Many People Have Helped Me During The
61
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Manypeople have helped me during the preparation of this other aspectsof its preparation.Beryl Heardcontributed to guide.Walt Brehm, Ed Cake, Darryl Felder, Paul Johnson, Joel mostaspects of this work,including the illustrationof Figs.5, Martin,Terry M«Bee, John Ogle, Robin Overstrcet, Harriet 13, 14, 21, 23, and 25; I am mostgrateful tor her patience, Perry,Ken Stuck, and Paul Wolf critically read all or partsof encouragement,and untiringhelp in this undertaking,Wanda the manuscript,and their constructivesuggestions and com- Geddieprepared Fig. 22, andE. L, Bousfieldand Harriet Perry mentsare appreciated,For variousreasons concerning tirnc, providedFigs. 48 and 54, respectively.Figure 1 and plates space,ur forniat,some of therecommendations could not be III !, XLIII !, XLV !, XLVI Ez 2!, andLXIV ! were incorporatedinto the guide. redrawnor reprintedfrom E. L. Bousfield,Shallow-Water Specialthanks are due James I. Jonesand Diannc Jones of GammarideanAmphipoda nfl BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbott, R T 1974 American Seashells,Van Nustrand Reinold Cu., Boesch, D. F. & R. J. Diaz. 1974, New records of pcracarid crusta- New York. Second edition. 663 pp, ceansfrom oligohalinc waters of the ChesapcakcBay. Chesapeake & H. S, Ladd. 1951. A new brackish-water gastropod from Sci. 15 !: 56 58 Texas Amnicolidae: Littoridina!. J Wash. Acad. Sci. 41: Bousfield, E. L. 1973. Shallow- Water fr'ammaridean Amptiipirdaof 335- 338. rYewF.'ngland C'urnell Univ. Press,Ithaca, NY. 312 pp. Abele, I, f; 1973. Taxonr>my, distribution and ecology of the genus Brattegard, T. 1969, Marine biological investigations in thc Bahamas. Sesarma Crustacea, Decapoda, Grapsidac! in L'astern North 10. Mysidacea from shailow water in the Bahamasand southern America, with special reference to Florida. Am. hfidk rVat. I-Iorida. Part I Sarsta 39:17 106. 90 !: 3 75 386. . 1970. Marine biological investigations in tlie Baba>>i,is.11. Alexander, S. K. 1979. Diet of the periwinkle littorina irrrrrata in a Ivlysidacca frun> shall»w water in thc Balianiax and southern l.riuisiana Salt Marsh. Gulf Res. Rep . 6 !.233--295. Florida. Part 2, Sarsia 41: I 36. Anderson, G, 1975a. Larval metabolism ot the cpicaridian isopod Brehrn,W. T, I 978. Fust Gulf of Mexico coast recordsof Manayunkia parasite Probopyrus pandalicola and metabohc effects of P speciosa Polychaeta: Sahellidae!. >Yortheast Gulf Sci, 2 l ! pandalicnla on its copepod intermediate bust Acartia tonsa. 73 75. Comp Bir>chem Physurl. 50:747- 751. Bridyman, J. I', 1969, Studies on the life histories and host-p:>rasite . 1975b. Metabolic responseof thc caridcan shrimp Palae- relations of two ncw species of Carncophallus Trein;>toda: monetes pugio to infection by the adult cpibranchial isopod Microphaliidae! in south I.ouisiana. 7'ulane Stud. Zrrr>l, Br>t, parasite P>obopyrus pandalicrrla. Comp. Biochem. Physio!. 15:81 105. 5 I: 201 207. Brinkhurst, R. O. &. B, G. M. Jamieson, 1971. Aquatic Oligor.'haeta Andrev's, I:. A. 1935. The egg capsules of certain Ncritidae, J of the lporld. Oliver L, Boyd, Edinburgh. 860 pp. Alorphol. 57 !: 31-59. Brown, L, R., A. A. de la Cruz, M. S, ivestcr, J. P. Stout, C. T. Andrews, Jean. 1977. Shells and shores of Texas. Flma Dill Russe Hackney, and R. W. Landers. 1978, Fvaluation o!' the ecr>logical Spencer Found. Ser, Nu, 5. 365 pp. role and techniques for thc management r>f tidal ir>arsheson the Andrews, J. D. & C. Cook. 1951. Range and habitat uf thc clam Mississippi and Alabama Gulf coast. Irinal Report MASGP 78 Polymesoda caroliniana Bose! in Virginia i>amily Cycladidae!. 044, Mississippi-Alabama Sea t'rant Consortium, Ocean Springs, Fcology 32:758 760, MS, 217 pp. Apley, M. L. 1970. Field studies on life history, go>iodal cycle and Buckner, R. L., R M Overstreet & R. W. Heard. 1978. Intermediate reprr>ductive periodicity in i>felampus hidentatus Pulmunat. hosts for Tegorhynchus furcatus and Dollfusentis cliandleri I',Ilubiidae!.,rlfalaco!ogia 10: 381 397. Acanthoccphalal. Proc. Helrninthol. Soc. Wash.45 !:195 201. Aspey, W. P. 1978. I'iddler crab behavioral ecology: burrow density Burbanck,W. D. 1967 Evolutionaryand ecotopcali>nplicatii>ns of m Uca pugnax Smith! and Uca pugilator Bose! Decapoda the ruugeography, physiology and morphuh>gy of Cyathura Brachyura!. Crustar.'cane34 !:235 244. Isupuda!. Pp. 564 573 in G. E. Lauff ed.!, bstuaries. Am. Bacescu, M. 1961. Taphrrrmysis bowma>ri n, sp,, a new brackish Assoc. Adv. Sci., Washington, D.C, water mysid from Florida. Bull. hfar, Sci. Gulf Caribb. 11 !: Callahan, B. J., S. T. Clark & P, B. Robertson. 1977. Occurrence of 517 524, the brackish water asellntte isopod Munna Urr'>munna!reyrroldsi & M. Gutu. 1974. Halmyrapseudes cubanensis n.g. n.sp. in Texas. Iluljltes Rept. 6 l!:77- 78. and H. bahame>isisn. sp., brackish-water species of Tanaidacea Calrnan, W. T. 1912. The Crustacea of the order Cumacea in the Crustacea!, Trav. gfus. Hist. 7>iat.'Grfgore Anripa' 15:91 101. collection of the United States National Museum. Proc. U.S. Bagur, J. D. & H. S. Ricnstra. 1977. Coastal marsh productivity' h'at. Jtf>rs.41:603 676. A bibliography. U,S. Fish Wild!. Serv. Bhr!. Serv. Program Cainmen, L, M. 1979. The macro-infauna ot' a North Carolina salt FWS OBS 3: I 301. marsh. Am. >!fidl. 7vat. ] 02 !.244-253. Bande!, K. 1974. Studies on Littorinidae from the Atlantic. Veliger . 1980. A method for measuring ingestion rate of deposit 17 !:92 144, feeders and its use with the polychaete iyerets succinea,Fstuaries Banner, A. H. 1953. On a new genus and species of mysid from 3 !:55 60. southern l,uuisiana. Tulane Stud Zool, 1 ! 3 8. , P. Rublee & J.E. Hobbie.1976. The significs>nccut'micro- Banse, K. 1979. Ampharetidae Polychaeta! from British Columbia bial carbon in the nutrition of the polychaete biereis succinea and Washington. Can. J. Zool, 57:1543 -1552. and other aquatic deposit fcedcrs. University of North Carolina Beck, J. T. 1979. Population intera<:tions between a parasitic cas- SeaGrant Publication UNC SG 72 04. 87 pp. trator, Prohopyrus pandalicola Isopuda Bupyridae!, and one Clarke, A. H, 1978. P 1960. The completelarval developmentof Sesarmaein- marineisopnd,.'lfunna reynoldsi Crustaeea: Isopoda!. Bull. fvtar. ereum Bose! reared in the laboratory.Biol. Bull. IVoodsHole! Sei 16 !:200- 208, 'altsofi, P. S. 1964.The Americanoyster Crassostrea virftiniea 118 !: 203 214. , 1962, The larval development of Sesarinareri<'ularum Say Gmchn,1791!. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. t'ish. Bull. 64: I 480. rearedin the laboratory.Crustaceana 4 !:281 294. Gardiner,S. L. 1975. Frrant polychaeteannelids frori N<>rih & R. J, Monroe.1966. Studieson the larval development Carolina,J, Elisha>Ifitehett Sei Sot. 91 !: 77 220 of Rhithropanopeusharrisii 'ould!. I. Theeffect of salinityand & W.Herbert Wilson, Jr. 1977 979!. Newrecords of poly- temperatureonlarval devel<>pnieni. Physiol. Zoot 39 !:81 100. chaeteannelids from North Carolinawith tbedescription of a new .'rane,J. 1975.Fiddler Crabs of the IVortd.Princeton Umversity speciesof Sphaerosyllis Syllidae!. J. Litishalvtitehett Sci. Soe. Pres~,Princct<>n. NJ. 737 pp. 93 !:159 172, Critehton,0, W. 1960.Marsh crab intcrtid;>Itunnel-maker and Garrett,II, B. & D. S, Dundee.1979. First re«<>rd of Pyrgophorus grass-eater,Lzsruarine Biitl. 5. 3 10. plaryraehisI hompson, 1968 Mollusca,Gastropod>! t'rom 1967. .'al<>ri«>nudies<>I' Spariina and the marshcrab I.ouisiani>.Pro< I,a A«ad. Sei. 42:82. Sesarn>areiieulatuiii Say!. Annual Pittman-Robertson Report to 'ras»le,J F & J. P. Grassle.1974. Opportunistic htc hist<>riesand Dcb>ware.B<>ard Ja>r>c and I'ish. .'omrn. 20 pp. geneticsystcms in marinebenthic polychaetes. J. Afar.Res. Crowcll,S. 1946.A newsea anemone from Wo<>d» Ilole, Massa«hu- 32 1.25 3 284. .'rassle,J. P. & J. F. Crassle.1976. Sibling species in the marine sctis. J. IVash.dead. Sei. 36 ! 57 60. Daiher,I'. '. 1976.Tidal Afar»h Bibti Richardson, H. 1900. Synopsis of North Anierican invertebrates. industry andbiology of the blue crab,Callinectessapidus. JVOAA VIII. 'I'hc isapoda. A m. lVat, 34 207 230, 295 309. Tech. Rcp. IVES SSRI 640: I 94. f 90 A monographon the isopodsof North America. Tashian,R. E & F. J, Vernberg.1958. The specificdistinctness of U.S. lVatl. Mus. Bull. 54: I 717. the fiddler crabs Uca pugnax Smith! and Uca rapax Smith! at Russell-Hunter, W. D., M. L. Aplcy & R. D. Hunter. 1972. Early life- their zone of overlap in northeastern I'lorida. Zoologica 43 !; historyof Melampusand the significanceof semilunarsynchrany. 89-92. Biol, Bull. Woods Hole! 143 !:623 656. 'I'eal,J. M. 1958.Distribution of fiddler crabsin Georgiasalt marshes. Salmon, M. 1965. Waving display and sound production in the Ecology 39 !:185 193. courtship behavior of Uca pugilator, with comparisonsto U. . 1959, Respirationof crabsin Georgiasalt marshesand its minax and U. pugnax, Zoologica 50 2!:123 149. relation to their ecology. Physiol. ZooL 32 l!: I 14. . 1967. Coastal distribution, display and sound production , 1962.Energy flow in the salt marshecosystein of' Georgia. by I'lorida fiddler crabs genusUca!. Anim. Behav.15:449 459. Ecology 43: 214 224, & S. P. Atsaidcs. 1968a. Behavioral, morphological and 'I'en Hove,H. A. & J, C. A Weerdenburg.1978. A generi: revision ecologicalevidence for two new speciesof fiddler crabs genus ol the brackish-water serpulid Ficopomatus Southern 1921 Uca! frain the Gait coastsaf the UnitedStates. Proc Biol. Soc. Polychaeta: Serpulinae!, including Mercierella I'auvel 1923, Wash.81 2!: 275 290. SphaeropomatusI'readwell 1934, MercierellopsisRioja 1945 1968h. Visual and acoustical signalling during courtship and lVeopomatusPillai 1960. Biol. Bull WoodsHole! 154: by fiddler crabs. Am. Zool. 8:623 639. 96--120, Salinon, M., G. Hyatt, K. McCarthy & J. D. Costlow, Jr. 1978, Thomas, J. D. 1976, A survey of gammarid amphipods of the Displayspecificity and reproductive isolation in the fiddlercrabs, BaratariaBay, Louisiana region, Contrib. Mar, Sci. 20:87 100. Ucapanacea and U. Pugilator.7. Tierpsychol.48:251 276. Thompson,F. G. 1968, The Aquatic Snailsof the Family Hydro- Sawyer,R. T,, A, R, Lawler&. R. M. Ovcrstreet,1975. Marine hiidae of PeninsularFlorida. Univ. of Florida Press,Gainesville, leeches of the eastern United States and the Gulf of Mexico with 26S pp. a key ta the species.J. lVat. Hist. 9 !:633 667. Thurinan, C, L. 1973. Aspectsof anoxic metabolismin the fiddler Say, T. 1818. An account af the Crustaceaof the United crab Uca minax Crustacea: Decapoda! and the distribution of States. J. A cad. IVat. Sci, Phila. 1 !.482 4S5. fiddler crabsaf the genusUca along the northeasterncoast of Schultz, C. A. 1969. How to know j The Marine Isopod Crustaceans. the Gulf af Mexico. M.S. thesis, University of West Florida, Win. C. Brawn Co., Pubhshcrs,I>ubuque, Iowa. 359 pp. 64 pp. Sheridan,P. F. 1980. Three new speciesof tyfelita Crustacea: Turner,R. E. 1976.Geographic variations in saltinarsh macrophyte Amphipada!with nateson the ainphipodfauna of the Apalachi- production;a review.Contrib. Mar. Sci. 20:47 68. caia estuary of Northwest Florida. IVortheast Gulf Sci 3 !: Ursin, M. J. 1972. Life In and Around Salt Marshes,Thomas Y. 60- 73. Crowell Co., New York. 110 pp. Shoemaker, C, R. 1947. I'urther notes on the amphipod genus van der Schalie, H. 1933. Notes on the brackish bivalve Polymesoda Corophiurnon the east coast of America.J. Wa'sh.Acad, Sci. caroliniana Bose!. Occas.Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ, Mich. 258: I-S. 32 !:47 63. Vernberg,J. F. &. J. D. Costlow,Jr. 1966. Handednessin fiddler Shuster, C. N., Jr. 1966. The Nature of a Tidal Marsh:This dynamic crabs genusUca!. Crustaceana 11 !:61 64. unit of nature feeds IIsh, fowl, and animal, Information Leaflet Wass,M. L. &. T, D. Wright. 1969. CoastalWetlands of Virginia; New York State Dep. of EnvironmentalConservation, Div, of interimreport to the Governorand GeneralAssembly. Va Inst. L'd. Serv. L 145!. 8 pp. Mar. Scr.Spec, Sci. Rep. 10: I 154 pp, Simberloff, D D, J. Brawn & S. Lowrie, 1978. Isopod and insect Wells,H. W. 1961. The faunaof oysterbeds, with specialreference root borers may benefit Florida mangroves. Science201 356!: to the salinity factor. Ecol, Monogr, 31:239 266. 630-632. Welsh,B. L, 1976. The role of grassshrimp, Palaemorietes pugio, in Stebbing,T. R. R. 1906. A newCirsta Rican arnphipod. Proc. U.S. a tidal marshecosystem. Ecology 56:513 530. iVat, Mus, 31 490!:501- 505. Whiting,N. H. & G. A. Moshiri.1974. Certainorganism-substrate Stiven,A. E. & E, J. Kuenzler. 1979. The responseof two salt marsh relationshipsaffecting the distribution of Uca minax Crustacea: raolluscs, Littorina irrorata and Geukensiademissa, to field inan- Decapoda!.Hydrobiologia 44 !:4S I 493. ipulatiansaf densityand Spartinalitter. Ecol Monogr.49 !: Williams,A. B. 1965.Marine decapod crustaceans of theCarolinas. 151 171. U,S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Bur. Commer. Fish. Fish. Bull. 65 l!: Stuck, K. C., H. M. Perry & R. W, Heard. 1979a. An annotatedkey 1-298. to the Mysidaceaof the NorthCentral Gulf' of Mexico.Gulf Res. 1974. The swimming crabs of the genus Callinectes Rept. 6 !:225 238. Decapoda:Portunidae!. U.S. FishWildl. Serv. Fish. Bull, 72 !: . 1979b Recordsand range extensionsof Mysidaceafrom 685-798. coastaland shelf waters of the easternGulf of Mexico. Gulf Res. , 1976. The western Atlantic swimmingcrabs Callinectes Rept. 6 !:239 248. ornatus, C, danae. and a new, related species Decapoda:Portu- Subiahmanyam,C. B.,W. L. Kruczynski&. S. H. Drake, 1976. Studies nidae!. TulaneStud. Zool. 13:83 93. on the animal carnrnunities in two north Florida salt rnarshes. Wilhams,G. E., III, J. J. Poff & J.T, McBee1976. Western Gulf of Part ll. Macroinvertebratecommunities. Bull. Mar, Sci. 26 !: Mexico records of Stenoninereismartini Wesenberg-Lund1958 172 195. Polychaeta,Nereidae! with contributionsto its habitat ecology. Tagatz,M. E, 1968. Biologyaf the blue crab, Callinectessapidus Contrib, Mar. Sci. 20:83 85. Rathbun, in the St. Johns River, Florida, U,S, Fish Wildk Serv. Zottoli, R. 1974. Reproduction and larval development of the Fish. Bull. 67 l!:17-33. ampharetidpolychaete Amphictes fforidus. Trans. Am. Microsc. & A. B. Hall. 1971 Annotated bibliography on the fishing Soc. 93 !:78 89. 66 TAXONOMIC KEYS TO SOME POLYCHAETE WORMS. MOLLUSKS, AND CRUSTACEANS FOUND ASSOCIATED WITH TIDAL MARSHES OF THE NORTHERN GULF OF MEXICO POLYCHAETA 1 Anterior cnd with crown of radially arrangedtentacles Figs. 3i, 4!. Anterior end lacking radial crown of tentacles. 2 Living in whitecalcareous tube: stalked opercular plug present Fig. 4! . I'icr>purr>atrrsr»iarni ensis Not Jivingin calca>eoustube; operculum absent; n>inute forms, less than 5 rumlong Fig. 3i!..... Mana»unkiaspp. 3 Head andfirst 3 bodysegments lacking antennae, tentacle%, palps, and gills Fig,3b f! . Headand first 3 body segmentswith at least 1 of thesestructures Fig. 64a!.. 4 Hooded hooksetae present Fig. 3c: look ot>setigers10 20!; gtlls hranchac!present or absent;body width variahle: headregion not sharplytapering to anacute point. 5 Hoodedhook setacabsent; gills dorsal,beginning hctwccn sctigcrs11 and 23. body widestbetween setigers 8 and 15; headregion tapering to anacute point Fig. 3b! '>col»plusj'ragilis 5 At leastfirst 7 setigerswith capillary sctae Fig. 3d! only Hooded hor>k sctae on son>e of the f>rst 7 sctigcrs 6 Genital setae Fig. 3e! and/or hoodedhook setaeon setigers8 and9. .Capi tella spp, First 11setigers lacking genital setae and hooded hook setae, only capillarysctac present rVvtr>mastus spp. 7 Hooded hook setae beginning on 5th setigcr. Mediomastus cf. cali forniensis Hoodedhook sctacbeginning on 6th setiger Fig. 3f!. . Heteromastusfiltfvrmts 8 Gills, perist<>mialcirri, andantennae absent; small pair of palpspresent;anteriorcnd ot'worm whitish-yellow. swollen Fig. 3a!;stout notopodial spines present in posteriorsegn>ents . ..., Paramlaliaamericana Gills, antennae,and/or peristomialcirri present;stout notopodial spinesabsent. 9 One pair of longperisto>nial cirri and I pair of equallylong gills both ofter>broken oft! on 1stand 2nd setigcrs, respectively;raised collar on dorsalsurface of 2ndsetiger Fig. 3g! . Streblospiobenedicti Fourpairs of gillsor 4 pairsof peristomialcirri present; raised collar on dorsal surface of 3rdsetigcr absent...,, 10 10 Four dorsa],transversely arranged pairs of f>nger-likegills just posteriorto head Fig. 3h!; mouthwith retractable oral tentacles;uncini present;eyes and parapodia weakly developed, antennae and jaws absent... llypaniolaflorida 1'ingcr-likegills and uncini absent;four pairsof peristomialcirri, pair of well-developedpalps, pair of' antennae present,proboscis with pair of serratejaws; eyes and parapodia well developed .. Nereidae'!l l 11 Parapodiaappearinguniramous, notopodia greatly reduced, notosetac absent Fig. 2b!,,,... JVamalycastisabiuma Parapodiadistinctly biramous, notopodia well developedwith notosetaepresent Fig. 2i, k!...... , . 1'2 12 Smallworms, less than 10 mm long;body with 34 segments;proboscis without paragnaths or papillae;dorsal cirri well developed,ft!if<>rm Fig. 2e! .. Stenoneriesmartini Adultworms reaching lengths of 50mm with over70 b<>dy segments; proboscis armed with paragnathsor papillae,. 13 13 Probosciswith dark paragnaths Fig. 2j!. Neanthes succi»ea Proboscis with tufts of finger-like papillae Fig. 2h!, Let>nereis culveri 67 MOLLUSCA 1 pelagic; 1'rceswiniming; torpedo shaped; head with large pair of eyesand 10 oral arnis tentacles! armed with suckers; shellreduced. internal I.vlliguneulabrevis Epihcnthicorbenthic; not torpedo shaped; tentacles with suckers ibsent; external calcareous shell picscnt,.....2 2 Shell consistsof two valves Figs. 17 -24! Bivalvia! 22 Shella si 5 Sliell with siph 7 Shell elongate,about 3 tiineslonger than wide; strong Spirewith «ld varices Fig. 10, right; Fig. 65! . Ceri thideu pliculvsa Spirelacking variccs Fig. 10, left! . Shellrcachmg only about15 nini in leiigth;axial ribs indistinct on last2 bodywhorls ,Cerithideu eostata Shellieacliing 12 1-;yeson tips Vergewith 2 to 3 rows 17 Concavemargin of vergewith subterminalfinger-like or keel-like process;2 subterminalpapillae on convex niargin of vergedistinctly separated from moreproximal papillae Fig. 8f, g! ., 18 Concavemargin of vergelacking finger- or keel-likeprocess; isoIatcd subterminal papillae not presenton convex marginof verge Fig.gh! .. 1'! I 1 Subterrninalkeel-like process on concaven>argin ot verge Fig. ttf! .. Heleobopssp. torm A! Subterrninalfinger-like process on concavemargin ot verge Fig. Sg!...... IIeler>bopssp, foiii>sB;ind C! 19 Vergewith 5 to6 stalkedpapillae; aperture ot shellconstricted in adultspeciinens...... Texadinasphinciosto>na Vergewith 3 to 4 stalkedpapillae; shell glossy, translucent with apertureiiot constrictedin adultspcciinens...,, . Texadzna barretri 20 Shellbiconic, length of spirenearly one third of total shelllength, tip ot'spire often eroded Fig. 16! .. Z!etracia florzdana Shellconic, length of spireonly one fourth or lessof total shelliength 21 Whorlsof spirewith firiespiral striatioi>s Fig. 15,right! .. . Pfelanzpuscuff'cus Whorlsof spirelacking spiral striations Fig. 15,left!, . AIelanzpusbide>itatus 22 Shell with irregular marginsand surface;edges of valvesthin, fragile, anil sharp Fig. 26!;attaching to substrate,>n surfaceot' left valve:single large adductor muscle present on emptyvalves attachment of adductorinuscle inarked by darkpurple scar!. C'rassostreavirginica Shell not as describedabove; two adductor musclespresent <>neinpty valvesadductor muscle scarsdistinctly separated! .. 23 Beak umbo! terminal orsubterminal at or nearanterior end of shell!; byssal threads for attaclunent tosubstratum! presenton living specimens .. >4 Beak ceritral or subcentral; hyssal threads absent on living spccirncns, 24 Beak terminal at anterior end of shell! Beak subterir>inal. 25 Outer surfaceot' valvespurplish-gray with strong radiating ribs Fig, 22!; 3 to 4 small teeth on edgeof shell under beak;interior glossyusually with bn>wnish-purplepigment .. Ischadiunzrecur»um Outersurface of valveslight grayish-brown to tannish sometimes with zigzagnzarkings!, lacking radiating ribs Fig.21!; platformor platein interiorof shellunder beak; interior dull white, not glossy...... ,, &ytilopsisleucr>phaeata 26 Outersurface of valvessmooth Fig, 23!. glossywith yellowish-brownand greenish pign>ent... Amygdalunzpapyrium Outersurface of valvesusually dark brown with strong radiating ribs Fig.20!, beak often eroded .. Geukensiadenzissa 27 Shellelongate more than 3 timcslongerthan high!, subrectangular wizh ends gaping when valves closed Fig. 25!..... Tagelus plebi us Shell oval or suboval less than 1.5 times longer than high! 28 Hingewith chondrophore; margins of lateralteeth serrate; shell thick, heavy; beaks widely separated from each other in adults Fig. 18! . . Rangiacuneata Hingewithout chondrophore;margins of lateralteeth lackingserrations; beaks not widely separatedfrom each other. > ! 69 29 Hingewith 2 cardinalteeth posterior tooth large, blade-like; anterior tooth small, bifed on right valve!, lateral teeth indistinct;shell thin, fragile,small usually less than 10 mm long! Fig.25!...... Cyrenoidafloridana Hingewith 3 cardinalteeth posterior tooth weakly bifed on both valves!, lateral teeth well developed; shell not fragile,more than l 0mm in length. 30 30 Shellnearly oval; periostricurn dark forming wavy, scale-like ridges Fig. 17!; beaks usually eroded in adults;interior ot shellusually white, occasionally lightly stained bluish-purple . . Poiymesoda caroliniana Shellsu boval, ot'ten wedge shaped, angular posteriorly; periostricum translucent, notforming scale-like ridges Fig. 19!; beaksnot eroded; interior of shellnearly always stained purple in varyingdegrees...... , Polymesodantaririma 70 HIGHER CRUSTACEA MALACOSTRACA! 1 Females with brood plates oostegites! for incubating eggs!arising from the basesof somethoracic legs;usually 7 pairs of legsand 1 inaxilliped except cuinaceanswhich have 5 pairs of legsand 3 maxillipeds!present; carapace, whenpresent, not coveringall thoracic segments...... Peracaridea! 2 Females without specialized brood plates; 5 pairs of thoracic legs and 3 pairs of maxillipeds present; carapace com- pletely coveringcephalothorax ...... ,... Decapod i! 36 2 Abdomen nearly as long or longer than coinbined length of head and thorax Abdomen distinctly less than half length of combined head and thorax . 3 Shrimp-like; carapace nearly covering thorax; eyes stalked, thoracic limbs all biramus; inner ranius of uropod with statocyst Figs. 30a, 67! ...... Mysidacea!6 Cephalothorax swollen; eyes sessile;abdomen and uropods narrow Fig. 33!, Cumacea! 11 4 First pair of legs chelate; thorax with 6 free segments Figs. 31, 32! . , Tanaidacea! 10 First pair of legs not chelate; thorax with 7 free segments Figs. 39, 41!. 5 Abdomen with 5 pairs of pleopods and 1 pair of uropods; body usually dorsoventrally flattened Figs. 34, 39!..., . lsopoda! 14 Abdomenwith 3 pairsof uropodsand 3 pairsof pleopods Fig. 68!; body usuallylaterally compressed...... Arnphipoda! 21 6 End of telson cleft Fig, 30d,e!, . End of telson entire, convex Fig. 30b,c! 7 Antennal scalewith lateral tooth; posteriormargin of fifth abdominalsegment with dorsalprocess Fig. 6-!...... Bowmaniella spp. floridana-brasiliensis complex! Antennalscale lacking lateral tooth; posteriormargin of fifth abdominalseginent without dorsalprocess...... 8 8 Anterior margin of carapacewith small lateral spinejust below baseof eye stalk; inner rarnusof uropod with single spine on posterior margin of statocyst,, Taphr 9 Apex of telson with 12 to 16 long spinesgradually increasing in length ruedially;inner ramusof uropod with 1 spine near statocyst ., ll fysidopsis almyra Apex of telson with 8 to 12 spinesabruptly increasingin length medially; inner ramusof uropod with 2 or niore spines near statocyst Hysidopsis bahia 10 First antennalacking distinct accessoryflagellum; secondleg not distinctly different from legs3 7; appendagesnot densely setose Fig. 31! . Hargaria rapax First antennawith well-developed,segmented, accessory flagelluin; second leg armedwith strongspines, modified for burrowing, distinctly different from legs3 7; appendagesdensely setose Fig. 32!....Halmyrapseudes bahamensis 11 Narrow pointed telson present ...... Oxyurostyhs smrthr Telson lacking. , ...,,12 12 Inner ramusof uropod a singlesegment; male with pair of lateral keelson upper part of carapace Fig. 36b!...... Almyracuma sp. Inner ramus of uropod two seginented; male lacking lateral keels on carapace ,13 71 13 Malelacking pleopods; female with dorsalkeel on third thoracicsegment, .Spiloeuma watlingi Malewith 5 pairsof pleopods;fernale without dorsal keel on third thoracicsegment Cyclaspis cf. varians 14 Uropodsterminal or subterminal,originating in posteriorthird of pleotelson . 19 Uropodsoriginating in anteriorhalf of pleotelson .15 15 Uropodsfolded under pleotelson, notvisible dorsally, forming ventral operculum overpleopods .. 2'do tea cf. montosa Uropodslateral, visible dorsally . 16 16 Bodyovate, less than 3 timeslonger than wide; uropods flattened, notextending above pleotelson,,,...... 17 Bodyelongate, approxiumatefy 7 times longer than wide; uropods partially folded and extended laterally above pleotelson Fig. 34! Cyathurapvlita 17 Eyeslocated sublaterally noton lateral margin of cephalon!onpost cephalic lobes; outer ramus ofuropod greatly reduced,inserted into nrargin of outerramus Fig, 35! Cassidinidiaovalis Eyeslocated on lateral margins ofhead; both branches of uropods well developed. 18 18 Dorsalsurface of pleotelsonsmooth Sphaernma quadri 19 Bodyminute, less than 3 mm;uropods small, not extendingbeyond distal end of pleotelson;eyes on lateral protuberances Fig.37! ltfunnarevnoldsi Bodyover 10 mm in adults;uropods extending well beyond pleotelson; eyes not on lateral protuberances. ..20 20 Headsmall, narrow, unnotched; eyes on lateral margins Fig. 38! . A sellusacutus Headrelatively large and broad with a pairof deeplateral notches; eyes not on lateral margins, located at proximal endsof cephalicnotches Fig. 39!. Lireeussp. 21 Thirduropod unirarnus Figs, 43,45,46!.. 29 Thirduropod birarnus inner ramus may be minute! Figs. 41a, 42!. 22 '22 Eyesnearly round, or irregularly shaped; inner ramus ofthird uropod minute Fig, 42!... 23 Eyeskidney-shaped; rarniof uropod3 subequal nearly same size! Fig, 41a!...... ,, Genus Gammarus!27 23 Firstantenna shorter than second antenna and lacking accessory flagellum; third uropod short, stout, not extending pastsecond uropod, larger outer ramus composed of 1 segment,subequal in length to pedunclesegment.....,... Parhyale hawaiensis Firstantenna longer than second antenna with small to 3 segmented!accessory flagellum; third uropod long, slender,extending well past second uropod over 1.5 times longer than peduncle!, larger outer ramus composed of 2 seg 24 Outerramus of uropod3 maleand fernale! with numerouslong setae., .Nelita longisetosa Outer ramusof uropod 3 lackingnumerous long setae .. .25 25 Male,antenna 2, fiagellunrwith "bottle brush" setation, peduncle segment 5 approximately equal in lengthto segment4 26 Male,antenna '2,fiagellum lacking "bottle brush" setation, peduncle segment 5 distinctly longer than segment 4.... Nelita elongata 26 Male,antenna 2, pedunclesegment 5 with bottle brush se'tae .... Nelita nitida Male,antenna 2, pedunclesegment 5 lackingbottle brush setae .Nelita intermedia 72 27 Dorsalmucronations spine! on posteriormargin of eachpleonal segment Fig. 41a,b!, 28 No dorsalmucronations on pleonalsegments oligohaline to freshwater! Fig. 41c!,...... Gammarus nr. tigvinus Dorsalmucronations of moderatesize mesohaline! Fig. 41a! ...... Gammarusmucronatus Dorsalmucronations large, strongly developed oligohaline! Fig. 41b!.... Gammarussp, "macromucronateform" 29 Ramusof third uropod narrow, longerthan peduncle basalsegment! Fig, 43!...... Grandidierellabonneiroides Rarnusof third uropod either equalin length or shorter than peduncle Fig. 45! or broad and flattened...... 30 30 Ramus of uropod 3 broad, body flattened dorsoventrally;urosomal segmentsfused together; secondantenna of malemassive Fig. 44!; living in tubes...,,...,,...... GenusCorophiurn! 31 Ramusof uropod 3 reduced,shorter than peduncle,body laterally compressed;urosomal segments distinctly separate; secondantenna of inale not massive;not living in tubes 32 31 Male with tooth on inner margin of first pedunclesegment of first antenna Fig. 44b!; femalewith spineon disto- ventralend of pedunclesegment 4 of secondantenna Fig. 44c!.....,..., ., Corophiumlouisiunum Male without tooth on inner margin of pedunclesegment of first antenna Fig, 44d!; fernalewith tooth on disto- ventral end of pedunclesegment 4 of secondantenna Fig, 44e!. Corophium lacustre 32 Antenna 1 extending weHpast peduncleof secondantenna; dorsal posterior margin of first two pleonal segments mucronate Fig. 45!; aquatic,epibenthic, in freshand oligohalinewaters ., . Jfyaiella asteca First antennanot extendingpast peduncleof secondantenna; dorsal posterior margin of pleonal segmentssmooth not mucronate!;intertidal, semiterrestrial. ..., Talitridae! 33 33 First uropod, outer ramus lacking lateral spines Figs, 48, 49! ..34 First uropod, outer rainuswith lateral spines Figs. 46, 47! . .35 First uropod with well-developedspine betweenrami; gnathopodof male chelate;second antenna approximately 4 timeslonger than first antenna Fig, 48! . Orchestiasp. near Orchestiacostaricana! First uropod lacking well-developedspine betweenrami; gnathopodof male typically subchelate;second antenna approximately 3 times longer than first antenna Fig. 49! .. Or chestia plat ensis 35 First gnathopodof adult male with dactyl reachingback past palm; first uropod of both sexeswith well-developed spinebetween rami Fig, 47! .. Orchestiuuhleri First gnathopodof adult male with dactyl reachingback only one-half the length of palm; first uropod of both sexeslacking well-developed spine between rarni Fig. 46!. Orchestiagrillus 36 Abdomen asymmetricalor twisted, modified for living in gastropodshells; walking legswith 4 pairsof longitudinal stripes Fig. 52!.. ,.....,..., ., Clabanarius vittatus Abdomen not asymmetrical or modified for living in gastropod shells .37 37 Abdomenwell developed,not tightly flexed beneathcephalothorax; uropods present Figs, 50, 51!,...... , .. 38 Abdomenreduced, tightly flexed beneathcephalothorax; uropods absent Fig. 54a,b,d,e!...... Crabs! 47 38 Lobster-likebody form with broad telsonsand uropods living in deepburrows!; rostrum reduced,not blade-like... Mud Shrimps!39 Shrimp-likebody form with telsonsnarrow, distinctly longerthan wide; rostrum well developed,blade-like Figs. 50, 51! ...,,...,..., .. Shrimps!41 39 First legs chelatewith movablefinger dactyl! distinctly longer than fixed finger; secondlegs simple; rostrum and anterio-dorsal region of carapacewith many course stout spines; second pair of pleopods similar to following 3 pairs; body gray to grayish-brown. . Upogebiaaffinis First2 pairsof legschelate, dactyl movablefinger! of first pairnot distinctlyextending beyond fixed finger rostrum and anterio-dorsalregion of carapacesmooth; secondpair of pleopodsreduced, not similar to following 3 pairs; bodywhitish or creamaolored.. . Callianassa!40 40 Lateralmargin of telsontrilobed; ischiurn of majorchela with midventralprojection...... Callianassatrilobata Lateral marginof telsonentire, ischiumof major chelalacking midventralprojection,..., .. Callianassajamaicense 41 Third pair of legschelate; pleura of first abdominalsegment overlapping that of secondseginent; telson ending in sharppoint without terminal setae Fig. 50a,d,e!. .. Penaeidae!42 Third pair of legssimple; pleura of secondabdominal segment overlapping that of first andthird seginents;telson with terininalspines not endingin sharppoint Figs,50f, 5 la!.. ,43 42 Grooveon either sideof rostrum extendingposteriorly to nearposterior border of carapace Fig'. 50b!...,...... Penaeus azteca Grooveon either sideof rostrum not extendinginto posteriorhalf of carapace Fig. 50c! . Penaeus seri ferus 43 Hepaticspine present Fig. 50g!; mandiblewith palp Fig. 73!,, ltfacrobrachium ohione Hepaticspine absent Fig. 50d!; mandiblewithout palp . 44 Fusedpart of 2 ramiof upperantennular flagellum distinctly longer than unfusedpart; rostrum narrow with teeth irregularlyspaced . .45 Fusedpart of 2 ramiof upperantennular flagellum distinctly shorter than unfused part ,46 45 Branchiostegalspine see Fig. 70! locatedon anterior margin of carapacejust belowbranchiostegal groove Fig. 51e!... Palaemonetespaludosus Branchiostegalspine distinctly removed from anterior margin of carapaceand located soine distance below branchio- stegalgroove Fig. 5 1f!, Palaemonereskadiakensis 46 Carpusof secondleg in adult femaleshorter than palm; movable and fixed fingers of chelawith 2 and1 smallteeth, respectively,on cuttingedge; rostral teeth nearly reaching to tip of rostrum...... ,..., . Palaemonetesvulgaris Carpusof secondleg in adult fernalelonger than palm;cutting edges of movableand fixed fingersof chelalacking smallteeth; tip of rostrumdagger-like without teeth . Palaemonetespugio 47 Carapacewith 8 lateralteeth, posterior-most lateral tooth greatlyenlarged, with sharppoint extending well beyond other anterio-lateralteeth; posterior pair of legswith terminal segmentflattened or paddle-like modified for swim- ming! Fig. 53! . . Portunidae!48 Carapacewith lessthan 6 later' teeth,posterior-most anterio-lateral tooth not greatlyenlarged; posterior pair of legs with terminalsegment not flattenedor paddle-like .49 48 Frontalmargin of carapace between eyes! with 4 teeth . Callinectessapidus Frontal marginof carapacewith 6 teeth. Callinectes similis 49 Carapacewith 2 orless lateral teeth includinganterio-lateral angle! .54 Carapacewith 3 or more lateral teeth .50 50 Frontal margin of carapacedouble, forining a shallowgroove Fig. 58c! carapacewith distinct pubescent,transverse ridgesof raisedgranules; fingers of chelaewhitish!. R hithropanopeus harrisii Frontal margin of carapacesingle, lacking shallow groove ,51 51 Fingersof chelaewhitish, inovable finger with persistentpink or purplecolor confined to uppersurface of proximal half. Eury tium!imosum Fingersof chelaedark except for whitish tips! . 74 52 Movablefinger of majorchela lacking prominent enlarged tooth on lower margin Fig. 58a!; minor chela with spoon- shapedfingers inner face of thirdrnaxilliped with raised, oval red spot in bothsexes!.... Furypan<>pensdepressus Movablefinger of majorchela with prominent large tooth on lower margin Fig, 55a, 56a! 53 53 Innerface of thirdmaxllliped with ova!red spot in maleonly; carapace dorsally flattened, usually brownish with whitish-yellowmarkings . Panopeusherbsrii forma simpsoni Innerface of thirdmaxiliiped with oval red spot in bothsexes Fig. 55c!; carapace dorsally convex, usually unifornt bluish-grayto dark blue . Panopeusherb~rii fornia obesa 54 Eyestalks elongate, over 4 timeslonger than wide, both originating in middle third of frontalregion of carapa-e; maleswith one chela greatly erdarged . .. Uca! 57 Eyestalks only moderately elongate, less than 3 timeslonger than wide; originating in outer third of' frontal region ol carapace;chelae of malenot greatly dissimilar in size .. 55 55 Carapacenearly square, margin bnrnediately behind post-orbital tooth unarmed or with blunt weak tooth or low process;outer face of thirdmaxilliped with oblique ridge of densesetae Figs. 59, 60!...,....., .. Sesarvia!56 Carapacedistinctly narrowing posteriorly, lateral margin immediately behind post-orbital tooth armed with a well- developedsharp tooth Fig.61!: outer face of thirdmaxilliped lacking ridge of densesetae Pa<.hygrupsus rransversus 56 Lateralmargin of carapaceimmediately behind outer-orbital tooth armed with blunt tooth or process;distal segments of firstthree walking legs densely pubescent Fig. 59! . Sesarn 57 Innerface of palmof malelarge chela with oblique ridge of tubercles Fig. 62a-f, k-n!...... , ... 59 Innerface of palmof malelarge chela lacking ridge ot tubercles Fig. 62gP!. 58 58 Cardiacdepression of carapacerust-red; large chela of malewith innerface of carpusbright reddish-orange to purplish-red Fig. 63a! .. . Ucapanacea Cardiacdepression of carapace grayish-brown to diffuse-black; large chela of malewith inner face of carpus having reddishpigment, but not bright reddish-orange or purplish-red Fig. 63b!. .Ucapugilaror 59 Largemale chela with carpus usually having distinct enlarged, spine-like tubercle on inner face Fig 62m!; ridge of tuberclesstrongly elevated forming acute triangular process atjunction with carpal cavity Fig, 62n!, Ucaspinicarpa Largemale chela with carpus not having enlarged spine-like tubercle on inner face; oblique ridge on palm not forming stronglyelevated triangular process. .60 Carapacewith anteriorthird of bothlateral margins straight; male large chela whitish, elongate, delicate; sn 61 Front of carapace!less than one-third of carapacewidth Fig. 62i!; frontal region of carapacewith reddish brown- rnaroonreticle pattern may overlap blue! Figs.62i, 63e!...... ,,,...,, . Ucarupax Frontgreater than one-third of carapacewidth Fig.62j! .62 62 Secondand third walking legs with ventral pubescence; joints of chelaenot red usuallypale orange!; trontal reg !aws~ B ct 0 lobe ligule! 'o0g 0 ~ setae i palp oC 0 tomial cirri be ligule! rapodiurn Figure64. Polychaetemorphology: A! anteriorend of nereid Figure 65, Polychaete morphology: generalized parapodium of polychaete modfied from Hartman, I951!; B! uncinus modified nereid polychaete. seta!of Hobsonfajforida greatly magnified!. AhlTERIOR osta! sp vari I 0 'o 0 colutn ter lip POSTERIOR siphonalcanal Figure 67, Schematicdrawmg of the left sinistral!valve of a bivalve Figure 66, Schematicdrawing of a gastropodmollusk shell, molluskshell, 76 snlrnnui nn'I nrIIanna rcI anrsnnsl cndopod rsupnd Figure68. Schematicdrawing of a mysid family Mysidae! showing lateral and doral views from Stuck, perry and Heard, l978a!. ftAF ON P6 elson Uropods Peroeopods Figure69, Externalmythology of a gammarideanarnphipod from Bousfield,1973!. pahe ~Ie a I aI h rostrum Figure 70. Schematic drawing of shrimp in lateral view; ai,, appendix interne; a.s,, antennal spine; a. sc., anten- nal scale;b., basis;b.s., branchiostegal spine; cp., carpus; anlenna ex., coxa; d., dactyl; end., endopod; ep., epipod; ex,, exopod; h.s,, hepatic spine; i., ischium; m., merus; Ihrrdmaa Ilrped p., propodus; p,g,, postorbital groove; p.s., pterygos- ~ubc hale tornian spine; s.s., supraorbital spine; st., stylocerite from WilRuns, l 965!, chela. Wd SabdlvrdedcdPus d h ~ op~/I, d L au an 77 onlonn~ ln Onlnnnd onrorolotnralbordnr ~ ro ortniol pro'lo. nopoIIC F"f., Co ponlnrololorolborder' Figure71. Schematicdrawing of brachyurancrab in dorsalview; Figure72. Schematic drawing of brachyurancrab in ventralview; areasof carapaceindicated; legs of right sideonly shown;b basis; areasof carapaceindicated; legs of left sideonly shown; b., basis; cp.,carpus; d., dactyl;i., ischium;m., merus; p., propodus from cp.carpus; cx., coxa; d., dactyl; end., endognath; ex., exognath; WiUiams, 1965!. i,, ischium;m., merus; p., propodus from Williams, 1965!. dolaai pie onipectinate 0 G I n~l propodua chetate i pactmate H proximalarticle oniramna b iramna ~ dntal article mandable Figure73, Somemorphological features referred to in thisguide. 78 GLOSSARY adductor muscle: a muscle that holds the valves of a bivalve chela pl. chelae,adj. clrelate!: claw; pincer-likeor scissor- mollusk together. like distal part of crustacean appendagein which a distal adductor muscle scar: scar or feature on inner surface of prolongation of the propodus fixed finger! opposes the bivalve shell that indicatesthe placeof attachmentof an dactyl movable finger! Fig. 73!. adductor muscle Fig. 66!. chelicerae; claw-like mouth parts of horseshoe crabs and anterior: in bivalve inollusks, forward end of a bivalve arachnids. shell Fig. 67!; in polychaetesand crustaceans,toward chondrophore: a pit, or spoon-likeshell', in the hingeof a the head or front end. bivalve, such as Bangia, into which fits a chitinous aperture: an opening; the cavity or opening of a gastropod cushion, or resiliurn Fig. 67!. shell Fig. 66!. cirrus pl. cirri!: in polychaetes,refers to a sensoryprojec- axial: in the same direction as the axis; from apex to the tion, usually slender and cylindrical, from the upper part baseof a gastropodshell; axial rib seeFig. 66!. of the notopodium dorsalcirrus! or from the under part beak: the earliest formed part of a bivalve shell; the tip of the neuropodium ventral cirrus!. Tentacle-like nearthe hinge;the umbo Fig, 67!. appendages of anterior segments near head peristomial biconate: biconic; similar in form to a double cone; the cirri! see Figs. 64, 65!. spire about the same shape and size as the body whorl, cypris stager larval settling stage of a barnacle. bidentate: with two teeth, dactyl; last or distal segmentof a crustaceanleg Fig. 70!. biramus: with two branches or rami Fig, 73!, denticles: small projections, rcsernbhngteeth, around the bipectinate: in reference to gastropod gill, having both inarginof the gastropodaperture or the pelecypodvalve. margins of gill with a series of comb-like projections or detriti vore: an aniinal that eats detritus lamellae Fig. 73!. detritus: particulate organic and inorganic matter. body whorl: the last and usually the largest turn in a diatom: microscopicplant; a kind of unicellular or single- snail's shell Fig. 66!. celled alga. brackish: referring to sea water that has been diluted with diecious; individuals of a species having distinct sexes fresh water. Most estuaries are brackish due to mixing either male or fernale!. of river water with sea water. distal: away from the body; toward the extremity of an branchia pl. branchiae!: a gill; a specialized process, appendage,ramus, or article Fig. 73!; opposite of lamella, or appendage through which respiratory gases proximal. oxygen, carbon dioxide! are exchanged. dorsal; back for dorsal orientation in bivalve mollusks, brood plates: oostegites; plate-like processes originating see Fig, 67!, from the bases of some legs of peracaridan crustaceans. ecdysis: molting or sheddingof "old shell" exoskeleton! Collectively the brood plates form a rnarsupiurn in crustaceansas part of growth phasein which the new Fig. 68! or brood chamber for incubating the young of soft shellexpands in sizebefore hardening takes place. peracaridans. ecosystem: taken as a whole, all the organisms in a com- byssal threads: a series or clump of thread-like fibers that munity plus all the associatedchemical and physical environmental factors, serve to anchor certain bivalves, such as mussels,to some ectoparasite: a parasiticanimal which infestsor infects the support Fig. 22!, external surface of its host. calcareous: of hard calcium carbonate. endopodite: inner ramus or limb of crustacean biramus capillary seta: in polychaetes, a long, slender, simple, appendage Fig, 73!. taperingsetae Fig. 3d!. epifaunal: living exposed, above or on the substratum sur- carapace: hard outer protective covering of some animals. face; inay be with or without attachment. In crustaceans,it covers the head and gill region. epitoke: modified polychaete reproductive stage, often cardinal teeth: the main and usually largest teeth in a swarming. bivalve hinge located just below the beaksor umbones estuary adj. estuarine!: the brackishwater regionsof and Fig. 67!. near river mouths influenced by tides. carina: keel or ridge. euryhaline: having or living in a wide spectrum of salinities carnivore: an animal that eats other animals; meat eater. ranging from nearly fresh water to full strength seawater. exopodite: outer ramus or limb of crustacean biramus carpus: third segment or article from the distal end of a appendage Fig. 73!. crustacean leg. exoskeleton: the external chitinous "shell" covering cephalon: head. crustaceansand many other arthropods. cephalothoraxr body division in many higher crustaceans falciger: a distally blunt and curvedseta Fig. 2c! found in representing the fusion of the head and one or more many polychaetes. thoracic segments.In crabs,the fusion of the head and gnathopod sjr terin applied to the first two pairs of legs all thoracic segmentsis complete. usually specializedfor grasping!of amphipods Fig. 69!. 79 hermaphroditic;having male and femalesex organs in the palp. in polychates,fleshy projectionfrom prostomium saine individual. Fig, 64!; inandibularpalp of crustaceans,distal articu- heterogomph: referring to a conipoundpolychaete seta in latedpart of mandiblethat functionsas an aid in feeding which the articulation is clearly oblique to the long axis or cleaning Fig. 73!. of the shal't Fig. 2c, d, f!. papillae: sinall, ripple-likeprojections, hoodedhook seta; a relativelyshort, blunt, often distally paragnalh s!:chitinous denticle in the pharyngealcavity curved and dentate seta which is distally covered by a of nereid polychaetes everted pharynx forms the delicatechitinous envelop or guard Fig. 3e!. "proboscis"! Figs. 2j, 64!, host: an organisinto whicha parasiteor othersyinbiont is parapodium pl. parapodia!:in polychaetes,the segment- attached or otherwise associated. ally arrangedlateral projections carrying setae; "foot." indicator organism: an organismtypical or representative partsper thousand ppr, o/oo!: usedin describingthe con- of a certain habitat or certain environmental conditions. centration of salt in brackishand inarine waters;refers infaunalanimal: spendingall or partof its life buriedwithin to the nuinberof grainsof salt per thousandgrams of the substratuni. water. Full strengthsea water has approximately36 intertidal: occurringbetween the high and low tide zones. gramsof saltper thousand grams of water. keel: a longitudinalridge, carina, or prominentspiral ridge peduncle: the basalsegment or segmentsof biramusor uni- usuallymarking a changeof slopein the outline of a mousappendanges antennae,pleopods, uropods! Fig,73!. shell or exoskeleton. pelagic; pertainingto or inhabitingthe opensea far from lamellae: tliin plates or ridges. land, larva: a youngstage of an animalthat differsrnorphologi- pellialline: a grooveor channelnear the inner margin of a cally from the adult stage. bivalve shell, where the mantle is madefast to the lower krteral: to the side of midline of the body. part of the shell.When this line is continuousand not ligule: parapodiallobe; finger-shapedmajor processon a markedwith a pellialsinus it issaid to besimple Fig.67!. polychaeteparapodiuin Fig. 65!. pellial sinus: a U-shapedindentation in the pellial line marsupium; seebrood plates. producedby the siphon Fig. 67!. rnaxilliped s!:mouth parts originally derivedfrom the periostracum:outer layer of a shell,composed of a form modification of the first 1 3 pairs of thoracic appen- of sclerotizedprotein, or conchiolin. dages;originating directly posterior to the maxillae see phytoplankton: plant plankton. I igs. 70, 72!, plankton adj. planktonic'!: floating and drifting aquatic meiofauna:small infaunal or surface-dwellinganimals organismswhose primary movements result from water e.g., harpacticoidcopepods, nematodes, invertebrate movement rather than their swimming efforts. larvae!that will passthrough a 0.5 mm sieve,and are pleon: abdoininalsegments having pleopods Fig, 69!. retained by a 0.1 mm sieve. pleopod s!; swimmeret;ventral appendages excluding mesohaline: brackish water with intermediate salinities uropods!in amphipodsof anyof the first five abdominal greaterthan 2 pptand less than 36 ppt! rangingbetween segmentsin peracaridanand decapodcrustaceans Figs. oligohalineand full strengthsea water. 68, 69, 70!. mucronation: acuteprocess or tooth. pleotelson:posterior body part of isopodsand soine other multiarticulate: having two or inore seginentsor articles crustaceansresulting from the fusion of the telsonwith Fig. 73!. one or more pleonal segments. notopodium: dorsal branch of a polychaete parapodium posterior: situatedaway from the anteriorpart of a shell Fig. 65!. or body; toward the "tail." oligohaline:low salinity conditions more than 0.5 ppt proboscis: a long, flexible snout; when everted, the andless than 2 ppt!between fresh water and mesohaline pharynx of polychaetesis often calleda proboscis. conditions. propodus: secondsegment or article from the distal end omrrivore: an animal that eats a variety of animal and of a crustaceanleg Figs. 70 73!. plant substances;lacks specialized diet. prostomium pl. prostomia!: in polychaetes,the anterior oostegitesr seebrood plates, pre-segmentalpart of the body anterior to the mouth, operculum: a coveror lid; in gastropodmollusks, a sheH- enclosingat leastthe anteriorpart of the brain, often like or hornyplate attached to the foot andused to close with antennae and eyes; part of polychaete "head" the apertureof theshell; in polychaetes,a "stopper" for Fig. 64!, the tubes of some tubicolous worms when the occupant protogynic n. protogyny!: type of herniaphroditicdevel. is retracted Fig. 4!. opmentin which the femalereproductive system becomes oral: referring to the mouth, functional beforethe malereproductive system. Opposite ovoviviparous; retention of developingeggs within the ovi- of protandrous. duct of fema]euntil young are fully formed beforebeing proximal: toward body; closestto body Fig. 73!; opposite released. of distal. 80 pubescent: coveredwith densemat of fine hair-like setae. end, of an appendageor segment, radula: in gastropod mollusks, .a rasp-like organ, subtidal: below low-tide zone. or lingual ribbon arined with tooth-like processors;used smimmeret: see pleopod s!. in feeding. synonym: two or more scientific namesreferring to the ramus pl. rami!: branchof an appendage. same speciesor taxonomic category, reniform: kidney-shaped. telson: terminal segmentfollowing the sixth abdominal resilium: a triangularligament sturcture; a toughchitinous segmentof higher crustaceans;absent in some groups pad, residing in a chondrophoreor pit, along the inner Figs. 68, 70!. hinge marginof a bivalvewhich causesthe shell to spring tentacular: tentacle-like. open when the musclesrelax. thorax adj. thoracic!; in crustaceans,the central part rostrum: a medial anterior extension of the cephalon or of the body between the head and abdomen; com- carapacebetween the eyes;canbe longand well developed, pletely covereddorsally in decapodcrustaceans. Chela reduced, or absent Fig. 70!. and legsare thoracic appendages. serrate: a formation resemblingthe toothed edgeof a saw. trochophore: ciliated larval stageof polychaetesand some sessile: attached to substratum. mollusks. seta pk setae,adj. setose!: a needleor hair-like extension ambo pl. umbones!: seebeak. of integument,cuticle, or exoskeleton. uniarticulate: havingone segmentor article Fig. 73!. setiger: in polychaetes,a segmenthaving setae Fig. 64!. unipectinate; in referenceto gastropodgill, havinga single siphonal canal: a posterior prolongation of a gastropod row of coinb-like processesor lamellae l'ig. 73!. shell forming a narrow grooveor canalto accommodate uniramus; with one branchor ramus Fig. 73!. the siphon; this structure is characteristicof hteogastro- uropod: appendagesarising from the sixth abdominalseg- poda Fig. 66!; siphonal notch formed by the sinusat ment of many higher crustaceans;in amphipods,the the distal tip of siphonalcanal. 4 5 abdominal segmentsalso have uropods; in adult somi te: body segment. brachyurancrabs, uropods are absent Figs. 68 70!. spiniger: in polychaetes,a setathat tapersto a fine point urosome: abdominalsegment or segmentshaving uropods Fig. 2d!. Fig, 69!. spire: upper whorls, from the apexto the body whorl, but varix pl, varices!: prominent, raisedrib on the surfaceof not including the body whorl Fig, 66!. a snail shell, causedby a periodic thickening of the lip statocyst: balancing organ in many crustaceansused in during rest periodsin the sheH'sgrowth Fig. 66!. body orientation. veliger: a larval stage of mollusks, which has a ciliated stolon: stem-like attachment structure of hydroids. band or bands and often an embryonic shell. suberlual: nearly equal. ventral: the lower side,opposite the dorsalarea Figs.67,73!. suboval: irregularly oval. verge: penis,male copulatory organ of a gastropodmollusk. subterminal: occurring very near the end, but not at the whorl: a completeturn, or volution, of a snailshell Fig.66!. 81 INDEX Melampuscoffeus 20 frg 15 25 frg 28 Melarnpusfloridana, 20 Almyracuma proximoculi, 31 Gammarussp., 40, frg. 41 Melrta elongata,37 Almyracuma sp 31, fig. 33 Gammarusmucronatus, 37, fig, 41 hfelita intermedia, 37 Amphicteisfloridus, 8 Gammarustrgrinus, 37, fig. 41 Melita longisetosa,37 Amphieteisgunneri J70ridus, 8 Geukensiademissa, 22, fig. 20; 25, fig. 28 Metiia nitida, 37, frg, 42 Arnygdalumpapyrium, 23, tig. 23 Geukensiad, granosissima,22 hielita spp., 37 fig. 42 Metongenacorona, 18, lig. 13 Apseudes sp., 30 Grandidierella bonnieroides, 38, fig. 43 hfembranopora, 10 Arcatia tonsa, 35 hfercierellopsisprietoi, 9 Arcuatuia demissa, 22 Modiolusdemissus, 22 Asellus obtusus, 34, fig. 39 hfunnareynoldsi, 34, fig. 37 Assimineasuccinea, 15; 16, fig. 9; 25, fig. 28 fialmyrapseudesbahamensis, 30 Haploscoioplosfragr'lis, 6 Mysidopsisalnryra, 28; 29, fig. 30 Hargeriarapax, 29, fig. 31 Mysidopsr'sbahia 28; 29 fig, 30 Myrttopsis =Congeria! Ieucophaeta, 22, Heleobopsdoctma, 13 Heleobopsspp., 12, fig. 7; 13;14, frg. 8 fig. 21 Balanusspp 10 Hereromasrusjiiiformis, 7, fig. 3; 8; 9, fig.5 hfyzobdellalugubris 4 Balanus eburneus,26 Hobsoniaflorida, 3; 7, fig. 3; 8; 29 Balanussubalbidus, 26 Bowmaniellaspp., 28, fig. 30 Hyalellaazteca, 40, fig. 45 Hydrobiaboonae 15 Bowmuniella brasiliensis, 28 htamutycastisabiuma, 5, fig. 2; 6; 9, fig.5 Hydrobraiacksonr, 13 Bowmaniellu floridana, 28 Veanthessuccinea, 4; 5, fig. 2; 9, fig. 5 Hypaniolaflorida, 3; 8; 9, fig.5 Branchiodontesrecurrus, 24 Ittemarostetiacf. vectensis,3, fig. 1 Hypaniola grayi S Aematosretlapellucida, 3 C /Vereissuccinea, 4 Weritinarecli vata, 10; 11, fig.6 Callianassajamaicense, 47 Ischadiumrecurvunr, 23, fig. 22 %eritinausnea, 10; 11, fig. 6; 25,frg. 28 Callianassatrilobata, 47 Ãoromastus sp., S Caliinectessapidus, 48; 49, figs.53, 54 Callrnectessirniiis, 50 0 Capitellucapitata, 7,fig. 3; 8; 9, fig. 5 Laeonereisculveri, 5, fig. 2; 6; 9, fig, 5 Curneophallusturgidus, 46 Leptocheliadubiu, 29 Ocypode quadrata, 56 Cassidinideaiunifrons, 32 Odostornrahvrda 19 Cassidinideaovalis, 32, fig. 35 Leprocheliasp., 29 Leptocheharapax, 29 Odostomiaproducta, 19 Cerithideaculifornica, 16 Onobopsspp., 13 Cerithideacosrata, 16, fig. 10;17; 25, fig. 28 Limuluspolyphemus, 26 Onobopscf.jacksoni, 12, fig. 7; 13; 14, fig. 8 Cerithideaplicu lose, 16, fig. 10; 17; 25, fig. 28 Iirceus sp,, 34; 35, fig. 39 Littorinairrorata,17, fig. 11;18, fig. 12; 25, Onobopscrassa, 13 Cerithideascaluriformis, 16, fig. 10; 17; Orchestiaagilis 44 fig. 28; 50 25, fig. 28 Orchestiacostaricana, 42; 43, fig.48 Cerirhidea spp., 16, fig. 10 Lirtorina angulifera, 17 Littoridina monroensis,13 Orchestiagrillus, 41, fig, 46; 42 Chthamalus fragilis, 26, fig. 29 Orchestiapalustris, 41 Clibanarius vi rratus, 48, fig. 52 Littorrdina Texadinaj sphincrostoma, 12, fig. 7; 13; 14, fig. 8; 15 Orchestiaplatensis, 42; 43, fig, 49 Corophiumlacusrre, 40, I'ig.44 Orchestrasp., 42; 43, frg. 48 Corophiumiouisianum, 29; 39, fig. 44; 40 Littoridinopsmonroensis, 11; 13; 14,fig, 8 I.ittoridinopspalustris, ll; 12,fig. 7; 14, Orchestiauhleri, 42, fig. 47 Corophiumspp 39, fig. 44 Oxyurostyh'ssmithi, 31 Congeria,22 fig. 8; 15 Crussostreavirgr'nica, 18; 24, fig. 26 Littoridinops sp., 13 Cyuthurapolrta, 32, fig. 34 Li ttoridinopstenuipes, 11; 13; 14, fig. 8 Cyrenoidafloridana, 23, tig. 24;25, fig. 28 Loandaliaamericana, 6 Lolliguncula brevis, 10 Pachygrapsusgracilis, 55 Lycastopsishummelincki, 6 Pachygrapsus transversus, 55 Lycastoidespontica, 6 Palaemonereskadiakensis, 46; 47, fig. 51 Lycustopsistecoiutlensis, 6 Palaemonerespaludosus, 36; 46; 47, fig.51 Detracia flondana, 20, fig. 16; 25, fig. 28 Palaemonetespugio, 35; 45. fig. 50; 46; 47, Doilfusenrischandleri, 39 fig. 51 Palaernonetesvuigaris, 46; 47, fig. 51 Macrobrachium arnericanum, 10 Panopeusherbstii, 50; 51, figs.5.5, 56 Panopeusherbstii forma obessa,50; 51, Fdoteu cf. montosu, 32 Macrobrachium obione, 36; 46; 47, fig. 51 hfanayunkiaaesruarius 9 fig. 55 Furypanopeus depressus,50 Panopeusherbstii forma simpsoni, 51, fig.56 Furyrium limosum, 50; 52, fig. 57 hfanayunkiaspp. 9 fig,5 Manayunkiaspeciosa, 7, fig. 3; 9 Parandalia americanu, 6; 7, fig. 3; 9, fig. 5 Mediomastuscali forniensis, 8 Parhyalehawaiensrs, 36 hfelumpusbidentatus, 19; 20, fig. 15; 25, Penaeusaztecus, 44; 45, fig, 50 Ficopomatus miumiensis, 9, figs. 4, 5; 11 fig. 28 Penaeusfluviatilis, 46 82 Texadina barret ti, 15 Penaeusseti ferus, 45, fig. 50; 46 Texadinasphinctostoma, 12, fig. 7, l 3;14, Polymesodacaroliniana, 2I, fig. 17;22; 23; fig. 8; 15 25, fig. 28 Sayellaspp., 18; 19, fig. 14;25, fig, 28 Polymesodamaritima, 21, t'ig. 19; 22; 25, Scoloplosfragilis, 6; 7, fig. 3; 9, tig. 5 Sesarmacinereum, 54, fig. 60; 58 fig, 28 Pontodrilus bermudensis, 3 Sesarrnareticulatum, 50; 53, ftg. 59; 54 Sphaeromadestructor, 33, fig. 36 Ucaspp., 50; 57, fig. 62; 59, fig. 63 Probopyrus bithynis, 36 Ucalongisignali s, 50; 56; 57, fig.62; 59, Prohopyrus floridensi s, 36 Sphaeromaquadridentatum, 34 fig, 63; 60 Probopyruspandalicola, 35, fig. 40; 46 Sphaeromaterebrans, 33, 1'ig.36 Sphaeropomatusmiamiensis, 9 Ucaminax, 38; 5 7,fig. 62; 59, fig, 63; 6 l Probythinella = Vioscalbajlouisianae, 15 Ucapanacea, 56; 57, t'ig.62; 59, lig. 63; Pseudocyrenafloridana, 22 Stenontnereis martini, 5, fig, 2; 6; 9, t'ig. 5 Srreblospiohenedicti, 7, fig. 3; 9, fig. 5 Ucapugilator, 56; 59, tig. 63 Pseudocyrenamaritima, 22 Ucapugnax, 59, tig. 63; 60 Pyrgophorus cornatus, 15 Syncera succinea, 15 Uca pugnax virens, 60 Pyrgophorus parvulus, 15 Ucarapax, 57, tig. 62; 59, tig. 63; 60 Pyrgophorusplatyrachis, 15 Uca rapax Iongtsig>talis,60 Pyrgophorvssp., 12, t3g,7; 14, t'ig.8; 15 Ucaspeciosa, 58; 57, fig. 62; 59, t'i . 63 Ucaspeciosa spinicarpa, 57, tig. 62; 58;59, R Tagclusgi bbus, 24 Tagclusplebius, 24, fig, 25 fig. 63 Ucaspinicarpa, 57, fig. 62; 58; 59, lig. 6.3 Rangiacuneate, 15; 21, fig, 18: 25, fig..28 Talitroides topotvm, 41 Rangia =Rangianella!flexuosa, 22 Taphromysis bowmani, 27; 29, fig. 30 Uca virens, 56, 60 Rhithropanopeusharrisii, 52; 53, fig. 58 Taphromysis louisianae, 27; 28; 29, iig. 30 Upogebiaaffinis, 47