions you may find many beasts with dense fur because of the bitterly cold winters they have to overcome. Such are polar bears, black aurochs, tall elks, large reindeer, sav- age wolves, voracious gluttons, sharp-eyed lynxes, crafty otters, beavers useful in medicine, timid roe deer, cunning foxes, both black and white, and elsewhere other wild animals with uncommon natures and names which I shall introduce methodi- cally in successive chapters below.)1 1 All English translations of Olaus Magnus’s Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus are taken from the translation edited by Peter Foote. A Latin text is available for the original 1555 version published as an electronic version by Project Runeberg <http://runeberg.org/olmag- Dolly Jørgensen is professor of history at the Department of Cultural Studies and Languages at Uni ver sity of Stavanger. Visions of North in Premodern Europe, ed. by Dolly Jørgensen and Virginia Langum, CURSOR 31 (Turn hout: Brepols, 2018) pp. 183–205 BREPOLS PUBLISHERS 10.1484/M.CURSOR-EB.5.114062 184 Dolly Jørgensen When Olaus Magnus (1490–1557) introduced his two books on domes- tic and wild animals in the magisterial Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus (‘Description of the Peoples of the North’) from 1555, he did so in terms of biogeo graphy, the study of the distribution of species in geo graphical space and time. He argued that different species exist in different places in the world and their bodies are best configured for living in those environments. Animals were perfectly adapted to specific climates and would flourish only there: ‘Sobrie tamen de vniuscujusque animantis genere, vbicunque vivat, est sentiendum: quia invariabilis naturæ lex ita statuit, vt nullibi melius, quam vbi productum sit, persistere possit’ (One must, however, prudently observe the habitat and nature of each breed, for an invariable law of Nature has laid it down that it can continue its existence nowhere better than the place where it was born).2 For example, if reindeer were taken to foreign countries, ‘ob cœli solique mutatio- nem, aut insolitam escam (nisi pastore consueto cibentur) non diu supersunt’ (they do not survive long, owing to the change of climate and soil, or, unless they are fed by their usual herdsman, to the unaccustomed food).3 Animals and geo graphies of the North were irrevocably linked for Olaus Magnus. Certain animals belonged there and only there. One of the places in which we can witness the placing of animals in space is on maps. Wilma George argued in her seminal study Animals and Maps that the animals depicted on maps in the premodern era were placed in neither a fic- titious nor haphazard fashion. Instead, the localization of animals was of inter- est to mapmakers ‘to stress the difference between various parts of the world rather than the similarities’.4 Examining animal images on maps of Scandinavia, like the Carta marina made by Olaus Magnus in 1539, can expose how the North and its fauna were understood in the premodern era as distinct from the fauna of Continental Europe, as well as Africa and other distant lands. As Olaus Magnus writes: ‘Licet in Septentrionalibus terries plus, quam in alia orbis vlla regione, videntur asper- rima frigora prædominari: tamen innumerabilis ibidem etaim ignoti generis nus/> [accessed 20 September 2017]. The books on land animals in the text are Books xvii and xviii. Citations are given to the book and chapter of Olaus Magnus’s original text. Quote from the Preface of Book xviii. This research was funded by the Swedish research council For- mas through the author’s project ‘The Return of Native Nordic Fauna’. 2 Olaus Magnus, Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus , bk xvii, Preface. 3 Olaus Magnus, Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus , bk xvii, chap. 27. 4 G eorge, Animals and Maps, p. 25. © BREPOLS PUBLISHERS THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE PRINTED FOR PRIVATE USE ONLY. IT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER. Beastly Belonging in the Premodern North 185 animalium reperitur’ (Although in northern lands more than any other region of the earth we see periods of bitter cold prevail, a countless throng of animals can be discovered there, including some species otherwise unknown).5 The northern animals belong in the North, and the North is characterized by them. I will argue that mapmakers chose animals to represent the essential character of the North in the illustrated premodern maps. Interpreting Animals on Maps The theoretical underpinning of this analysis of animals on premodern maps of the North comes from Denis Wood and John Fels’ work in The Natures of Maps. They argue that a map is a system of propositions, rather than a representation as has often been claimed. The fundamental carto graphic proposition on a map is this is there, called a posting by Wood and Fels. Theposting both locates this at a particular there, and tells the viewer that there consists of this. According to Wood and Fels, the this is there claim is a powerful proposition because it implies the ability to verify it physically: ‘you can go there and check it out’.6 Premodern maps even explicitly make this is there claims in their labels. The Latin phrase ‘Hic sunt’ (Here are) is a common way of beginning textual ele- ments tied to imagery on the maps. The image and text are then bound to a specific geo graphical spot. Putting an animal on a map is then equivalent to the claim that this (an animal) is there (in Scandinavia, or even more specifi- cally, in the far northern reaches of Scandinavia), as well as claiming that there (Scandinavia) is made of these (specific animals).
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