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Pomo Geography -POMO.GEOGRAPHY-C .. ERED-B KNIPEEN: j,' X, UNnERS 0F CA2FORNA PUBSCATIONS IN AM1tETCA ABCHAEOY AND ETHNQLOGY .. Volume 36, No. 6, pp. 3534400, plates 5-7, 8 maps -, 2' 't " '; ' si 0*.o;' -'s; W _.'.{'t.. D'hi_ ;S O',4 X, ' .- f . '',,': I' ,''''y', ., gb,I, ; IVERSITY OP cALIFoRriLs PRESS :.>BERKBLESC,:1939,'\CALIPORNEA0.i0a: 0- X,, % Ni, ig %%. ........ A TRIBES B WA C A' CLEAR LAKE D A Ak, t ....... ... IY de A ..ft YOBOTUI Dait % % A % Upper % Lake B % % J* J* J*. 10 .4%- E 13 Hou x A SHIGOM A % 340"s VP ...... A % ............ 4 G :KOMLI.-' CLEAR LAKE ........ J# Yobi ........ .& % B 30 55 % % 1 'i.-ELEM % ast % F 53 S.4. % KUHL E say OT ....... 6 ...... 0 4PA % 20 3i Lake % % zi 0 K.. Akk r, ........... % .............. 2 7 A K a ti HAB PO % A Biq Valley qI t K.1-ti, B Lower Lak. 6 ..... i % KOI Boa, A Cache Creok B Legend ..... D Boundarie3 of Comrnunit' Old Wiage Sites F Inhabited Villages Temporary Vttiaqos- X Notivo Botties- Contours mt.- H ....1, 'S'.9te. IC % K011 411 .1 Mt C.bb Map. 1. Pomo of Clear Lake. POMO GEOGRAPHY BY FRED B. KNIFFEN UNIERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY EDITORS: A. L. KRoEBEFR R. H. LOWIE, R L. OLsON Volume 36, No. 6, pp. 353-400, plates 5-7, 3 maps Transmitted October 2, 1935 Issued July 20, 1939 Price, 50 cents UNivERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERRKELEY, CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRES LONDON, ENGLAND PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS PAGE Introduction .......................................... 353 Clear Lake .......................................... 354 Natural landscape .......................................... 354 Cultural landscape .......................................... 358 Tribal groups ........................................... 367 Eastern Pomo: northerly group .......................................... 367 Northern Pomo ............................... 368 Eastern Pomo: southerly group ............................ 369 Yukian Wappo ............................... 370 Southeastern or Lower Lake Pomo............................ 370 Conclusion ............................ 371 Russian River ............................ 373 The site of Kacha .................................................... 373 The utilization of the site .............. ............................ 375 Coast Pomo ............................................ 381 The setting .......................................... 381 The cultural landscape .......................................... 384 The annual cycle of activities .......................................... 385 Population .......................................... 388 Comparisons and Conclusions .......................................... 390 Explanation of Plates ........... ............................... 393 PLATES 5. Typical landscapes of the Clear Lake environment ............................. 395 6. Typical landscapes of the Russian River environment ........................... 397 7. Typical landscapes of the coast environment.................................... 399 MAPS 1. Pomo of Clear Lake .................................facing 355 2. Pomo of Redwood Valley, Russian River ................................ 374 3. Southwestern Pomo of the Coast ................................ 382 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS USED BAE-B Bureau of American Ethnology-Bulletins UC-PAAE University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology POMO GEOGRAPHY BY FRED B. KNIFFEN INTRODUCTION IT IS T:I INTENT of this paper to present a cross section of Pomo material life, particularly as it reflects the variation in natural resources and conditions peculiar to the section of middle-western California occupied by the Pomo linguistic group. With this objective in mind, emphasis is placed on the delineation of the yearly cycle of economic activities, the location of villages, densities of popu- lation, and concomitant nonmaterial traits such as political boundaries, trade relations, and land ownership. In California the major natural contrasts are encountered in a longitudi- nal direction. Though the Pomo occupy only the westernmost portion of the state, considerable variety exists within their area. Near the eastern margin lies Clear. Lake, with its drainage to the Sacramento, its cool winters, its min- eral wealth, and its almost profligate faunal abundance. Near the center of the Pomo country lies the Russian River valley, with its level floor, park land- scape of oaks, and intermediate natural wealth. Along the coast is the red- wood belt, land of gloomy forest, summer fog and winter rain, comparatively deficient in those things which are of use to a primitive culture. The land of the Pomo lies near the heart of what Kroeber has designated the central California subcuiture area. Kroeber speaks of the ". makeshift character of central California culture, which in most material concerns is content with a bare sufficiency of attainment provided the means remain the lowest and directest possible...."' In two respects, as Kroeber points out, the Pomo carried material traits to high development: basket making and money manufacture. This perhaps most typically Californian culture is nonagricultural and lacks pottery. The acorn may be regarded as the basic food staple, and is sup- plemented by seeds, roots, berries, fish, and game. Clothing is marked by its simplicity. Though the semisubterranean dance or assembly house is a fairly complicated structure, the ordinary dwelling partakes of a makeshift char- acter. Of the nonmaterial side of life the story is somewhat different. Ritualism, in particular, reaches a high stage of development. The status of women is high; there is a tendency toward matrilineal descent. Adolescence rites are meager, though there are strict observances covering menstrual periods. In the succeeding sections of the paper each of the three striking natural areas, together with the groups occupying it, is considered in some detail. Since each area was undertaken as a separate study there is some difference in scope and method of treatment. BAE-B 78:243-244, 1925. [ 353] 354 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. CLEAR LAKE NATURmL LINDSCAPE The Clear Lake basin is strikingly a natural region. It is a flat-lying area sit- uated between two chains of the Coast Range, which rise rather precipitously to considerable heights above the basin floor. To the north and east the bolder peaks are high enough to simulate conditions found in the Sierra. The total drainage area of the basin is some 417 square miles,' and the lake itself is about twenty miles long, with a maximum width of seven miles, and an area of sixty-five miles at mean level. Constrictions of the shore divide the lake into four parts, termed Upper Lake, Clear Lake, East Lake, and Lower Lake. At an earlier geologic period the extent of the lake was greater than it is at present, and the old bed is exposed in broad flats of heavy clay, which are found scattered in the basin, their continuity broken by rounded hills and rocky points rising abruptly above the lake plain. Locally the flats are called "valleys," and may be recognized in such names as Scott's Valley, Big Valley, Bachelor Valley, and Burns's Valley. On its eastern .margin the lake abuts against the steep flank of the mountain, broken only here and there by reces- sions of no great extent. On the west, low hills mark the divide between the main lake and Scott's Valley. In its northern portion the topography within the basin is characterized by little hills, ridges, bays, and inconspicuous islands, all presenting a graceful smoothness of contour. In the southern part of the basin, about Lower and East lakes, a geologically recent lava flow has thrown up ridges and rocky islands, created canyons and basins, culminating its work in the great mass of Konocti. With its rainy winter and dry summer the area is quite typically Mediter- ranean and similar to that of most of northern California. The high ranges surrounding the lake basin show an appreciably greater amount of precipita- tion, a persistent snow cover in winter, and a contrasting vegetation cover. The significant things about the climate are the hot, dry summers, and the cool, rainy winters with occasional frosty nights. The drainage features are striking in two ways: in the maner in which the springs, streams, and minor lakes are distributed over the area, and in the seasonal fluctuation of volume of water which these streams and lakes con- tain. The drainage pattern can nowhere in the area be said to be intricate, but the region from Big Valley along the western shore to Upper Lake is com- paratively well supplied with watercourses. Along the eastern shore the situa- tion is reversed and watercourses are indeed rare and insignificant. Upper Big Valley is well watered with perennial springs, and in the lava country around Konocti there are several minor lakes. A number of the important streams broaden into ponds in their upper courses, among them Scott's and Cold creeks. 2A. E. Chandler, U. S. Geol. Surv., Water Survey Paper 45:32. Kniffen: Pomo Geography 355 During the hot dry summer the evaporation from Clear Lake is great, and the increment from its tributaries small, so that before it was controlled there was an annual variation in level of from four to ten feet.' The watershed is restricted and, although the streams maintain some flow during the winter, their greatest volume follows each successive storm. In midsummer the courses become completely dry, are reduced to isolated pools,
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