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The Role of Museum Institutions in Relation to Research on Sámi Culture, History, and Society in Norway Until the Post World War II Years

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The Role of Museum Institutions in Relation to Research on Sámi Culture, History, and Society in Norway Until the Post World War II Years Nordic museology 2019 • 3, s. 61–76 The role of museum institutions in relation to research on Sámi culture, history, and society in Norway until the post World War II years Dikka Storm Abstract: This article examines the roles of two Norwegian museums; the Ethnographic Museum in Oslo and Tromsø Museum in Northern Norway, in relation to the production of Sámi research from the end of the nineteenth century until the Post World War II years. By emphasising the academic development of Ole Solberg, Just Qvigstad, Gutorm Gjessing, Knut Kolsrud and Ørnulv Vorren and the development of professional networks, the article calls attention to the establishment of a research strategy in 1913, the establishment of the Institute of Comparative Research in 1923, and the effects of these for studies of Sámi culture and society. Moreover, the article argues that the ethnographer Ørnulv Vorren and Tromsø Museum became important contributors to the advancement of Sámi research and the bolstering of the Sámi ethno-political movement.1 Keywords: History of ethnography, Norway, Ethnographic Museum in Oslo, Tromsø Museum, Institute of Comparative Research of Human Culture, studies of Sámi cultures. In this article, I will illuminate different development in relation to the development perspectives related to research on Sámi of networks of professional groups is taken culture, history, and society at the Ethnographic into consideration, I focus on a particular Museum in Oslo, and what would become strategy of scientific research on the Sámi. I the ethnographic department at Tromsø specifically consider the role of Ole Solberg Museum from the end of the nineteenth (1879–1946) and his students and recruits, century until the post-World War II years. the archaeologist and anthropologist Gutorm Using a biographical approach, where Gjessing (1906–1977), and the ethnographer the importance of individual academic Ørnulv Vorren (1916–2007), but I will also Dikka Storm 62 shed light on other noteworthy figures in this During a longer stay at the University of Leipzig, network. As Solberg, both Gjessing and Vorren he wrote his thesis in ethnography on religious were directors of the Ethnographic Museum in practice among the Hopi Indians (Isachsen Oslo, and/or at Tromsø Museum for more than 1948:42), with archaeology and anthropology half a century. By illuminating their manifold as subsidiary subjects. From 1914 until the approaches, I want to explore how Sámi 1930s, he continued to do fieldwork in Sámi research was developed in a collaboration settled areas such as in Aarporte/Hattfjelldal between the universities and the ethnographic and Sážžá/Senja, among others (Solberg museums. I am specially interested in how 1934–1944:3–5). His main goal was to build the studies of the Coastal Sámi culture and up the museum as an institution of research societies were integrated, in spite of the and mediation. That implied recruitment of explicit goal of studying reindeer herding. researchers within each field, the accumulation The concept of the Coastal Sámi included the of the different collections, and attending to focus on different groups of the Sea Sámi, the the everyday tasks of the museum (Gjessing reindeer herding Sámi, the ‘Markabygd’ Sámi, & Johannessen 1957). Also included, was the and a combination of these.2 Moreover, the building up of the library, as well as publishing. process of the establishment of the Institute Solberg stimulated his recruits to become co- of Comparative Research of Human Culture editors and to publish source material, in in Kristiania [Oslo] in 19233 was a model and addition to their own studies. Solberg was an inspiration for studies on Sámi culture and a skilled collector who made use of both society, which have had a lasting impact until a qualitative and systematic approach. He today. built up the collections in relation to his own research (Hopi and Sámi), as well as acquired items from other collections from all over the Ole Solberg and the coining of a world, as well from indigenous peoples, such Sámi research plan as the Inuit (Greenland, Alaska), and the Sámi Ole Solberg started his museum career as in Northern Norway (Isachsen 1948:42–43, associate professor (1906–1908) at the Museum Gjessing & Johannessen 1957:45,121, 145–146; of Ethnography in Oslo, and later he became a Bouquet 1996:47–59). During World War II research fellow in ethnography (1912–1917) the Ethnographic Museum, which was located at the University of Kristiania. In 1917, he in the center of Oslo, was occupied by the was appointed professor and director at the Germans. Solberg sold his own flat, and when museum (Gjessing & Johannessen 1957:42). his house was confiscated, he lived at the loft of Solberg’s studies of the prehistoric inhabitants the museum while looking after it and the part of the island of Dálmmat/Kjelmøy in Varanger, of the collections which were not evacuated. was according to the archaeologist Inger Storli In connection with the upheaval of the (1986:47–48) central to the development of the Union between Sweden and Norway in 1905, study of the so-called Sámi Iron Age (1909). the first case to be settled between the two Solberg carried out studies of the Sámi in nations was the disagreement on reindeer Sweden (1902) and the Hopi in Arizona (1903– herding management and the grazing areas 1904) (Solberg 1906; Gjessing 1962:142–145; within the two states (Isachsen 1948:45). Klausen 1981a:141–153; Kyllingstad 2008:340). Solberg’s (1928/1913:10–15) approach to the The role of museum institutions in relation to research on Sámi culture, history, and society in Norway until the post World War II years the research on other themes such as language, 63 physical anthropology, and law, among others, they were taken care of by researchers in different disciplines at the university. Solberg played a central role in this process, as he had connections to both the museum and the university and he had profound knowledge of the cultures and history of East Finnmark (Isachsen 1948:40–49; Gjessing & Johannessen 1957:36–49; Storm 2010:343–345). Inspired by the the German-American anthropologist Franz Boas5 (1858–1942), Solberg (in Stang 1928:12) elaborated how the research on the culture of the Arctic People could be executed (Storm 2010:344). He listed ten objectives, or areas, which he found relevant to expand on and concretize relating to the existing sources and the possibilities to engage researchers representing the various disciplines and/or Fig. 1. Ole Solberg (1879–1946), professor of themes (Solberg in Stang 1928:10–15). These ethnography and director of the Ethnographic objectives, or areas, were listed as follows (here Museum in Oslo 1917–1946. Kulturhistorisk museum, Universitetet i Oslo. Painting: Eivind the endonym “Sámi” is used rather than the Engebretsen. Photo: Ann Christine Eek. exonym “Lapps/Lappish”, which was dominant at that time and written by Solberg): issue was formulated in the “Memorandum”,4 1. to shed full light on the activities in which became the basis for the development connection to the reindeer; herding/ of a research program at the Institute of husbandry industry, as an economic basis Comparative Research on Human Culture ten to focus on the “the real Culture of the years later (discussed in detail below). The Sámi”; program was based on the question brought 2. Sámi ways of settlement including the about by the “Reindeer grazing commission” nomadic camp and its organisation, also and the management of the border-crossing the transition to permanent settlements; reindeer herding in the northern part of 3. the material culture of the Sámi compared Norway and Sweden (Stang 1928:10–23; to the Scandinavian, Qven, or Russian Isachsen 1948:45; Storm 2009:13–44). Focusing material expressions; on reindeer herding, Solberg developed a 4. collection of folklore, specimen of music, comprehensive strategy to approach and customs and legal conceptions. develop research on Sámi societies, culture, 5. studies of the pre-Christian [“old”] history and language. Research at the religion; Ethnographic Museum followed the themes 6. linguistic research; sketched out in the strategy. In connection to 7. research in the early history of the Sámi; Dikka Storm 64 8. archaeological research within the areas reindeer herding population have generated inhabited by the Sámi; a particular culture; the Sea Sámi have lived 9. physical-anthropological studies: on loans from the Norwegians”.7 The plan was 10. research in psychology.6 further elaborated by professor Fredrik Stang (1928:10–23), the leader of the institute. He This rather ambitious program was to be worked out an even more detailed and updated accomplished during a five year period. When plan, tying the different perspectives from the period was over, a solid understanding Solberg and Qvigstad together. of the first seven areas was expected. The The research on Sámi culture and society plan had a holistic perspective and applied a is an example which shows the importance comparative approach to build up knowledge of the Institute of Comparative Research on by exploring each theme. The main focus was Human Culture as a national research arena. on reindeer herding and husbandry, which was The institute has been thoroughly examined considered to express the “true” Sámi culture by the historian Jon Røyne Kyllingstad (Solberg 1928:13). The perspectives of Sámi (2008), who analysed its establishment, social history and prehistory were also to be collected responsibility, and objectives as an arena where and compared with physical anthropological the researchers could work across diciplinary studies. After Solberg became the director borders, elaborate transborder knowledge of the Museum of Ethnography in 1917, he production, and the results of these processes. withdrew from the process. As most Scandinavian research at the time, the studies at the Institute of Comparative Research on Human Culture and Museum of Just Qvigstad – further Ethnography, was also influenced by German elaboration of the plan research traditions (Kyllingstad 2008:9–10).
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