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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara A Grammar of Southern Pomo An Indigenous Language of California A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics by Neil Alexander Walker Committee in charge: Professor Marianne Mithun, Chair Professor Bernard Comrie Professor Matthew Gordon Professor Dirk Elzinga March 2013 The dissertation of Neil Alexander Walker is approved. ________________________________________________ Bernard Comrie ________________________________________________ Matthew Gordon ________________________________________________ Dirk Elzinga _________________________________________________ Marianne Mithun, Committee Chair December 2012 A Grammar of Southern Pomo: An Indigenous Language of California Copyright © 2012 by iii Neil Alexander Walker ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project would not have been possible without the help and guidance of so many people. The following names are in no way an exhaustive list of all those who have helped me along the way, and I wish to thank all who have helped me reach this point. Special thanks go to the late Robert L. Oswalt for inviting me into his home, sharing his precious data, and caring so deeply about Pomoan people. I also want to thank my undergraduate mentor, Leanne Hinton, for her help and kindness as I began my study of linguistics. I am especially thankful to my dissertation chair, Marianne Mithun, for the many long hours she has spent hearing and reading about Southern Pomo on my behalf. I would never have been able to make any headway into the complexities of the language without her assistance (yahwi!). I am also appreciative of the guidance and understanding provided me by my other UCSB committee members, Bernard Comrie and Matthew Gordon, whose amazing ability to delve into Pomoan without a background in the language family has made it possible for me to complete this project. And many thanks go to my outside committee member, Dirk Elzinga, for his willingness to provide moral support during times of doubt and worry. I would also like to thank the Dry Creek Rancheria Band of Pomo Indians for the support given to me and my family during the final year of the project. In particular, I want to thank Gus Pina; his unwavering belief in the importance of his mother‖s language is inspiring. Thanks are due to Joe Gonzales (ʔač:ay man:ed:u) for iv his work to revitalize his people‖s mother tongue. To all of my ʔayha čahnu students at the Dry Creek offices, I thank you for your enthusiasm, your dedication, and your patience with an ornery pʰal:aʔčay. I am grateful to my UCSB classmates, especially Timothy Henry, Verónica Muñoz Ledo, Uldis Balodis, and Janie Lee. Their friendship and unflagging support through the years have made an otherwise lonely endeavor much more bearable. I also want to thank my siblings, parents, and grandparents for supporitng me in my pursuit of knowledge. My mother, Christine, and my late maternal grandmother, Helen, deserve special mention for the years they spent listening to me ramble on about languages. And I wish to thank my wife‖s extended family for the love and kindness they have shown me during many enjoyable trips to their homes. Finally, I would like to thank my long-suffering wife, Jenny (kic:idu), for her love and support. Had she not let me into her family, I would have never known that Southern Pomo existed. I wish to thank her for her patience through many hard years of cramped student apartments and poor paychecks. I also wish to thank my children, Joshua (biʔdu), Christopher (bu:ṭaka), Nathan (kʰaʔbe), and Maayu (ma:yu), all of whom have patiently endured their father‖s research obsessions and the many moves those obsessions have required. I hope y‖all come to appreciate the gift of knowledge that has been left for you. v VITA OF NEIL ALEXANDER WALKER December 2012 EDUCATION 2013 Ph.D., Linguistics, University of California, Santa Barbara (expected) Chair: Prof. Marianne Mithun. Dissertation title: A grammar of Southern Pomo: An indigenous language of California 2009 C.Phil., Linguistics, University of California, Santa Barbara 2008 M.A., Linguistics, University of California, Santa Barbara Thesistitle: A description of the morphophonology of Southern Pomo (A California Indian Language) 2004 B.A., Linguistics, with Honors, University of California at Berkeley 2002 A.A., Humanities and Social Science, San Joaquin Delta College PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT 2012-2013 Adjunct Associate Professor, Humanities and Social Science Division, San Joaquin Delta College (Anthropology 4 and Humanities 4) 2011-2012 Language Project Coordinator, Dry Creek Rancheria Band of Pomo Indians 2009-2010 Instructor, University of California, Santa Barbara (Introduction to Linguistics) 2006-2011 Teaching Assistant, University of California, Santa Barbara (Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Introduction to Linguistics, Language and Power, English Grammar for Teachers, Teaching Assistant Training) PUBLICATIONS 2011 ―The phonemic status of word-initial glottal stops in Southern Pomo.‖ In Proceedings of the 6th annual Conference on Endangered Languages and Cultures of Native America, ed. K. Matsumoto-Gray, N. A. Walker. Salt Lake, UT: Center for American Indian Languages (CAIL). FELLOWSHIPS AND GRANTS 2005-2010 University of California, Santa Barbara Doctoral Scholars Fellowship 2009 Teaching Assistant Instructional Grant (TAIG) for Historical Linguistics 2005 Fellow of Advanced Study of Khmer program, Phnom Penh, Cambodia 2004 Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF), University of California at Berkeley 2001 Leo Shapiro Scholarship of Excellence & San Joaquin Delta College Memorial Scholarship LANGUAGES Written Khmer (Cambodian), Spanish Studied Mandarin Chinese, Tagalog, Thai, Georgian, White Hmong, French, Sierra Popoluca, French, Coptic, Biblical Hebrew, Dzala, Afrikaans, Southern Pomo vi ABSTRACT A Grammar of Southern Pomo: An Indigenous Language of California by Neil Alexander Walker Southern Pomo is a moribund indigenous language, one of seven closely related Pomoan languages once spoken in Northern California in the vicinity of the Russian River drainage, Clear Lake, and the adjacent Pacific coast. This work is the first full-length grammar of the language. It is divided into three parts. Part I introduces the sociocultural situation. This section introduces the material culture and physical environment of Southern Pomo speakers and the violent upheavals which destroyed their world. It also introduces the data sources on which this grammar is based. Part II is a detailed structural overiew of Southern Pomo. It introduces the sound inventory of the language and delves into its phonological alternations. It also introduces the different word classes together with a morpheme-by-moprheme inventory of the affixes and clitics with which the word classes are associated. Part III covers the sentence structure of Southern Pomo. It describes the different clauses and clause combining strategies present in the language, including the robust switch-reference system. This section also discusses the agent/patient case system and other clause-level phenomena. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Part I: The cultural, ecological, and sociolinguistic context of the language ... 4 1.1. The name of the language ......................................................................................... 4 1.2. Previous research ....................................................................................................... 8 1.3. Demography at contact ........................................................................................... 15 1.3.1. History after contact......................................................................................... 17 1.4. The natural setting ................................................................................................... 20 1.5. Material culture ........................................................................................................ 23 1.6. Genetic and areal affiliations .................................................................................. 25 1.7. Dialects ....................................................................................................................... 26 1.8. Sociolinguistic situation .......................................................................................... 27 1.8.1. Viability .............................................................................................................. 28 1.8.2. Loan words ......................................................................................................... 29 1.9. The corpus ................................................................................................................. 31 1.9.2. Consultants and other sources ........................................................................ 34 1.9.3. Presentation of data .......................................................................................... 38 Part II: Structural overview .................................................................................... 38 2.1. Typological sketch .................................................................................................... 38 2.2. Phonological inventory and orthography ............................................................ 40 2.2.1. Consonants ........................................................................................................
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